What do all of these objects have in What do all of these objects have in common?common?

Renaissance and Renaissance and ReformationReformation

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance Renaissance – “Rebirth” – 1300-1600Renaissance – “Rebirth” – 1300-1600

Was an attempt to bring back Was an attempt to bring back cultures of the past.cultures of the past. Europe was engulfed in the dark ages.Europe was engulfed in the dark ages.

Age of New DiscoveriesAge of New Discoveries ExplorationExploration Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory Martin LutherMartin Luther

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. R. – Rebirth of Roman and Greek ClassicsR. – Rebirth of Roman and Greek Classics

Q: What are the classics?Q: What are the classics? Classics = Ideas of Ancient Rome and GreeceClassics = Ideas of Ancient Rome and Greece

Roman Sculptures Greek Architecture

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. E. – Establishment of Italian City-StatesE. – Establishment of Italian City-States

During the middle-ages Italian towns expanded During the middle-ages Italian towns expanded into independent city-states.into independent city-states.

Rulers encourage new ideas.Rulers encourage new ideas.

By late middle-ages trade flourished in these By late middle-ages trade flourished in these city-states.city-states.

Venice, Genoa, and Pisa control E. MediterraneanVenice, Genoa, and Pisa control E. Mediterranean Florence thrived on manufactured goods and Florence thrived on manufactured goods and

bankers financed adventures. Florence produced bankers financed adventures. Florence produced primarily wool cloth.primarily wool cloth.

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. B. – Birth of the “modern” worldB. – Birth of the “modern” world

New wealthy middle-class developed of New wealthy middle-class developed of merchants and bankers.merchants and bankers.

MC gained power both economically and MC gained power both economically and politically.politically.

Had a general concern for education and Had a general concern for education and individual achievement, supported the individual achievement, supported the arts.arts.

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. I. – Italian ArtistsI. – Italian Artists

Michelangelo and Da VinciMichelangelo and Da Vinci

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. R. – Renaissance spreadsR. – Renaissance spreads

Italy Italy Northern Europe (England) Northern Europe (England)

Why did it spread?Why did it spread?

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H. T. – Theater: Shakespeare wrote T. – Theater: Shakespeare wrote

plays and sonnets.plays and sonnets.

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.R.E.B.I.R.T.H.

H. – Humanism – Erasmus and H. – Humanism – Erasmus and Petrarch were most famousPetrarch were most famous Wanted people to be the best they could Wanted people to be the best they could

be.be.

Scholars stressed humanitiesScholars stressed humanities Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History, Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History,

Arithmetic, Astronomy, Music Arithmetic, Astronomy, Music

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance Renaissance in Northern EuropeRenaissance in Northern Europe

Prospered in Italy and spread to the north.Prospered in Italy and spread to the north. In North, where feudalism was strong, it In North, where feudalism was strong, it

spread throughout the noble class.spread throughout the noble class. Renaissance was more traditional Renaissance was more traditional

Rebirth of Classical TextsRebirth of Classical Texts Greek and Roman – people tried to find their Greek and Roman – people tried to find their

faith.faith. In Europe and Spain people focused on Christian In Europe and Spain people focused on Christian

texts.texts. Both Renaissances focused on similar goalsBoth Renaissances focused on similar goals

Individual achievement and classical learning. Individual achievement and classical learning.

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance Florence – the powerful Medici family Florence – the powerful Medici family

gained wealth and power.gained wealth and power. Lorenzo de’Medici lent his fortune to bring Lorenzo de’Medici lent his fortune to bring

painters, sculptors, and architects, and painters, sculptors, and architects, and silversmiths to Florence to create and silversmiths to Florence to create and make Florence the center of the make Florence the center of the Renaissance.Renaissance.

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance Handbooks were created for proper Handbooks were created for proper

behavior.behavior.

Renaissance writers prepared these manualsRenaissance writers prepared these manuals

Machiavelli wrote Machiavelli wrote The PrinceThe Prince for city-state for city-state rulers, primarily for Lorenzo de Medici.rulers, primarily for Lorenzo de Medici.

““It is much safer to be feared than loved, if one It is much safer to be feared than loved, if one must choose.”must choose.”

Advised rulers to use any methods needed to Advised rulers to use any methods needed to achieve their goals.achieve their goals.

