Autonomous/Self-driving Vehicles

Presentation by Jacques Charbin Runnymede Collegiate “Engineer in residence”

March 21, 2014

STEM = Good Choice for Study and Careers

Volunteer “Engineer-in-Residence” To promote Science, Technology, Engineering and Math Focusing on sustainable development topics

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EiR Presentations & activities Timing Electric Vehicles Around the World Nov.4 & 26

STEM Career Opportunities Dec.13

Changing Climate: Science & Solutions Feb.24

Autonomous/self-driving Vehicles Mar.21

Green & LEED* Buildings End April Renewable Energy Sector and Jobs Mid-May Hands-on activity/project in class End-May * Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

What is an Autonomous Vehicle (AV)?

Driverless or self-driving vehicle, using advanced control systems to identify navigation paths, obstacles, relevant signage

Uses artificial intelligence, cameras, sensors to drive itself without human intervention

Driver may choose destination, but doesn’t need to operate vehicle

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Google AV

Aug/12: 300,000 miles driven (only one accident caused by human error)

$80,000

Ontario Ministry of Transportation planning 5-year test

Drive it blind (video 0.10-1:20)

Drive it fast through obstacle course (video 0:15-1:00)

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Underlying Trends

Increasing urbanization to 60% in 2030, densification

Increasing costs of vehicle purchase and operation

Cars spend average 95% of time parked

Increased car sharing

Increasing electronic connectedness (i.e. calls, texting)

Increasing functionality with apps, GPS

Increasing video data processing bandwidth (1.5 Gigabits/second)

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AVs Can Burn Rubber

Stanford University’s Shelley in California (video 0-1:40)

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Enabling Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAR)

Adaptive speed control

Automatic emergency braking

Automatic lane maintaining

Autonomous driving, Autonomous parking

Blind spot detection, warning

Driver monitoring, drowsiness alert

Forward pre-collision warning, avoidance

Freeway driving mode

Lane departure warning

Night vision

Pedestrian, cross traffic detection

Satellite navigation systems

Traffic jam mode

Traffic sign recognition

7 Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013; Wikipedia links

Ford

Automated Fusion Hybrid AV (video 0-1:50)

Auto-parking

Targeting on roads in 2019

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Multiple Sensors for Multiple Applications

Application Cameras V2X Laser Radar GPS Ultrasonic Infrared

Adaptive cruise control √ √ √ √

High beam control √ √

Blind spot detection √ √ √ √ √

Driver monitoring √

Forward collision warning

√ √ √ √

Sign recognition √ √

Lane departure warning √ √

Night vision √ √

Park assist √ √ √ √

Surround view √

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LIDAR: remote sensing measures distance by analyzing reflected light from laserred target

V2X: vehicle-to-vehicle; vehicle-to-infrastructure; vehicle-to-grid

Communications : cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Dedicated Short-Range Communications

Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013

Tesla & Rinspeed

90% AV on road by 2017; full AV in 2019

Will use Rinspeed Xchange concept AV driving, with

sliding steering wheel, fully reclining seats, top-notch infotainment system,

meetings with coffee at 120kph (video 0-2:30)

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AV Systems

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Nissan

Auto highway merge & exiting, lane changing, passing & stopping, vehicle intelligence & actuators

LEAF detects oncoming traffic, nearby pedestrians, road lines & lights, traffic signs, lane closures, parked cars; seeks parking spot and self-parks

Expected availability: 2020

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Sensor Systems

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Toyota Lexus

Automated highway driving assist and parallel parking

Pedestrian avoidance steer assist (video 0-1:00)

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Many Compelling AV Benefits

Improve safety, reduce frequency and costs of accidents Globally: 1.24 million deaths on roads, plus injuries (WHO)

US: 6 million accidents; ~93% attributable to human error

Watch out for bad driving (distraction, impairment, tiredness, inexperience, incompetence, bad weather)

