what do these clips have in common? - lewispalmer.org · pamphlet written by thomas paine that...
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What do these clips have in
common?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAlmXkxR5k0
(Avatar)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlrREwJI4so
&feature=related (Pirates of the Caribbean)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLrrBs8JBQo
(Braveheart)
• Speeches1
Unit 1, Part 2: The Right to Be
Free (Age of Reason)
• Part 1: The events that led up to Patrick
Henry’s Speech at the Virginia Convention
and the Declaration of Independence.
• Part 2: Examining the types of persuasion
techniques that Patrick Henry and Thomas
Jefferson used.
2
The Colonists in the early 1700’s
• Years after the British Puritans established colonies in America, and the Salem Witch trials took place in Massachusetts (1692), the American colonists were mostly content to be under British rule.
• However, tensions grew after the French and Indian War.
3
What started the French and Indian War?• France and England had competing claims for land in North
America.
• The French occupied land in the Mid-West, and the British colonies wanted the French to leave.
• The countries also competed over trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed region.
• This led to the French and Indian War.
4
French and Indian War, continued…
• Colonists fought for the British, while the Native Americans fought for the French.
• The war lasted from 1754-1763.
• The British won, receiving all lands east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans.
5
Resentments Begin…
• Although the British won the war, they were deeply in debt.
• They demanded more revenue from the colonies.
• Colonists were taxed to pay the war cost, which started the resentment of the Colonists against the British.
6
Proclamation of 1763
• Colonists were not allowed to settle the land
they helped win for England.
• In 1763 the British created the Proclamation
of 1763 that prohibited settlement beyond
the Appalachian Mountains.
• While Britain did not intend to harm the
colonists, many colonists took offense at this
order.7
Colonists Begin to Protest• During 1764 – 1765, the British
enforced the Sugar Act, the Currency
Act, the Quartering Act, and the
Stamp Act to tax and put limitations on
the colonists.
• Colonists grew angry and the colonist
merchants began a boycott of British
goods.
• Secret societies began to form such
as the Sons of Liberty to protest.
• Parliament repealed the Stamp Act,
but imposed the Declaration Act,
which gave parliament supreme
authority to govern the colonies. 8
More British Actions
• The British also imposed the Townshend Acts.
• These acts placed taxes on goods such as glass, paper, paint,
lead, and tea.
• In order to enforce the act, British officers use writs of
assistance to enter homes or businesses to search for
smuggled goods.
• Colonists saw the Townshend Acts as a serious threat to their
rights and freedoms.
9
Tools of Protest
10
• To protest the Townshend
Acts, colonists formed
another boycott of British
goods.
• This boycott was formed
by Samuel Adams - leader
of the Sons of Liberty.
• Sons of Liberty pressured
shopkeepers not to sell
imported goods (those
from Britain).
• Daughters of Liberty
called on colonists to
weave their own cloth and
use American products.
The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)
• A fight between British troops and citizens of Boston (the Patriots) broke out.
• British troops fired on the Patriots, killing 5 people.
• Sons of Liberty called the shooting the Boston Massacre. 11
Boston Tea Party
• The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company control over
the American tea trade. Protests broke out everywhere.
• December 16, 1773, a group of men disguised as Indians boarded
three tea ships and destroyed 342 chests of tea.
• The colonists thought that the Boston Tea Party would show Britain how
much they opposed taxation without representation.
12
Britain Fights Back• Because of the Boston Tea
Party many in Britain called
for the Americans to “be
knocked about their ears.”
• King George III said, “We
must master them or totally
leave them to themselves
and treat them like aliens.”
• Britain decided to “master”
the colonies and passed a
series of laws to punish the
colonists.
• British called these new laws
the Coercive Acts, but they
were so harsh that the
colonist called them the
Intolerable Acts.13
First Continental Congress
• In September 1774, delegates from all colonies except
Georgia met in Philadelphia.
• The delegates held out hope that they could restore the
colonies’ relationship with Great Britain.
• They sent formal petitions to King George III and the British
people, asking for their rights as British subjects.
14
Second Virginia Provincial Convention
• The colonists met again in
March of 1775 to vote on
whether Virginia should take
up arms to defend against a
feared British attack.
• Patrick Henry, the most
famous orator of the
American Revolution,
delivered a fiery speech to
convince delegates of the
need for armed resistance.15
“Common Sense”
(1776)
16
“Common Sense” was a
pamphlet written by Thomas
Paine that helped convince
thousands of colonists to
support independence from
Great Britain.
