WHAT IS A MACHINE? A machine is a device that allows you to do

work in a way that is easier.

HOW CAN A MACHINE MAKE WORK EASIER? …..by changing at least one of three

factors.1. the amount of force you exert

2. the distance over which you exert your force

3. the direction in which you exert your force

INPUT AND OUTPUT FORCES

Input force

Output force

Input force = the force exerted on the machine.

Output force = the force the machine exerts on the object.

INPUT AND OUTPUT DISTANCES

Input distance

Output distance

The input force moves the machine a certain distance = input distance

The machine does work by exerting the a force over another distance = output distance.

INPUT WORK – OUTPUT WORK

Output Work = Foutput x doutput Input Work = Finput x d input

INPUT WORK = OUTPUT WORK

Output Work = Foutput x doutput

Input Work = Finput x d input

You put in a large force (input) and move your hand a small distance (input)…………… the shovel moves a big distance (output) with a small force (output)

The amount of output work can never be greater than the amount of input work.

1. CHANGING FORCEHow can the output force be greater than the input force? Finput < Foutput

For work to stay the same, the input force to be smaller and the input distance must be longer.Example = ramp work is easier because you exert a smaller input force but move a longer distance

Input Work = Finput x d input

WHEN A MACHINE INCREASES FORCE, YOU MUST EXERT THE INPUT FORCE OVER A GREATER DISTANCE

Finput < Foutput dinput < doutput

2. CHANGING DISTANCEWhy would you use a machine where the input force is greater than the output force? Finput < Foutput

This means that the puck travels faster and a greater distance than it would have if the player hit the ball with his or her hand or foot.

The benefit of a hockey stick is that it increases the distance of the output. dinput < doutputThe end of the stick travels faster and farther than the player’s hands do.

WHEN A MACHINE INCREASES DISTANCE, YOU MUST APPLY A GREAT INPUT FORCE

dinput < doutput Finput < Foutput

CHANGING DIRECTIONWhy would you use a machine that changed neither force not distance?

A single pulley changes the direction of the lifting force.

You pull down on the rope to lift the object instead of pushing up.

The same amount of effort is needed as without a pulley, but it feels easier because you are pulling down.

WHEN A MACHINE CHANGES THE DIRECTION OF THE INPUT FORCE, THE AMOUNT OF FORCE AND THE DISTANCE REMAIN THE SAME

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE When a machine takes a small input

force and increases the magnitude of the output force, a mechanical advantage has been produced.

Mechanical Advantage = Output force

Input force

INCREASING FORCEWhen the output force is greater than the input force the mechanical advantage is greater than 1.

Example: If the input force of 10 newtons on a hand-held can opener. The opener exerts a force of 30 newtons on the can. mechanical = output force = 30 N = 3advantage input force 10 N

INCREASING DISTANCEFor a machine that increases distance, the output force is less than the input force. The mechanical advantage is, therefore, is less than 1.

Example: If your input force is 20 newton and the machine’s output force is 10 newtons,

mechanical = output force = 10 N = .5advantage input force 20 NThe output force is half the input force, but the machine exerts the force over a longer distance.

CHANGING DIRECTION What can you predict about the mechanical

advantage of a machine that changes the direction of the force?

If only the direction changes, the input force will be the same and the output force.

mechanical = output force = 15 N = 1advantage input force 15 N

The mechanical advantage will always be 1.

EFFICIENCY OF MACHINES In an ideal situation the work you put into a

machine is exactly equal to the work done by the machine.

In real situations, the output work is always less than the input work.

In every machine, some work is wasted overcoming friction

The less friction there is the closer the output work is to the input work.

EFFICIENCY A rusty pair of shears is less

efficient than a new pair of shears.

The efficiency of a machine compares the output work to the input work.

Efficiency is expressed as a percent. The higher the percent the more

efficient the machine is.

CALCULATING EFFICIENCYEfficiency = output work x 100

input work

If the rusty shears have an efficiency of 60%, only a little more than half the work you do goes into cutting the bushes.

CALCULATING EFFICIENCY EXAMPLEYou do 250,000 J of work to cut a lawn with a hand mower. If the work done by the hand mower is 200,000 J, what is the efficiency of the lawn mower?

Efficiency = output work x 100

input work

Input work = 250, 000 JOutput work = 200,000 J

Efficiency = 200,000 J x 100 = 80%

250,000 J

The efficiency of the lawn mower is 80%

REAL AND IDEAL MACHINESIf you could find a machine with an efficiency of 100%, it would be an ideal machine.

Such a machine does not exist…In all machines some work is wasted due to friction.

An ideal machine transfers all the energy, so the output work equals the input work All real machines have efficiencies less than 100%.