Be cunning, diplomatic, and ruthless.Be cunning, diplomatic, and ruthless. The end justifies the means…The end justifies the means…

Study of the HumanitiesStudy of the Humanities Italian city-states took new interest in Italian city-states took new interest in

education.education. Theology, Law, Medicine of Greece and Theology, Law, Medicine of Greece and

RomeRome Scholars stressed humanitiesScholars stressed humanities

Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and HistoryGrammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and History

Humanists wanted to learn more about the Humanists wanted to learn more about the world.world.

Rediscover pre-middle-ages knowledge.Rediscover pre-middle-ages knowledge. Castiglione believed that an ideal renaissance Castiglione believed that an ideal renaissance

person was well rounded with a broad person was well rounded with a broad education in many different areas.education in many different areas.

PETRARCHPETRARCH: The Father : The Father of Italian Humanismof Italian Humanism

Italian poet and humanist, who is considered Italian poet and humanist, who is considered the first modern poet. His perfection of the the first modern poet. His perfection of the sonnet form later influenced such English sonnet form later influenced such English poets as poets as ChaucerChaucer, and , and William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare. .

His wide knowledge of the classical authors and his His wide knowledge of the classical authors and his restoration ofrestoration of

the classical Latin language earned him his reputation as the classical Latin language earned him his reputation as the firstthe first

great humanist. He was a great advocate of classicalgreat humanist. He was a great advocate of classicalLatin. This is not unlike your English instructor expecting Latin. This is not unlike your English instructor expecting

“regular” “regular” English on essays, not the text messaging English you areEnglish on essays, not the text messaging English you areaccustomed to employing. accustomed to employing.

1304-1374

Beyond scholars, lawyers and theologians; Beyond scholars, lawyers and theologians; the the vernacularvernacular authors brought literature to authors brought literature to the people with the people with Gutenberg’sGutenberg’s assistance! assistance!

AUTHORAUTHOR LANGUALANGUAGEGE

BOOKBOOK OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

DANTEDANTE ItalianItalian Divine Divine ComedyComedy

A souls journey to A souls journey to paradise/heavenparadise/heaven

CHAUCECHAUCERR

EnglishEnglish CanterburCanterburyy

TalesTales

Collection of Collection of stories from stories from pilgrims to pilgrims to CanterburyCanterbury

PIZANPIZAN FrenchFrench The book The book of the of the City of City of LadiesLadies

Women have both Women have both intelligence and intelligence and convictionconviction

HumanistHumanistEducational Educational BeliefsBeliefsEducation could dramaticallyEducation could dramaticallychange human beings.change human beings.

Several schools opened Several schools opened throughout Europe based on throughout Europe based on two foundational principals:two foundational principals:

1. The purpose of a liberal1. The purpose of a liberalarts or humanities education arts or humanities education was a path to virtue which was a path to virtue which would help influence otherswould help influence othersto take the same correct to take the same correct educational path.educational path.

2. The humanists stressed 2. The humanists stressed Physical Physical EducationEducation

based on the based on the GreekGreek model of a model of a““Sound Mind in a Sound Body.”Sound Mind in a Sound Body.”

Your P.E. teachers are Greek Your P.E. teachers are Greek Inspired Humanists!Inspired Humanists!

*Women were *Women were excludedexcluded from formal from formal education because it was thought education because it was thought that religion and moralsthat religion and moralswould be considered enough education, because thenwould be considered enough education, because then““Christian Ladies” would be considered good wives Christian Ladies” would be considered good wives

andandmothers.mothers.

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

Emphasis on realism w/harmony, Emphasis on realism w/harmony, balance, and realism.balance, and realism.

Donatello – sketched ancient ruinsDonatello – sketched ancient ruins St. Peter’s Basilica St. Peter’s Basilica Rejected ME architecture and created Rejected ME architecture and created

extravagant buildingsextravagant buildings

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

New techniquesNew techniques Three dimensional paintingsThree dimensional paintings Tempera Based PaintTempera Based Paint

Mixed with watered down egg yolk. Mixed with watered down egg yolk. Dried quickly.Dried quickly.

Oil based paintsOil based paints Dried slowly.Dried slowly. Easy to blend.Easy to blend.

ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ITALYITALY Renaissance Renaissance sculptorssculptors and and

painterspainters are recognized for are recognized foruse of the elements of:use of the elements of:

1.1. Imitation of nature Imitation of natureemploying perspective, use employing perspective, use of light and geometryof light and geometry

2.2. RealityReality of the human body of the human body as subject of paintings as subject of paintings incorporating the idea of incorporating the idea of movement.movement.

MASTER ARTISTS OF THE HIGH MASTER ARTISTS OF THE HIGH RENIASSANCE RENIASSANCE

FrescoFresco as a painting technique was used by the as a painting technique was used by the three giants associated with the high renaissance:three giants associated with the high renaissance:

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci - Dissected bodies to see - Dissected bodies to see muscles for more realistic portraits and statues.muscles for more realistic portraits and statues.

- Last Supper and Mona Lisa- Last Supper and Mona Lisa

Raphael Raphael - Portraits of the Madonna - idealism - Portraits of the Madonna - idealism beyond beauty which surpassed human standards.beyond beauty which surpassed human standards.

MichelangeloMichelangelo - The more beautiful the body, the - The more beautiful the body, the more godlike the figure. Creator of the Sistine more godlike the figure. Creator of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Chapel ceiling.

WORKS OF DAVINCIWORKS OF DAVINCI

TheThe LastLast SupperSupper

Ermine Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci

1452-1519

LegacyLegacy

Only 15 paintings surviveOnly 15 paintings survive NotebooksNotebooks Drawings of unfinished worksDrawings of unfinished works Diverted rivers to prevent Diverted rivers to prevent

floodingflooding Principles of turbinePrinciples of turbine CartographyCartography SubmarineSubmarine Flying machineFlying machine ParachuteParachute ContactsContacts

WORKS OF WORKS OF RAPHAELRAPHAELMichelangelo:Michelangelo:

Sistine Sistine

Chapel Angels Chapel Angels

Modern day Modern day

Reference: Reference:

CupidsCupids

Raphael 1483 - 1520

School of Athens which exemplifies the rebirth of interest in Greek/Roman history.

MadonnaMadonna

WORKS OF WORKS OF MICHELANGELMICHELANGELOO

PietaPieta

Ceiling and WallsCeiling and Walls

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

Michelangelo 1475-1564

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

DavidDavid, , Michelangelo, Michelangelo,

c. 1501c. 1501

DavidDavid

St. Peter’sSt. Peter’s

Architect for St. Architect for St. Peter’s Peter’s

Paper over ArtistPaper over Artist You, along with your partner, decide You, along with your partner, decide

which work you want to write about from which work you want to write about from any of the Renaissance artists. any of the Renaissance artists.

2 Pages – Times New Roman – Double 2 Pages – Times New Roman – Double SpacedSpaced

Include why the artist made it, the history Include why the artist made it, the history behind it, and why it has been studied so behind it, and why it has been studied so much.much.

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature Renaissance WritersRenaissance Writers

Miguel de CervantesMiguel de Cervantes Wrote Don Quixote – Mocked Ideals of Wrote Don Quixote – Mocked Ideals of

ChivalryChivalry

ShakespeareShakespeare Explore themes of jealousy, ambition, love, Explore themes of jealousy, ambition, love,

and greed in literature and plays.and greed in literature and plays. Built “The Globe” Built “The Globe” Was an author, playwright, and actor.Was an author, playwright, and actor.

Art and LiteratureArt and Literature Call for reform from scholars that Call for reform from scholars that

studied the Bible.studied the Bible. Erasmus pointed out the ignorance of Erasmus pointed out the ignorance of

the clergy for their use of pomp and the clergy for their use of pomp and ritual rather than their teaching of Jesus.ritual rather than their teaching of Jesus.

He remained loyal to church. He remained loyal to church.

Sir Thomas More Sir Thomas More Wrote Wrote UtopiaUtopia that described the ideal world that described the ideal world

of peace, education, and equality.of peace, education, and equality.