Declaration of Independence
• By the spring of 1776, many
colonial Americans believed
that the only solution to the
conflict was to break away
from British rule.
• At the Second Continental
Congress held in
Philadelphia, a five-member
committee was appointed to
draft an official statement of
the reasons for
independence.17
Declaration of Independence, continued…
• Benjamin Franklin, John
Adams, Roger Sherman,
Robert Livingston and Thomas
Jefferson were the appointed
committee.
• Jefferson was chosen to write
the declaration for two
reasons: 1) He was a very
good writer. 2) He was from
Virginia.
• After voting for independence
on July 2, the full Congress
debated the Declaration for
two days, making a few more
changes before adopting it on
July 4. 18
Four Main Parts of the
Declaration of Independence
• Preamble - Announces the reason for the
document.
• Declaration of people’s natural rights and
relationship to government.
• List of unfair acts of George III, the British
king.
• Conclusion that formally states America’s
independence from Britain.19
Changes from the Puritan Age to the
Age of Reason: The Puritan Legacy
• For the Puritans God was in everything.
He was their Creator, Redeemer, Judge
and Helper.
• The American moral fiber is based on the
Puritan beginning in the fear of God and
obedience to Scripture.
• This is the legacy that the Puritans left
behind in their values and literature.
20
Changes from the Puritan Age to the Age of
Reason: The Age of Reason Legacy
• Goal: to gain independence from England
• People during this time period believed that God
was a person who had put Natural Law in the
world to govern it.
• In other words, this is much like a clockmaker
who winds up a clock and then walks away,
leaving it to do what it is designed to do.
• Legacy: Independence from England and the
Constitution of the United States.
21
Part 2: Persuasive Techniques
• What types of persuasion did Patrick
Henry use to urge Americans to fight
against the British?
• What types of persuasion did Thomas
Jefferson use in the Declaration of
Independence?
22
Persuasive Rhetoric
• Rhetoric is the art of communicating ideas.
• Persuasive rhetoric consists of reasoned arguments in favor of
or against particular beliefs or courses of action.
• To be effectively persuasive, a work generally has to engage
both the mind and the emotions of its audience.
• The writer needs to show that his or her position has a firm
moral basis.
• The Declaration of Independence provides examples of the
three basic types of appeals used in persuasive arguments: 1)
logical appeals, 2) emotional appeals, and 3) ethical appeals.
Logical Appeals
• Provide rational arguments to support a claim.
• Example: the assumption that “all men are created
equal” is supported with objective evidence such as the
list of “injuries and usurpations” committed by King
George III.
• A writer can develop an argument 1) deductively, by
beginning with a generalization, or premise, and
proceeding to marshal examples and facts that support it
or 2) inductively by beginning with examples or facts and
proceeding to draw a conclusion from them.24
Emotional Appeals
• Often based on specific examples of suffering or
potential threats.
• Example: Jefferson’s statement that King George is
attempting “to complete the works of death, desolation,
and tyranny.”
• Also include “loaded language” – language that is rich in
connotations and vivid images.
25
Ethical Appeals
• Based on shared moral values or experience.
• Calls forth the audience’s sense of right, justice,
and virtue.
• The author’s credibility is also an element of this
type of appeal.
– Why should the audience listen to this person?
– Why is this person’s opinion valued over another’s?
– How is person’s opinion or experience fit in with the topic
or situation?
26
Ethical Appeals• Example: Jefferson reminded people that
independence was a last resort, after the failure of
other measures: “In every stage of these
oppressions we have petitioned for redress, in the
most humble terms; our repeated petitions have
been answered only by repeated injury.”
– Jefferson is using a sense of justice for his ethical
appeal.
– Also, Jefferson is a credible source because of his
persona as an important political leader of the time
period.
27
Styles of Persuasion – Elevated
Language
• This is the use of formal words and phrases that can
lend a serious tone to a discussion.
• Example: “The powerful empire of nature is no longer
surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and
lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of
folly and usurpation.” – Olympe de Gouges
28
Styles of Persuasion –
Rhetorical Questions
• This is the use of questions that don’t require answers.
Writers pose rhetorical questions to show that their
arguments make the answers obvious.
• Example: “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains and slavery?” – Patrick
Henry
29
Styles of Persuasion –
Repetition
• This is repeating a point that tells the audience that it is
especially important.
• It can also be the repetition of a form of expression that
tells the audience that the ideas expressed in the same
way are related.
30
Styles of Persuasion –
Parallelism
• This is a form of repetition; it is used very effectively in
The Declaration of Independence.
• Example: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: -
That all men are created equal; that they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.”
31