what is science? what is science? an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the...
TRANSCRIPT
WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?
An organized way of gathering An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the and analyzing evidence about the
natural world.natural world.
WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science is a way of observingScience is a way of observing “ “ “ “ a way of thinkinga way of thinking “ “ “ “ a way of knowing a way of knowing
WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science only deals with the Science only deals with the Natural World.Natural World.Never concern the supernatural phenomena Never concern the supernatural phenomena
of any kindof any kind
WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Scientist collect and organize information Scientist collect and organize information in an orderly wayin an orderly wayLooking for patterns and connections among Looking for patterns and connections among
eventsevents
WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Scientist propose explanations that are Scientist propose explanations that are based on evidence.based on evidence.Then test those explanations with more Then test those explanations with more
evidenceevidence
The Process of ScienceThe Process of Science
Science is the quest to understand nature. Science is the quest to understand nature.
Biology…Biology…
Explores life from the global to the Explores life from the global to the microscopic.microscopic.This is an enormous amount of information!This is an enormous amount of information!
Problem StatementProblem Statement
The question you are trying to solve. he The question you are trying to solve. he primary purpose of a problem statement is primary purpose of a problem statement is to focus the attention of the problem to focus the attention of the problem solving team. solving team.
Forming and Testing a HypothesisForming and Testing a Hypothesis
Hypothesis – a suggested answer to a Hypothesis – a suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question.well-defined scientific question.– An explanation on trialAn explanation on trial– Are usually concerned with natural Are usually concerned with natural
phenomenaphenomena– Often based on past experience of knowledge Often based on past experience of knowledge
gained from discoveries or other sourcesgained from discoveries or other sources
An Educated GuessAn Educated Guess
People normally use hypothesis to solve People normally use hypothesis to solve everyday problems.everyday problems.
After you propose a hypothesis – you test After you propose a hypothesis – you test these ideas by making additional these ideas by making additional observations or designing an experiment. observations or designing an experiment.
Hypothesis – If…. Then…..Hypothesis – If…. Then…..
Additional observations allows you to Additional observations allows you to make predictionsmake predictions
These predictions are tested.These predictions are tested.
A Hypothesis is written as an A Hypothesis is written as an If… Then… If… Then… Statement.Statement.
If a particular hypothesis is correct, and If a particular hypothesis is correct, and you test that hypothesis with a suitable you test that hypothesis with a suitable experiment, then you should expect a experiment, then you should expect a certain result for the experiment.certain result for the experiment.
HypothesisHypothesisAn incorrect hypothesis does not mean An incorrect hypothesis does not mean failurefailure– Just wrongJust wrong
The inquiry continues with test of The inquiry continues with test of alternative hypothesis.alternative hypothesis.
Even when an experiment supports a Even when an experiment supports a hypothesis curiosity can send you in a new hypothesis curiosity can send you in a new direction.direction.
What makes a Hypothesis Scientific?What makes a Hypothesis Scientific?
Even if a hypothesis that stand-up to Even if a hypothesis that stand-up to repeated testing may later be revised or repeated testing may later be revised or even rejected.even rejected.
A change can occur when new tools make A change can occur when new tools make new kinds of observations and new kinds of observations and experiments are possible.experiments are possible.
The magnet core of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) particle accelerator in Geneva. Site of the discovery of the God particle
Observations & DataObservations & Data
The questions that drive scientific inquiry are The questions that drive scientific inquiry are based on observation.based on observation.
ObservationObservation – the use of senses; such as – the use of senses; such as
vision/hearing; to gather and vision/hearing; to gather and
record information about structures record information about structures
or process.or process.
DataData - recorded observation; items of information - recorded observation; items of information
All observations depend on human senses. All observations depend on human senses.
Scientific instruments vastly increase the range of Scientific instruments vastly increase the range of possible observationpossible observation
DataData
Quantitative Data – Recordable observationsQuantitative Data – Recordable observations– Metric SystemMetric System
Qualitative Data – data recorded as Qualitative Data – data recorded as
description instead of description instead of
measurementsmeasurements
Data can best support science when they are Data can best support science when they are clearly organized, consistently recorded, and clearly organized, consistently recorded, and reliable. ie. Use tablesreliable. ie. Use tables
Designing a Controlled ExperimentDesigning a Controlled ExperimentVariableVariable – A condition that can differ within the – A condition that can differ within the
experimentexperiment
Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment – An experiment that test – An experiment that test
the effect of a singlethe effect of a single
variablevariable
In a controlled experiment scientist try to eliminate In a controlled experiment scientist try to eliminate (or control) other variables that could affect the (or control) other variables that could affect the outcomeoutcome
VariablesVariablesVariables could include temperature, Variables could include temperature, humidity (if outside), light, and other humidity (if outside), light, and other weather conditionsweather conditions
Even in a lab total regulation of all but one Even in a lab total regulation of all but one variable is not practical.variable is not practical.
