what does language do? “harry walked to the cafe.” “harry walked into the cafe.” a sentence...
TRANSCRIPT
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What does language do?
“Harry walked to the cafe.” “Harry walked into the cafe.”
A sentence can evoke an imagined scene and resulting inferences:
CAFE CAFE
– Goal of action = at cafe– Source = away from cafe– cafe = point-like location
– Goal of action = inside cafe– Source = outside cafe– cafe = containing location
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Language understanding
Interpretation
(Utterance, Situation)
Linguistic knowledge
Conceptual knowledge
Analysis
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Language understanding: analysis & simulation
“Harry walked to the cafe.”
Schema Trajector Goalwalk Harry cafe
Cafe
Lexicon
Constructicon
General Knowledge
Belief State
Analysis Process
SemanticSpecification
Utterance
Simulation
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Interpretation: x-schema simulation
Constructions can• specify which
schemas and entities are involved in an event, and how they are related
• profile particular stages of an event
• set parameters of an event
energy
walker at goal
walker=Harry goal=home
Harry is walking home.
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Phonetics
Semantics
Pragmatics
Morphology
Syntax
Traditional Levels of Analysis
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Phonetics
Semantics
Pragmatics
Morphology
Syntax
“Harry walked into the cafe.”
Utterance
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Construction Grammar
to
block
walk
Form Meaning
A construction is a form-meaning pair whose properties may not be strictly predictable from other constructions.
(Construction Grammar, Goldberg 1995)
Source
Path
GoalTrajector
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Form-meaning mappings for language
Formphonological
cuesword orderintonationinflection
Meaningevent structure
sensorimotor control
attention/perspective
social goals...
Linguistic knowledge consists of form-meaning mappings:
Cafe
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Constructions as maps between relations
Mover + Motion + Directionbefore(Motion, Direction)before(Mover, Motion)
“is” + Action + “ing”before(“is”, Action)suffix(Action, “ing”)
Mover + Motionbefore(Mover, Motion)
Form Meaning
ProgressiveActionaspect(Action, ongoing)
MotionEventmover(Motion, Mover)
DirectedMotionEventdirection(Motion, Direction)mover(Motion, Mover)
Complex constructions are mappings between relations in form and relations in meaning.
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Embodied Construction Grammar
• Embodied representations– active perceptual and motor schemas
– situational and discourse context
• Construction Grammar– Linguistic units relate form and meaning/function.
– Both constituency and (lexical) dependencies allowed.
• Constraint-based (Unification)– based on feature structures (as in HPSG)
– Diverse factors can flexibly interact.
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schema Containerroles
interiorexteriorportalboundary
Representing image schemas
Interior
Exterior
Boundary
PortalSource
Path
GoalTrajector
These are abstractions over sensorimotor experiences.
schema Source-Path-Goalroles
sourcepathgoaltrajector
schema name
role name
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Inference and Conceptual Schemas
• Hypothesis: – Linguistic input is converted into a mental simulation based on bodily-
grounded structures.
• Components:– Semantic schemas
• image schemas and executing schemas are abstractions over neurally grounded perceptual and motor representations
– Linguistic units • lexical and phrasal construction representations invoke schemas, in part
through metaphor
• Inference links these structures and provides parameters for a simulation engine
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Embodied Construction GrammarECG
(Formalizing Cognitive Linguisitcs)
1. Linguistic Analysis
2. Computational Implementationa. Test Grammars
b. Applied Projects – Question Answering
3. Map to Connectionist Models, Brain
4. Models of Grammar Acquisition
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ECG Structures
• Schemas– image schemas, force-dynamic schemas, executing
schemas, frames…
• Constructions– lexical, grammatical, morphological, gestural…
• Maps– metaphor, metonymy, mental space maps…
• Spaces– discourse, hypothetical, counterfactual…
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ECG Schemas
schema <name> subcase of <schema> evokes <schema> as
<local name> roles < local role >: <role restriction> constraints <role> ↔ <role> <role> <value> <predicate>
schema Hypotenuse subcase of Line-Segment
evokes Right-Tri as rt
roles
{lower-left: Point}
{upper-right: Point}
constraints
self ↔ rt.long-side
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Source-Path-Goal; Container
schema SPG
subcase of TrajLandmark
roles
source: Place
path: Directed–Curve
goal: Place
{trajector: Entity}
{landmark: Bounded-
Region}
schema Container
roles