Changing Patterns of LifeChanging Patterns of Life Introduction of Printing PressIntroduction of Printing Press

Hand copying slowly came to an end.Hand copying slowly came to an end. 2-3 books a year per person could be copied.2-3 books a year per person could be copied. Often on parchment made from skin of sheep or goatsOften on parchment made from skin of sheep or goats

Paper was invented in the 1300s.Paper was invented in the 1300s. Moveable type – 1400s – on wood, then metalMoveable type – 1400s – on wood, then metal

1455, Johann Gutenberg invented the PP1455, Johann Gutenberg invented the PP Printed books rapidly in all languages.Printed books rapidly in all languages.

Invention of Printing by Invention of Printing by Johannes GutenbergJohannes Gutenberg

In China, Korea and Japan written language needed thousands unique characters, each representing a concept or word. Symbols

The 26-letter alphabet used in Western languages gave the moveable type such an important place in history of printing.

Printing not entirely new before this time:

Printing, using wood blocks, existed in Korea (8th Century)Moveable type cast, 10th Century in China.Casting type in metal and printing books (Korea by 15th Century)

The Gutenberg Press cont….The Gutenberg Press cont…. The type was then placed in a box called a The type was then placed in a box called a Type case.Type case. Type case had separate compartments for each letter, Type case had separate compartments for each letter,

number and character. number and character. To compose a page, printer selected letters one at a time To compose a page, printer selected letters one at a time

and lined them up in a and lined them up in a “composing stick”.“composing stick”. Then using pieces of type with no face on them, spaces Then using pieces of type with no face on them, spaces

between words were adjusted to justify the line to between words were adjusted to justify the line to required length. required length.

The Type Case

……contcont Gutenberg modeled his typefaces on the letters used Gutenberg modeled his typefaces on the letters used

in handwritten books (imitated the Monks)in handwritten books (imitated the Monks) This style: This style: “black letter” or “gothic”.“black letter” or “gothic”. Very popular style in Germany until mid-1940’s.Very popular style in Germany until mid-1940’s. Printers began to use modern Roman type, Printers began to use modern Roman type,

developed in France, in the 2nd half of 16th Century.developed in France, in the 2nd half of 16th Century.

Black Letter or Gothic

Nebraska - CNNebraska - CNNebraska - GNebraska - GNebraska - TNRNebraska - TNR

Social Impact of Gutenberg’s Social Impact of Gutenberg’s inventioninvention

Increased the speedIncreased the speed of printing and improved accuracy of printing and improved accuracy and reliability in the transmission of texts. and reliability in the transmission of texts.

Reduced the priceReduced the price of printed materials making them more of printed materials making them more accessible to the masses (free exchange of ideas)accessible to the masses (free exchange of ideas)

Encouraged the spreadEncouraged the spread of vernacular languages like of vernacular languages like German, French, Italian and English (replaces Latin)German, French, Italian and English (replaces Latin)

Printing allowed a larger audience to read Luther’s German Printing allowed a larger audience to read Luther’s German translation of the Bible.translation of the Bible.

Accelerated the spread of the Protestant ReformationAccelerated the spread of the Protestant Reformation

Everyday LifeEveryday Life Nuclear instead of Extended Households.Nuclear instead of Extended Households.

Demand for products rapidly decreased Demand for products rapidly decreased from the population decrease (black death)from the population decrease (black death)

People developed new products and foods People developed new products and foods until the population began to increase.until the population began to increase. Created business partnerships.Created business partnerships.

Women in the RenaissanceWomen in the Renaissance Little change from Middle AgesLittle change from Middle Ages Major role in taking care of the home.Major role in taking care of the home. Spinners and WeaversSpinners and Weavers Powerful queens came to power. Powerful queens came to power.

Isabella of SpainIsabella of Spain Elizabeth of EnglandElizabeth of England

Isabella d’Este – Translated Greek and Isabella d’Este – Translated Greek and Latin TextsLatin Texts

The ReformationThe Reformation There was a need for reform.There was a need for reform.

Babylonian Captivity & Great SchismBabylonian Captivity & Great Schism Philip IV of France wanted to tax clergy. Stole Philip IV of France wanted to tax clergy. Stole

Pope.Pope. Hurt confidence, power, and prestige for the Hurt confidence, power, and prestige for the

church during the 1300s & 1400s.church during the 1300s & 1400s.