Eliminating Unwanted VariablesEliminating Unwanted Variables
A Control GroupA Control Group
Equals Cancelled outEquals Cancelled out
Experimental GroupExperimental Group
TheoryTheory
A well tested explanation that makes A well tested explanation that makes sense of a great variety of scientific sense of a great variety of scientific observationsobservations
Compared to hypothesis, a theory is much Compared to hypothesis, a theory is much broader in scope.broader in scope.
ModelsModels
Are physical, mental, or mathematical Are physical, mental, or mathematical representations of how people understand representations of how people understand a process or an idea.a process or an idea.
Communication in ScienceCommunication in Science
Many scientist work in teams and are good Many scientist work in teams and are good communicatorscommunicators
They share information:They share information:
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
Living Things ReproduceLiving Things Reproduce
All organisms reproduce.All organisms reproduce.– They produce new similar organismsThey produce new similar organisms
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction – Cells from two – Cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new parents unite to form the first cell of a new organismorganism
Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction – a single organism – a single organism produces offspring identical to itself.produces offspring identical to itself.
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
Interaction with the EnvironmentInteraction with the Environment
We are not isolated from our environment, We are not isolated from our environment, No One Is!No One Is!– All organisms in an environment interacts All organisms in an environment interacts
continuously with its environment.continuously with its environment.
StimulusStimulus – a signal to which organism – a signal to which organism
respondsresponds
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
EnergyEnergy
Moving, growing, reproducing, and other Moving, growing, reproducing, and other activities of life require organisms to activities of life require organisms to perform work.perform work.
Work depends on a source of energyWork depends on a source of energy– We obtain energy in the chemical form, sugar, We obtain energy in the chemical form, sugar,
fats, etc.fats, etc.
Metabolism Metabolism – the combination of chemical – the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materialsbuilds up or breaks down materials
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things are Made of CellsLiving Things are Made of Cells• Organisms are composed of one or more Organisms are composed of one or more
cellscells• The smallest units considered fully alive.The smallest units considered fully alive.• Cells can grow Cells can grow • Respond to the environmentRespond to the environment• Despite their small size they are highly Despite their small size they are highly
organizedorganized
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living ThingsRegulationRegulation
Organisms have the ability to regulate their Organisms have the ability to regulate their internal conditionsinternal conditions– Sweating on a warm daySweating on a warm day– Dogs panting to cool offDogs panting to cool off
Homeostasis Homeostasis – internal stability or “steady state” – internal stability or “steady state” maintained by the bodymaintained by the body
Mechanisms of homeostasis enables organisms Mechanisms of homeostasis enables organisms to regulate internal environment, despite to regulate internal environment, despite changes in their external environment.changes in their external environment.
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
Adaptation and EvolutionAdaptation and Evolution• Taken as a group living things evolve.Taken as a group living things evolve.• Over generations, groups of organisms Over generations, groups of organisms
evolve, or change over timeevolve, or change over time
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
Living things Grow and DevelopLiving things Grow and Develop– During development a single egg divides During development a single egg divides
again and againagain and again– As cells divide they differentiateAs cells divide they differentiate
They begin to look differentThey begin to look different
– They perform different functionsThey perform different functions
The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things
Living Things are Based on a Universal Living Things are Based on a Universal CodeCode– All organisms store the information they need All organisms store the information they need
to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written on a molecule called written on a molecule called DNA.DNA.
– This information is passed from parent to This information is passed from parent to offspringoffspring
10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas
Information and HeredityInformation and HeredityGenetic code and DNAGenetic code and DNA
Matter and EnergyMatter and EnergyLife requires nutrientsLife requires nutrientsCreates a web of interdependent relationships Creates a web of interdependent relationships
between living thingsbetween living things
10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas
Growth, Development, and Reproduction Growth, Development, and Reproduction All living things growAll living things growGeneralized cells become specialized Generalized cells become specialized Babies become adultsBabies become adults
HomeostasisHomeostasisStable environment Stable environment
10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas
Cellular Basis of LifeCellular Basis of LifeAll living things are made of cellsAll living things are made of cellsThe human body has more than 200 different The human body has more than 200 different
types of cellstypes of cells
EvolutionEvolutionLiving things evolve as a groupLiving things evolve as a group
10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas Structure and FunctionStructure and Function
Structures that make a function possibleStructures that make a function possibleWings on a birdWings on a bird
Unity and Diversity of LifeUnity and Diversity of LifeLife variety of life and life formsLife variety of life and life formsAll are the same at the molecular levelAll are the same at the molecular levelAll made of carbon based moleculesAll made of carbon based moleculesStore information in DNAStore information in DNAUse proteinsUse proteins
10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas Interdependence in NatureInterdependence in Nature
All forms of life on Earth are connected into a All forms of life on Earth are connected into a BiosphereBiosphere
Relationships depend on the cycling of matter Relationships depend on the cycling of matter and the flow of energyand the flow of energy
Science as a way of KnowingScience as a way of KnowingScience is not a list of factsScience is not a list of factsExplains the natural world in terms of natural Explains the natural world in terms of natural
forcesforcesExplains and predictsExplains and predicts