interior: Bounded-Region boundary: Curve portal: Bounded-Region
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Referent Descriptor Schemas
schema RD
roles
category
gender
count
specificty
resolved Ref
modifications
schema RD5 // Eve
roles
HumanSchema
Female
one
Known
Eve Sweetser
none
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ECG Constructions
construction <name> subcase of <construction> constituents <name>:<construction> form constraints <name> before/meets
<name> meaning: constraints // same as for schemas
construction SpatialPP constituents prep: SpatialPreposition lm: NP form constraints prep meets lm meaning:
TrajectorLandmark constraints
selfm ↔ prep landmark ↔ lm.category
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Into and The CXNsconstruction Into subcase
of SpatialPreposition
form: WordForm constraints
orth "into"
meaning: SPG
evokes Container as c constraints
landmark ↔ c
goal ↔ c.interior
construction The subcase of Determiner form:WordForm
constraints
orth "the"
meaning
evokes RD as rd
constraints rd.specificity “known”
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Two Grammatical CXNsconstruction DetNoun
subcase of NP constituents
d:Determiner
n:Noun
form constraints
d before n
meaning constraints
selfm ↔ d.rd
category ↔ n
construction NPVP subcase of S constituents
subj: NP
vp: VP
form constraints
subj before vp
meaning constraints
profiled-participant ↔
subj
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construction ActiveSelfMotionPath subcase of ActiveMotionPath constituents
{v: verb}
{pp:SpatialPP}
form constraints
{v before pp}
meaning:SelfMotionPathEvent
constraints {spg ↔ pp} {profiled-participant ↔ mover} {profiled-process ↔ motion} {profiled-process ↔ v}
Construction WalkedVerb
subcase of PastPerfectiveVerb form constraints orth "walked" meaning:WalkAction
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Combined score determines best-fit
• Syntactic Fit:– Constituency relations– Combine with preferences on non-local elements– Conditioned on syntactic context
• Antecedent Fit:– Ability to find referents in the context– Conditioned on syntax match, feature agreement
• Semantic Fit:– Semantic bindings for frame roles– Frame roles’ fillers are scored
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0Eve1walked2into3the4house5
Constructs--------------NPVP[0] (0,5)Eve[3] (0,1)ActiveSelfMotionPath
[2] (1,5)WalkedVerb[57] (1,2)SpatialPP[56] (2,5)Into[174] (2,3)DetNoun[173] (3,5)The[204] (3,4)House[205] (4,5)
Schema Instances
-------------------
SelfMotionPathEvent[1]
HouseSchema[66]
WalkAction[60]
Person[4]
SPG[58]
RD[177] ~ house
RD[5]~ Eve
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Unification chains and their fillers
SelfMotionPathEvent[1].mover
SPG[58].trajector
WalkAction[60].walker
RD[5].resolved-ref
RD[5].category
Filler: Person4
SpatialPP[56].m
Into[174].m
SelfMotionPathEvent[1].spg
Filler: SPG58
SelfMotionPathEvent[1]
.landmark
House[205].m
RD[177].category
SPG[58].landmark
Filler:HouseSchema66
WalkedVerb[57].m
WalkAction[60].routine
WalkAction[60].gait
SelfMotionPathEvent[1]
.motion
Filler:WalkAction60
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Summary: ECG
• Linguistic constructions are tied to a model of simulated action and perception
• Embedded in a theory of language processing– Constrains theory to be usable– Frees structures to be just structures, used in processing
• Precise, computationally usable formalism– Practical computational applications, like MT and NLU– Testing of functionality, e.g. language learning
• A shared theory and formalism for different cognitive mechanisms– Constructions, metaphor, mental spaces, etc.
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Questions
• What is the nature of compositionality in the Neural Theory of Language?
• How can it be best represented using Embodied Construction Grammar?
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Examples
• He bit the apple
• He was bitten (by a toddler)
• He bit into the apple
• His white teeth bit into the apple.
• He shattered the window
• The window was shattered
• The window shattered
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Compositionality
• Put the parts together to create the meaning of the whole.
• Questions:– what is the nature of the parts?– How and why do they combine with one another?– What meaning is associated with this composition?
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Short answers
• Parts = constructions, schemas
• Combination = binding, unification
• Meaning of the whole = simulation of unified parts
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Simulation parameters
• Constructions unify to create semantic specification that supports a simulation
• Two types of simulation parameters for event descriptions:– Event content– Event construal
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Summary
• Parts = constructions, schemas
• Combination = binding, unification
• Meaning of the whole = simulation of the combined parts
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First example
• He bit the apple.