Rulers in Europe pushed the church out of Rulers in Europe pushed the church out of political affairs. – Henry, John, Philip, Red political affairs. – Henry, John, Philip, Red BeardBeard

The Pope had to fight many wars against The Pope had to fight many wars against Kings of France, Spain, and Germany just to Kings of France, Spain, and Germany just to protect papal states of Italy.protect papal states of Italy.

WorldlinessWorldliness

Pope Julius IIPope Julius II St. Peter’s CathedralSt. Peter’s Cathedral

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

Lingering Question: How did the Lingering Question: How did the Church pay to have projects done Church pay to have projects done and wars fought?and wars fought?

St. Peter’s CathedralSt. Peter’s Cathedral

The ReformationThe Reformation To raise money for church spending To raise money for church spending

and wars, the church increased the and wars, the church increased the fee for baptisms, marriages, funerals, fee for baptisms, marriages, funerals, and sold indulgences for forgiveness's and sold indulgences for forgiveness's for sins.for sins.

Where in history before this, did this Where in history before this, did this take place?take place?

Christians protested this practice.Christians protested this practice. Many were tried and executed for heresy.Many were tried and executed for heresy.

IndulgencesIndulgences Reduction of the punishment a sinner Reduction of the punishment a sinner

would suffer in purgatory after death.would suffer in purgatory after death.

Eventually popes granted indulgences Eventually popes granted indulgences for money contributions to the church.for money contributions to the church.

By 1500, people could buy By 1500, people could buy indulgences to cancel the indulgences to cancel the punishments dead relatives might be punishments dead relatives might be suffering in purgatory.suffering in purgatory.

Indulgences TodayIndulgences Today

Have you ever paid to have something Have you ever paid to have something reduced?reduced? Membership in somethingMembership in something Speeding TicketSpeeding Ticket MIPMIP

What did People believe at What did People believe at the Start of the 16the Start of the 16thth

Century?Century? If you died with a dirty Soul If you died with a dirty Soul

you would go to either you would go to either Purgatory or straight to hell.Purgatory or straight to hell.

You had to go to Church and You had to go to Church and get the Priest to clean your get the Priest to clean your Soul.Soul.

If you died with a clean Soul If you died with a clean Soul you would go to heaven.you would go to heaven.

What did People believe at What did People believe at the Start of the 16the Start of the 16thth

Century?Century? If you went on a Crusade If you went on a Crusade

or a Pilgrimage you could or a Pilgrimage you could earn time out of Purgatoryearn time out of Purgatory

You could buy a special You could buy a special letter from the Pope called letter from the Pope called an Indulgence which was an Indulgence which was like a get out of jail for like a get out of jail for free card but for free card but for Purgatory.Purgatory.

Martin Luther: “Here I Martin Luther: “Here I Stand”Stand”

• His early life prompted him to join the clergy and he became a monk in the German State of Wittenberg

• Tetzel’s indulgences of 1517 pushed Luther to “protest” Martin

Luther

Johann Tetzel

An indulgence sold by Tetzel

Who was Martin Luther?Who was Martin Luther? He could read Latin, Greek and He could read Latin, Greek and

Hebrew.Hebrew.

While comparing the Latin Catholic While comparing the Latin Catholic Bible with the original Greek & Bible with the original Greek & Hebrew he found that certain parts Hebrew he found that certain parts were incorrectly translated.were incorrectly translated.

Luther hung his 95 theses on the Luther hung his 95 theses on the local Church door in Wittenberg in local Church door in Wittenberg in 1517.1517.

You Don’t have to go to You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul Church to get your soul cleaned.cleaned.

Indulgence = BadIndulgence = Bad

Read the Bible in your own Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin.language and not Latin.

Good works don’t ensure Good works don’t ensure salvation – Faith Alonesalvation – Faith Alone

What did Martin Luther What did Martin Luther Believe?Believe?

Martin LutherMartin Luther Printing PressPrinting Press

Helped Luther’s statements spread quickly and Helped Luther’s statements spread quickly and his followers increased rapidly.his followers increased rapidly.

Luther claimed that the Bible and a person’s Luther claimed that the Bible and a person’s own conscience outweighed the authority of own conscience outweighed the authority of the Pope.the Pope.

In 1520, In 1520, Pope Leo XPope Leo X excommunicated Luther excommunicated Luther and the Holy Roman Emperor and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VCharles V called called Luther before the Luther before the Imperial DietImperial Diet and demanded and demanded that Luther withdraw his statements.that Luther withdraw his statements.