Improve efficiency, traffic management (smoother & much faster travel, less traffic, lower emissions, better emergency service)

MIT study: 300,000 shared AVs could serve 6 million in Singapore (1:20)

Convenience: relieve highway drivers of tedious, tiresome tasks (e.g. keeping in lane at steady speed for long time )

Make driver time (avg. 2 hrs/day) more productive, enjoyable (rest, read, eat, talk, work, sleep)

Facilitate difficult parking (Int’l Parking Institute 2012 survey: 30% traffic attributed to looking for spaces)

Collect infrastructure tax based on AV usage

Allow commuters to live farther away from city core

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Mercedes

$92,000 S-Class accelerates/brakes itself on highway, in traffic

Model 500 Intelligent Autonomous Drive (video 0-2:15)

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Improved Emergency Service with V2X

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Fire truck can be better aware of obstacles en route to accident

Can communicate accident site to other cars

Renault “Next Two” AV

For 2020: road sign & travel info recognition, video conferencing, online shopping & ticketing with receipts on smartphone, multi-sensory well-being, alternative route suggestion, automated parking

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AV Features Mass Market Penetration

19 Source: Era of Self-Driving Cars, Navigant Research webinar, Nov/2013

Audi A6

“Piloted driving” mode takes over steering, braking, accelerating

Using radar, laser, ultrasonic sensors to scope out surroundings

Traffic jam assist = option available in 4-5 years

(Video 0-1.00)

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Racing to Mass Market, with Obstacles

Extensive commercial road testing required

Technology limitations (e.g. bad weather)

Regulations & laws: require hands-on driving California, Nevada have legalized AV testing on public roads; Arizona, Hawaii, Florida, Oklahoma following suit

Liability: who would responsible for crashes? Driver and/or manufacturer?

Extra cost: $10,000++; for luxury cars first

Consumer acceptance (e.g. security of info, from hacking)

Industry commitment, standardization

Could reduce car ownership

Could shift commuters from transit to cars

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BMW

235i and 6-series, with 360-degree LIDAR, ultrasonic sensors, can do track maneuvers at 80mph

i3 electric car can find an available parking space along road, then auto-back into it at push of button

Smartwatch app monitors car systems

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When will AVs be Mainstream?

23 Source: Autonomous Vehicles, Navigant Research, Aug/13

o Forecast compound average annual sales growth of 85% to 2035 in North America, Western Europe, Asia Pacific

o Compared to 4% for entire car market globally

Volvo

Goals: safety, fuel reduction, comfort

Car convoy tested 200kms in Spain at 85kph (video 0-1:00)

Lead vehicle has driver, but no additional infrastructure required

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Volvo Road Train

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Volvo

Developing self-parking V40 (Video 0:45- 2:45)

Supports use of magnets under road (instead of cameras and radar), especially during poor weather conditions

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No Need for Driver’s License?

IEEE predicts AVs will: Account for 75% of road vehicles by 2040 (Navigant predicting 2035)

Increase car sharing, for wider range of ages and physical abilities

27 Source: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Nov/12

Zook’s “The Boz”

Fully autonomous, aerodynamic, acoustically efficient car

All-wheel electric drive, suspension, steering

No front/back windshields required

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Personal Pod Transit

Driverless 21-pod system for London Heathrow Airport since 2011

Urban Light Transit (ULTra) (Video 0-1:30)

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The Rubix

Cubic concept electric driverless car

Driving capacity 6 people; wireless charging

Able to self-park inside condo, serving as additional room for office, TV, reading

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Taxi AV in Berlin

“Made in Germany”

STEM university students use iPad with GPS to ‘call’ cab (video 0-2:00)

31 Source: www.autonomos-labs.de, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Freie Universitat, Berlin

Autonomous Mining Trucks

Komatsu FrontRunner Autonomous Haulage

Lower production costs, proven productivity, longer equipment life (Video 0-2:30)