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schema MotorControl subcase of Process roles Actor ↔ Protagonist
Effector Effort
Routine constraints Actor ← animate
Schemas
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schema ForceApplication subcase of MotorControl evokes ForceTransfer as FT roles
Actor ↔ FT.Supplier ↔ Protagonist Acted Upon↔ FT.Recipient Effector
Routine Effort ↔ FT.Force.amount
schema ForceTransfer evokes Conact as C roles
Supplier ↔ C.entity1 Recipient ↔ C.entity2 Force
schema MotorControl subcase of Process roles Actor ↔ Protagonist
Effector Effort
Routine constraints Actor ← animate
schema Contact subcase of SpatialRelation roles Entity1: entity Entity2: entity
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Schema networks
MotorControl
Motion
SPG
EffectorMotion
EffectorMotionPath
ForceTransfer
ForceApplication
ContactSpatiallyDirectedAction
CauseEffect
Contact
Agentive Impact
SelfMotion
SelfMotionPath
MotionPath
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Construction BITE1 subcase of Verb form: bite meaning: ForceApplication constraints: Effector ← teeth Routine ← bite // close mouth
Verb Constructions
schema ForceApplication subcase of MotorControl evokes ForceTransfer as FT roles Actor ↔ FT.Supplier ↔ Protagonist Acted Upon ↔ FT.Recipient Effector Routine Effort ↔ FT.Force.amount
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Verb Constructions
schema ForceApplication subcase of MotorControl
schema Agentive Impact subcase of ForceApplication
cxn BITE meaning: ForceApplication
schema MotorControl
cxn GRASP meaning: ForceApplicationcxn PUSH meaning: ForceApplicationcxn SLAP meaning: AgentiveImpactcxn KICK meaning: AgentiveImpactcxn HIT meaning: AgentiveImpact
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Argument Structure Construction
construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Affected ↔ NPm
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Argument Structure Construction
construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Affected ↔ NPm
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CauseEffect schema
schema CauseEffect subcase of ForceApplication; Process roles
Causer ↔ Actor Affected ↔ ActedUpon ↔ Process.Protagonist Instrument ↔ Effector
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MotorControl
Motion
SPG
EffectorMotion
EffectorMotionPath
ForceTransfer
ForceApplication
ContactSpatiallyDirectedAction
CauseEffect
Contact
SelfMotion
SelfMotionPath
MotionPath
Agentive Impact
Process
Schema Network
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Argument Structure Construction
construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes: EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Affected ↔ NPm
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MotorControl
Motion
SPG
EffectorMotion
EffectorMotionPath
ForceTransfer
ForceApplication
ContactSpatiallyDirectedAction
CauseEffect
Contact
SelfMotion
SelfMotionPath
MotionPath
Agentive Impact
Process
Schema Network
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Important points
Compositionality does not require that each component contain different information.
Shared semantic structure is not viewed as an undesirable redundancy
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Argument Structure Construction
construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Affected ↔ NPm
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schema EventDescriptor
roles
EventType: Process
ProfiledProcess: Process
ProfiledParticipant: Entity
ProfiledState(s): State
SpatialSetting
TemporalSetting
Event Descriptor schema
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Argument Structure Construction
Construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Affected ↔ NPm
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construction NPVP1 constituents: Subj: NP VP : VPform Constraints Subj f before VPf
meaning: EventDescriptor ProfiledParticipant ↔ Subjm
Bindings with other cxnsconstruction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V ; NP form: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
Affected ↔ NPm
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Construction NPVP1 constituents: Subj: NP VP : VPform constraints Subj f before VPf
meaning: EventDescriptor ProfiledParticipant ↔ Subjm
Bindings with other cxnsconstruction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V ; NP form: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
Affected ↔ NPm
schema EventDescriptor roles EventType ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant ProfiledState(s) SpatialSetting TemporalSetting
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Bindings with other cxns
schema EventDescriptor roles EventType ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant ProfiledState(s) SpatialSetting TemporalSetting
construction NPVP1 constituents: Subj: NP VP : VPform Constraints Subj f before VPf
meaning: EventDescriptor ProfiledParticipant ↔ Subjm
construction ActiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V ; NP form: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes; EventDescriptor as ED constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
Affected ↔ NPm
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Unification
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon
EventDescriptor EventType ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
BITE
TransitiveAction2
HE
NP1
NPVP1
THE APPLE
NP2ReferentDescriptor
ReferentDescriptor
Meaning Constructions
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Unification
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon
EventDescriptor EventType ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
BITE
TransitiveAction2
HE
NP1
NPVP1
THE APPLE
NP2ReferentDescriptor
ReferentDescriptor resolved referent
Meaning Constructions
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Unification
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
BITE
TransitiveAction2 Verb
HE
NP1
NPVP1
THE APPLE
NP2ReferentDescriptor
ReferentDescriptor resolved referent
Meaning Constructions
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Unification
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
BITE
TransitiveAction2
HE
NP1
NPVP1 subj
THE APPLE
NP2ReferentDescriptor
ReferentDescriptor
Meaning Constructions
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Unification
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
BITE
TransitiveAction2 NP
HE
NP1
NPVP1
THE APPLE
NP2ReferentDescriptor
ReferentDescriptor
Meaning Constructions
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Semantic SpecificationHe bit the apple
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon routine bite effector teeth
RD55category
Person
Apple
RD27category
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Process
Simulation - He bit the apple
CauseEffect
ForceApplication
Protagonist = Causer ↔ Actor
Protagonist = Affected ↔ ActedUpon
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Process
Simulation - He bit the apple
CauseEffect
ForceApplication
Protagonist = Causer ↔ Actor
Protagonist = Affected ↔ ActedUpon
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Passive voice
He was bitten (by a toddler)
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Argument Structure ConstructionHe was bitten (by a toddler)
construction PassiveTransitiveAction2 subcase of VP constituents: V : PassiveVerb (PP: agentivePP) form constraints: VF before PPF
meaning: CauseEffectAction evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Affected ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Causer ↔ FA.Actor Affected ↔ FA.ActedUpon Causer ↔ PP.NPm
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Semantic SpecificationHe was bitten (by a toddler)
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
CauseEffect causer affected
ForceApplication actor actedupon routine bite effector teeth
RD48category
Person
Person
RD27category
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Effect = Process
Simulation - He was bitten (by a toddler)
CauseEffect
Action = BiteProtagonist = Causer ↔ Actor
Protagonist = Affected ↔ ActedUpon
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Variations on a theme
• He shattered the window
• The window was shattered
• The window shattered
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Construction SHATTER1 subcase of Verb form: shatter meaning: StateChange constraints: Initial :: Undergoer.state ← whole Final :: Undergoer.state ← shards
Verb Construction -- shatter
schema StateChange subcase of Process roles Undergoer ↔ Protagonist
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Argument Structure ConstructionHe shattered the window
construction ActiveTransitiveAction3 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb NP: NP form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes: EventDescriptor as ED; StateChange as SC constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Causer ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
SC ↔ Vm
Affected ↔ SC.Undergoer Affected ↔ NPm
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Semantic SpecificationHe shattered the window
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
CauseEffect causer affected
StateChange Undergoer state “wholeness”
RD189category
Person
Window
RD27category
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Process
Simulation - He shattered the window
CauseEffect
Action Protagonist = Causer
Protagonist = Affected ↔ Undergoer
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Argument Structure ConstructionThe window was shattered
construction PassiveTransitiveAction3 subcase of VP constituents: V : PassiveVerb (PP: agentivePP) form constraints: VF before NPF
meaning: CauseEffect evokes: EventDescriptor as ED; StateChange as SC constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Affected ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
SC ↔ Vm
Affected ↔ SC.Undergoer Causer ↔ PP.NPm
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Semantic SpecificationThe window was shattered
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
CauseEffect causer affected
StateChange Undergoer state “wholeness”
RD175category
Window
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Process
Simulation - The window was shattered
CauseEffect
Action Protagonist = Causer
Protagonist = Affected ↔ Undergoer
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Argument Structure ConstructionThe window shattered
construction ActiveIntransitiveAction1 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb form meaning: Process evokes: EventDescriptor as ED; StateChange as SC constraints: {Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Protagonist ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant
SC ↔ Vm
Protagonist ↔ SC.Undergoer
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Semantic SpecificationThe window shattered
EventDescriptor eventtype ProfiledProcess ProfiledParticipant
Process protagonist
StateChange Undergoer state “wholeness”
RD177categoryWindow
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Process
Simulation - The window shattered
Process
Protagonist = Undergoer
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Some more variations on a theme
• He bit the apple
• He bit into the apple
• His white teeth bit into the apple.