Luther refused and became leader of Protestant Luther refused and became leader of Protestant Reform.Reform.

Luther’s ReformsLuther’s Reforms 3 Core Ideas for Reform3 Core Ideas for Reform

God was the only one who could grant God was the only one who could grant salvation.salvation.

Rejected church ceremony and the Rejected church ceremony and the authority of the Pope by stating the Bible authority of the Pope by stating the Bible was the only guide of Christians.was the only guide of Christians.

Emphasized the role of the individual and Emphasized the role of the individual and urged them to read and study the Bible urged them to read and study the Bible themselves.themselves.

• In 1522, Luther In 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg returned to Wittenberg and organized his and organized his reformed churchreformed church

• The university of The university of Wittenberg became Wittenberg became the center for his ideasthe center for his ideas

• Nuremberg was the Nuremberg was the first city to convert to first city to convert to Lutheranism (1525)Lutheranism (1525)

Luther and His New ChurchLuther and His New Church

Wittenberg Church

Impact of Luther’s ReformsImpact of Luther’s Reforms Luther’s ideas gained widespread Luther’s ideas gained widespread

support in Germany and many people support in Germany and many people sympathized w/ his criticism of the sympathized w/ his criticism of the church and resented the heavy taxes church and resented the heavy taxes paid to the church.paid to the church.

Townspeople overtook church landTownspeople overtook church land Established independent churches.Established independent churches. Followers and reformers became known as Followers and reformers became known as

Protestants.Protestants.

Impact of ReformImpact of Reform Peasants supported Protestants – 1524-Peasants supported Protestants – 1524-

15251525 Did not want to pay heavy church taxes.Did not want to pay heavy church taxes. Southern Germany – peasants revoltedSouthern Germany – peasants revolted

100,000 peasants died.100,000 peasants died. Luther and followers decided to reject political Luther and followers decided to reject political

revolution.revolution.

1546 – Luther dies.1546 – Luther dies. ½ of Germany joined the reformation.½ of Germany joined the reformation. 1547 – Charles V tried to force Protestants 1547 – Charles V tried to force Protestants

out.out.

Luther’s Theological ViewsLuther’s Theological ViewsDirect access to God

Salvation by grace and faith alone

No icon, saint, or relic worship

Clerical marriage was acceptable

Princes should be the head of the local church

Women were responsible for their own salvation

Only two sacraments

Services in the vernacular

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg Officially recognized the split in Officially recognized the split in

Christianity and allowed Princes to Christianity and allowed Princes to choose the religion w/in their land.choose the religion w/in their land.

This, however, did not end the conflict This, however, did not end the conflict that would continue for hundreds of that would continue for hundreds of years b/w Catholics and Protestants.years b/w Catholics and Protestants.

Challenges to the Catholic Challenges to the Catholic ChurchChurch

Switzerland became the center of the Switzerland became the center of the Reformation.Reformation. Ulrich Zwingle established a church that Ulrich Zwingle established a church that

abolished abolished the Catholic mass, the Catholic mass, confessions, confessions, and indulgences. and indulgences.

He also allowed priests to marry. He also allowed priests to marry.

Believed in discipline of individuals and Believed in discipline of individuals and churches w/o decoration.churches w/o decoration.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484Ulrich Zwingli (1484––1531)1531)

• Asserted that he had Asserted that he had reached his reached his conclusions conclusions independent of any independent of any Lutheran influenceLutheran influence

John CalvinJohn Calvin

Calvin’s Theological IdeasCalvin’s Theological Ideas

Justification by faith alone

No certainty of salvation

Value in hard work

Collective communal discipline

Emphasis on God’s sovereignty

and obedience

Rejected human-like images

of God

Church was to preach and administer sacraments

Predestination

Challenges, cont.Challenges, cont. Geneva – John Calvin – est. CalvinistsGeneva – John Calvin – est. Calvinists

Believed God alone decided on an afterlife Believed God alone decided on an afterlife and believed in predestination or that God and believed in predestination or that God had already chosen who would be saved.had already chosen who would be saved.

Good works did not mean salvation.Good works did not mean salvation.