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Self-driving Farm Vehicles

GPS coordinates define perimeter of land parcels

Tractors programmed to independently observe their position, decide speed, avoid obstacles, without drivers

Some can measure plant growth and spray accordingly

33 Source: Wikipedia

Army AV

Lockheed Martin’s Squad Mission Support System

Follows/supplies soldiers with 545kg of batteries, packs, gear

Laser detection and ranging (LADAR)

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AVs for space exploration

ESA Seeker self-steering planetary rover

Autonomous navigation and decision-making software

Full-scale, fully autonomous vehicle can traverse 6 km

Being tested in Atacama Desert, Chile

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Source: StarTiger (Space Technology Advancements by Resourceful, Targeted and Innovative Groups of Experts and Researchers), ESA Automation and Robotics, UK

Autonomous Spacecraft

DART (Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology)

NASA sponsored project to develop automated navigation and rendezvous capability in spacecraft

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Source: Wikipedia

Airplane Auto-Pilot

Using auto-pilot for decades to control trajectory without constant 'hands-on' control by a human operator

Does not replace, but assists pilots, allowing them to focus on other activities, such as monitoring trajectory, weather and systems

Evolved significantly, from merely holding attitude to performing automated landings under supervision of pilot(s)

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Airplane Electric Green eTaxi System

Electric system is designed to let aircraft taxi without requiring the use of plane engines or push/pull tractors

Lots of STEM work required here

4% less fuel & GHG emissions; time savings (video 0:15-1:30)

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Unpiloted Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Cruise missiles: first used in World War II Guided bombs flying below radar, aimed at fixed targets

System matches terrain contours against pre-loaded map

Drones are piloted from thousands of kilometres away, not autonomous

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Source: Wikipedia

Autonomous Aircraft

US Navy’s newest stealth robot fighter jet X-47B

Lands on aircraft carrier by algorithm alone

Completely autonomous batwing drone has no pilot cockpit

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Autonomous Medical Helicopter

Boeing “Little Bird” developed at Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Lab

Weaves through trees, high-tension wires, chain-link fences

Selects best/safe landing site without human control

FAA currently allows ‘UAVs’ only on experimental basis

Uses sensor pods, 3D scanning, LIDAR, GPS, Linux quad-core servers

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Track-ER AV Concept

Twin track stretcher powered by two hydraulic motors

To conduct humanitarian & disaster relief operations, transport injured civilians or soldiers in ‘hot’ zones

Navigate tough terrain, carry load up to 125kg

Reinforced cabin protects passenger from falling debris, small projectiles

Room for I.V., oxygen and medical supplies

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Source: CharlesBombardier.com

Amazon Package Delivery

PrimeAir drones to be used for AV delivery to customers (video 0-1:19)

Pending FAA approval

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Autonomous Boats

Unpiloted surface and underwater vehicles Microtransat Challenge: fully autonomous sailing boats racing across Atlantic; dolphin swam alongside (video 2:50-3:50)

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“Scout” Built by STEM Students

12-foot autonomous robotic boat developed by US college students

To cross Atlantic Ocean relying only on pre-programmed commands and information collected about its environment through sensors (Video 0-3:00)

Project started in Winter of 2010; launched in August 2013

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Sparkfun AV Competition

Boulder, Colorado; June 2014; cash prizes

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Summary

AVs have compelling benefits, and face big obstacles

Promises to be “disruptive technology” to:

Drivers & passengers

Car manufacturers and suppliers

Taxi & car-sharing companies

Tow truck industries

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Proprietary Information

o THESE RESEARCH FINDINGS CONTAIN PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, WHICH HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FOR PURPOSE OF EDUCATION, NOT COMMERCIAL SALE & PROFIT.

o NO MATERIAL IN THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR TRANSMITTED BY ANY MEANS, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, WITHOUT EXPRESS WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM ORIGINAL RESEARCH AUTHORS.

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