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Argument Structure ConstructionHe bit into the apple
construction ActiveEffectorMotionPath2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb PP: Spatial-PP form constraints:
VF before PPF
meaning: EffectorMotionPath evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints:
{Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Actor ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Actor ↔ FA.ActorEffector ↔ FA.Effector // INITarget ↔ FA.ActedUpon SPG ↔ PPm
Target ↔ PPm .Prep.LM
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Schema
schema EffectorMotionPath subcase of EffectorMotion subcase of SPG // or evokes SPG roles Actor ↔ MotorControl.protagonist
Effector ↔ SPG.Tr ↔ M.Mover ↔ Motion.protagonistTarget ↔ SPG.Lm
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MotorControl
Motion
SPG
EffectorMotion
EffectorMotionPath
ForceTransfer
ForceApplication
ContactSpatiallyDirectedAction
CauseEffect
Contact
SelfMotion
SelfMotionPath
MotionPath
Agentive Impact
Process
Schema Network
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Argument Structure Construction He bit into the apple
construction ActiveEffectorMotionPath2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb PP: Spatial-PP form constraints:
VF before PPF
meaning: EffectorMotionPath evokes: EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints:
{Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Actor ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Actor ↔ FA.ActorEffector ↔ FA.Effector // INITarget ↔ FA.ActedUpon SPG ↔ PPm
Target ↔ PPm .Prep.LM
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EffectorMotionPath
Action
Source
Path Goal
Effector Motion
Protagonist = Actor
Protagonist = Effector
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Argument Structure Construction He bit into the apple
construction ActiveEffectorMotionPath2 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb PP: Spatial-PP form constraints:
VF before PPF
meaning: EffectorMotionPath evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints:
{Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Actor ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Actor ↔ FA.ActorEffector ↔ FA.Effector // INITarget ↔ FA.ActedUpon SPG ↔ PPm
Target ↔ PPm .Prep.LM
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Simulation: He bit into the apple
Action
Source
Path Goal
Effector Motion
Protagonist = Actor
Protagonist = Effector
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Argument Structure ConstructionHis white teeth bit into the apple
construction ActiveEffectorMotionPath3 subcase of VP constituents: V : verb PP: Spatial-PP form constraints:
VF before PPF
meaning: EffectorMotionPath evokes; EventDescriptor as ED; ForceApplication as FA constraints:
{Selfm ↔ ED.EventType}
{Vm ↔ ED.ProfiledProcess}
Effector ↔ ED.ProfiledParticipant FA ↔ Vm
Actor ↔ FA.Actor // INIEffector ↔ FA.EffectorTarget ↔ FA.ActedUpon SPG ↔ PPm
Target ↔ PPm .Prep.LM
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Simulation: His white teeth bit into the apple
Action
Source
Path Goal
Effector Motion
Protagonist = Actor
Protagonist = Effector
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Non-agentive biting
• He landed on his feet, hitting the narrow pavement outside the yard with such jarring impact that his teeth bit into the edge of his tongue. [BNC]
• The studs bit into Trent's hand. [BNC]
• His chest burned savagely as the ropes bit into his skin. [BNC]
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MotorControl
Motion
SPG
EffectorMotion
EffectorMotionPath
ForceTransfer
ForceApplication
ContactSpatiallyDirectedAction
CauseEffect
Contact
SelfMotion
SelfMotionPath
MotionPath
Agentive Impact
Process
Schema Network
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Simulation: His teeth bit his tongue
Source
Path Goal
MotionProtagonist = Mover
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Summary
• Small set of constructions and schemas
• Composed in different ways
• Unification produces specification of parameters of simulation
• Sentence understanding is simulation
• Different meanings = different simulations
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Concluding Remarks
• Complexity
• Simulation
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Concluding Remarks
• Complexity• Simulation• Language understanding is simulation• Simulation involves activation of
conceptual structures• Simulation specifications should include:
– which conceptual structures to activate– how these structures should be activated
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Extra slides follow:
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Prototypes and extensions?
CauseMotion Path:
• He threw the ball across the room
• He kicked the ball over the table
• He sneezed the napkin off the table
• [He coughed the water out of his lungs]
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Key points
• In prototypical verb-argument structure construction combinations, verb meaning is very similar to argument structure meaning.
• Verbs whose meaning partially overlaps that of a given argument structure constructions may also co-occur with that argument structure construction
• These less prototypical combinations may motivate extensions to the central argument structure constructions