What Is Matter?• Matter is anything that has

volume and mass

• Volume is the amount of space taken up, or occupied, by an object

• Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of

You can’t REALLY see the particles. These drawings show what they might look like.

A solid is matter that has a definite shape, has mass and usually takes up a definite amount of space. Its particles are closely packed together. The particles have some energy. They move back and forth, but they do not change places with each other.

Volume of Solids• The volume of any solid

object is expressed in cubic units

• Cubic means “having three dimensions”

• Measure solids using the formula Length x Width x Height or

l l xx w w xx h h

Liquids takes the shape of any container into which you pour it. If you pour a liquid in a container onto a table, its shape changes, but the amount of liquid stays the same. Matter that does not have a definite shape and has mass, but takes up a definite amount of space, is a liquid.

Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of its container. Unlike a liquid, a gas expands to fill whatever space is available. A gas always fills the container it is in. The particles in a gas are very far apart from one another and move in all directions.

Volume of Gases

• The volume of any gas must be measured in a closed container

Phases of MatterSolids / Liquids / Gases

FreezingFreezing

• FreezingFreezing: The change of state from: The change of state from liquid to a solid liquid to a solid

As liquids cool their particles As liquids cool their particles begin to slow, bringing them begin to slow, bringing them closer together forming closer together forming crystalscrystals

0 ° Celsius32 ° Fahrenheit

MeltingMelting

• MeltingMelting: The change of state from solid to : The change of state from solid to liquid liquid As a substance absorbs As a substance absorbs

heat energy the objects heat energy the objects particles begin to heat particles begin to heat upupand move faster and and move faster and farther away from one farther away from one anotheranother

0 ° Celsius32 ° Fahrenheit

BoilingBoiling

• BoilingBoiling: process that occurs when vaporization : process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surfacesurface

Dependant on how Dependant on how strongly the particles strongly the particles in an object are held in an object are held togethertogether

100 ° Celsius212 ° Fahrenheit

EvaporationEvaporation

• EvaporationEvaporation: : occurs when a occurs when a liquid acquires liquid acquires enough energy to enough energy to become a gas only become a gas only on the surface of on the surface of the liquidthe liquid

CondensationCondensation

• CondensationCondensation: Occurs when a gas loses enough : Occurs when a gas loses enough thermal energy to become a liquidthermal energy to become a liquid

Particles in a gas lose Particles in a gas lose energy and begin to energy and begin to move slower, coming move slower, coming closer togethercloser together

What happens when things melt, boil, etc. ? What happens when things melt, boil, etc. ?

• During a phase change, heat is either During a phase change, heat is either absorbedabsorbed or or releasedreleasedSolid to LiquidSolid to LiquidLiquid to GasLiquid to Gas

Gas to LiquidGas to LiquidLiquid to SolidLiquid to Solid

What happens to substances when they are What happens to substances when they are heated or cooled?heated or cooled?

• When objects are heated...they When objects are heated...they

When objects are cooled...they When objects are cooled...they

***Water is an exception...it actually expands as it ***Water is an exception...it actually expands as it cools – Rubber does the samecools – Rubber does the same

Mass• Mass is the amount of matter

that something is made of• Weight is different from mass –

weight is the measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object and therefore can change if the gravitational force changes

• Mass only changes if the amount of matter in the object changes

Describing Matter

• Matter is described by its properties – either physical properties or chemical properties

Physical Properties of Matter• A physical property of matter can be

observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

• Color, size, shape, odor, mass, and volume are a few physical properties of matter - other examples include thermal conductivity, state, malleability, ductility, solubility, and density

Physical Properties of MatterPhysical Property Definition Example

Thermal Conductivity

The ability to transfer thermal energy from one are to another

Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so hot chocolate in a plastic foam cup will not burn your hand

State The physical form in which a substance exists (solid, liquid, gas)

Ice is H20 in its solid state, water in its liquid state, etc.

Malleability The ability to be pounded into thin sheets

Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to make foil

Physical Properties of MatterPhysical Property Definition Example

Ductility The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire

Copper is often used to make wiring because of its malleability

Solubility The ability to dissolve in another substance

Sugar dissolves in water

Density

D = m/vD = m/v

Mass per unit volume Lead is used to make sinkers for fishing line because lead is more dense than water

Chemical Properties of Matter• Chemical properties

describe a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties

• Examples of chemical properties are flammability and reactivity with other substances

Comparing Chemical & Physical PropertiesSubstance Physical Property Chemical Property

Helium Less dense that air Nonflammable

Wood Grainy texture Flammable

Baking Soda White powder Reacts with acetic acid to produce bubbles

Powdered Sugar White powder Doe not react with acetic acid

Rubbing Alcohol Clear liquid Flammable

Red Food Coloring

Red color Reacts with bleach and loses color

Iron Malleable Reacts with oxygen

Physical and Chemical Changes

• A physical change is a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance

• A chemical change occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties

Physical Changes• Because physical changes do not change the

identity of substance, they are often easy to undo

• Examples of physical changes include– Freezing water for ice cubes– Sanding a piece of wood– Cutting your hair – Crushing an aluminum can– Bending a paper clip – Mixing oil and vinegar– Melting a stick of butter

Chemical Changes• Clues to chemical changes include

– Changes in color– Fizzing – Foaming – Heating up– Production of sound, light, or odor

• Examples of Chemical Changes include

– Milk that has soured– Antacid tablets bubble when the citric acid and baking

soda in them react with water– A rusting car