what is biochemistry? biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. ...
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What is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things.
Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. Often are involved in the manufacture of new
drugs and medical treatments
Elements in Living Organisms The most common elements found
in living organisms include:Carbon (C)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)Hydrogen (H)Phosphorus (P)Sulfur (S)
Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on
Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive.
Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Organic molecules: usually associated with living things. always contain CARBON. are “large” molecules, with many atoms always have covalent bonds (share electrons)
Macromolecules of Cells
Macro = large
4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates
Sugars and groups of sugars
Purposes: energy and structure
Includes three types: Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy
long storage & form structures)
Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Examples:
Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc.
Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule.
Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Macromolecule #2: Lipids
Insoluble in water (think oil & water)4 types:
1-triglycerides (fats & oils) (long-term energy storage, insulation)
2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane)
3-steroids (cell signaling) cholesterol molecules modified to form sex
hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss)
Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans.
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Macromolecule #3: Proteins
Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules.
Serve the most varied purposes, including:
Support structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen)
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Transport cell membranes channels, transporters in blood (e.g., Hemoglobin)
Defense antibodies of the immune system
Hormones cell signaling (e.g., insulin)
Motion contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin)
Macromolecule #3: Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids.
There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids.
Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.
CollagenCollagen
Antibodies
Cellular Transport
actin & actin & myosin fibers myosin fibers
in musclesin muscles
Motion
Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide contains
(a) phosphate molecule, (b) nitrogenous base, and (c) 5-carbon sugar
Several types of nucleic acids, including: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic material, double stranded helix RNA: ribonucleic acid
Genetic material, single stranded ATP: adenosine triphosphate
High energy compound
DNADNA
Nucleotide Structure
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Chemistry is essential for Chemistry is essential for life…life…