What do each of these events have in common?

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

SNCC

Sibley Commission

March onWashington

Election of Maynard

Jackson

Albany Movement

Influential Events of the Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Act

Essential Question:How did national and political events influence the Civil Rights Movement,

its outcome, and Georgia?

SS8H11a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and then end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag.

SS8H11b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox.

SS8H11c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.

There are many important events and people of the Civil Rights

Movement. We will focus on the most significant events and those which

involved Georgia.

Use your Chart to Take

Notes

Segregated Schools in the 1950s

Brown v. Board of Education

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court declared segregated schools to be unconstitutional.

The Georgia General Assembly was opposed to this ruling and declared the decision null (useless) and void (reject).

Brown v. Board of Education

The Georgia General Assembly threatened to stop funding, and in some cases, allow the

Governor to close any school that desegregated.

A year after the Brown verdict, another court case ruled that schools must be desegregated

with “all deliberate speed” which allowed southern states to take their time desegregating

schools.

Educational Segregation in the U.S. prior to Brown

Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education

Select one of the following:

Brown: A Landmark Case [6:56]

Brown v. Board of Education in PBS’ The Supreme Court

[4:53]

Brown v. Board of Education

Turn to an elbow partner and discuss the following:

What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Brown v.

Board of Education ruling?

Sibley Commission

After the Brown v. Board of Education supreme court decision, the Georgia General Assembly

supported “massive resistance” to the desegregation of Georgia’s public schools.

The Governor at the time was faced with the choice of following federal mandates (orders) or closing Georgia’s public schools. He wanted the input of

voters to help make a decision.

Sibley Commission

A committee was created to investigate Georgian’s opinions on the matter.

John Sibley, a segregationist lawyer, led 10 hearings across the state to determine if

Georgians felt that they should continue to resist the federal government or change laws

to integrate schools.

Sibley Commission

After the sessions, 60% of Georgians claimed that they would rather close the public

schools than to integrate.

Despite the findings, Sibley pushed for schools in Georgia to desegregate on a limited basis. The

governor asked the General Assembly to accept Sibley’s recommendations after his failed

attempts to close the University of Georgia.

Sibley Commission

How did the findings from the Sibley Commission explain the public’s reaction to the Brown v. Board of

Education ruling?

The Brown v. Board of Education verdict was in 1954, but it was not until 1961 that Atlanta became the first system to integrate. Ten years later, all school systems in the state

were desegregated.

In 1959, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter applied for college to the University of Georgia.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

They were not accepted by the university based on their race, but the university claimed it was

due to lack of housing along with Holmes “evasiveness” during a campus interview.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

The two students brought their case to federal court and after three weeks, the court ruled in

their favor. They began classes in January 1961.

http://dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/activism/education-activism/university-desegregation

Soon after arriving on campus, a mob of students, locals, and members of the KKK

started a riot on campus and threw bricks and rocks through Hunter’s dorm window.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

The Georgia state patrol escorted them back to Atlanta, but a few days later the court ruled that they be allowed to return. Both graduated from

the University.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBo9Jrm2Y9g

Throughout the 1960s, civil rights groups worked to bring equality to Georgia. The

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) created by Martin

Luther King, Jr. was one group. Another was the Student Non-Violent

Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

A national organization formed in North Carolina, it worked with the SCLC and focused

on organizing peaceful non-violent protest.

Student Non-ViolentCoordinating Committee (SNCC)

The group, made up of high school and college-aged students, became known for sit-ins, freedom rides, and the “freedom

summer” in Mississippi.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

CNN: SNCC’s legacy: A civil rights history

[5:56]

The Albany Movement involved several civil rights organizations like the NAACP and SNCC.

Albany Movement

The groups used methods such as mass demonstrations, sit-ins, and boycotts.

Their goal was to end all types of segregation in the city of Albany, Ga. from buses and trains to libraries, hospitals, and juries.

By late 1961, more than 500 protestors had been arrested. Albany’s police chief was careful to keep the peace and avoid negative publicity.

Albany Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Albany to lend his support and bring national attention

to the cause. He was jailed along with the protestors. Even with his influence,

desegregation efforts failed in Albany.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

Albany Movement

http://dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/activism/movements/albany-movement

[Various clips about the Albany Movement]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7dGWAY2AcM [3:44]

http://www.myfoxal.com/story/16047367/recalling-the-hisotry-of-the-albany-movement

[8:17]

In 1963, over 250,000 civil rights activists gathered in Washington, D.C. to promote their

cause and push for civil rights legislation.

The March on Washington

During the march, Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous “I Have A Dream” speech.

The March on Washington led to the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and the

Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

The March on Washington

History Specials: King Leads the March on Washington [3:21 linked in ppt]

“I Have a Dream” Speech shortened with words and music [3:41 linked in ppt]

Martin Luther King “I Have a Dream” Full Speech [17:28]

Due in part to the March on Washington, the United

States Congress passed Civil Rights Legislation.

Desegregation of the University of Georgia

Examining Civil Rights Legislation

The Civil Rights ActsThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended unequal voter registration, racial

segregation in schools, workplace, and facilities. It also forbade discrimination on the basis of sex and race in hiring,

promoting, and firing.

The Civil Rights ActsThe Voting Rights Act of 1965

prohibited states from imposing voting qualifications or deny the right of any citizen of the U.S. to vote on account of race or color.

Civil Rights Acts

Turn to an elbow partner and discuss the following:

How did the daily life of African Americans change because of

the Civil Rights Acts?

The struggle for civil rights in Georgia continued throughout the

1960s. During the next two decades, several influential figures rose to

power and made additional contributions to Civil Rights.

Lester Maddox

He believed in states’ rights and segregation

He became a public figure when he refused to serve African Americans in his Atlanta restaurant in defiance of the Civil Rights Act.

He closed his restaurant rather than obey the law.

Lester Maddox

Georgia Capitol Tour Lester Maddox [2:10]

In 1966, he ran for Governor, but neither candidate won a majority. So, the General Assembly elected Maddox.

He was Governor of Georgia from 1967 to 1971.

Lester Maddox

Surprisingly, he put more African Americans into government jobs than ever before

He supported prison reform and increased spending for Georgia’s universities

He had a monthly event where citizens were allowed to speak with the governor (“Little People’s Days”)

Lester Maddox

Think, Pair, ShareWas Lester Maddox good for Georgia? Why or why not?

Did Lester Maddox help or hinder the Civil Rights Movement?

Maynard Jackson

At the age of 35, Maynard Jackson became the first African-American mayor of a major southern city

He served as mayor of Atlanta from 1973-1981 and again from 1990-1994

Maynard Jackson

He was helpful in providing more contract work to black-owned businesses

He expanded Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport

He sought to add more African American police officers and promotions for African American officers

Maynard Jackson

During the 1990s, he worked with other important figures to bring the Olympics to Atlanta

He retired in 1994 due to health problems

He died in 2003 and in his honor, the city of Atlanta renamed the airport Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International

Maynard Jackson

Maynard JacksonSelect one of the following if desired: Maynard Jackson [7:03] A Tribute to Maynard Jackson

[9:26]

Andrew Young

He was active in the Civil Rights Movement

He started working for the SCLC where he successfully organized demonstrations and voter registration campaigns throughout the South

He became a close associate with Martin Luther King, Jr. and was with him when he was assassinated

Andrew Young

He was elected as Georgia’s first African-American Congressman in 1972

He was later appointed ambassador to the United Nations

In 1981, he was elected mayor of Atlanta

As mayor, he helped Atlanta continue to grow and gain national standing

Andrew Young

He left office in 1989, but continued to work for Georgia’s economic development

He served on the Olympic committee and has worked as a consultant for many international organizations

Andrew Young

Compare and Contrast the contributions of Maynard

Jackson and Andrew Young to Georgia.