Life of simplicity and hard work.Life of simplicity and hard work. Adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, and Adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, and

England.England.

Challenges, cont.Challenges, cont. Baptist Protestants – GermanyBaptist Protestants – Germany

Infants were too young to be baptized.Infants were too young to be baptized.

Influenced the thinking of other Influenced the thinking of other Protestants, but faced persecution from Protestants, but faced persecution from Catholics and other Protestants.Catholics and other Protestants.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII Catholic – published attacks against Catholic – published attacks against

Luther.Luther. ““Defender of Faith”Defender of Faith”

King of England quarreled with pope King of England quarreled with pope over marriage.over marriage.

Catherine of Aragon – Married 18 years.Catherine of Aragon – Married 18 years. No Male HeirNo Male Heir Mary Tudor only one that lived past infancy.Mary Tudor only one that lived past infancy. Asked for an annulment, but Pope Clement Asked for an annulment, but Pope Clement

VII refused.VII refused. Henry resented the Pope.Henry resented the Pope.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII 1533, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1533, Archbishop of Canterbury,

Thomas Cranmer, annulled the marriage Thomas Cranmer, annulled the marriage and Henry married Ann Boleynand Henry married Ann Boleyn

Parliament then recognized the King as Parliament then recognized the King as the supreme head of the Church of the supreme head of the Church of England by the AOS of 1534.England by the AOS of 1534.

England was split between Protestants England was split between Protestants and Catholics. If you opposed the and Catholics. If you opposed the Catholic Church, Henry responded by Catholic Church, Henry responded by executing you.executing you.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII Henry closed corrupt Catholic Henry closed corrupt Catholic

monasteries and forced 10,000 monks monasteries and forced 10,000 monks and nuns from their monasteries.and nuns from their monasteries. He seized the monastery and sold it for He seized the monastery and sold it for

profit.profit.

Church of England became known as the Church of England became known as the Anglican Church that preserved Catholic Anglican Church that preserved Catholic traditions, but traditions, but allowed priests to marry allowed priests to marry and translated the Bible into English.and translated the Bible into English.

1547, Henry VIII died leaving -a turbulent 1547, Henry VIII died leaving -a turbulent reign and 6 wonderful wives.reign and 6 wonderful wives.

Henry’s WivesHenry’s Wives

Were they married before?Were they married before? What were their religious views?What were their religious views? Did they get along with Henry?Did they get along with Henry? How did they die?How did they die? What makes their marriages to him What makes their marriages to him

special?special? Any other interesting facts?Any other interesting facts?

Mary TudorMary Tudor 1553 took the throne.1553 took the throne.

Wanted England to be Catholic.Wanted England to be Catholic. Wanted people to accept the Pope.Wanted people to accept the Pope.

With the death of Mary, Elizabeth I began a With the death of Mary, Elizabeth I began a long and powerful reign that preserved the long and powerful reign that preserved the Protestant Reformation.Protestant Reformation.

Elizabeth was an equal opportunity persecutor. Elizabeth was an equal opportunity persecutor. Protestants or Catholics .Protestants or Catholics .

Spanish Armada defeated in 1588 – England Spanish Armada defeated in 1588 – England becomes a world power under Elizabeth I.becomes a world power under Elizabeth I.

Counter ReformationCounter Reformation Paul III led reform of the Catholic Church.Paul III led reform of the Catholic Church.

1534-15631534-1563

Council of Trent – called for better Council of Trent – called for better training of priests and for reform in training of priests and for reform in church finances and administration.church finances and administration.

Church tried to limit books people could Church tried to limit books people could read.read. Created the IndexCreated the Index

Rejected Protestantreform doctrine

Retained the sevensacraments

Acknowledged themystical presence

of Christ in theEucharist

Opposed clericalmarriage

Reaffirmed belief in Purgatory

Images, pilgrimages,saints, and relics

deemed acceptable

Reaffirmed the spiritual authority of

Pope and bishops

Theological Ideas of the

Council of Trent

Declared Latin the only

acceptable versionof the Bible

Ordered seminariesfounded

Stressed priestly obligation to their

congregations

Directive to keep records (birth, death,

marriage) of thefaithful

Indulgences wouldno longer be sold

Index ofForbidden Books

Policies Implemented

by the Council of Trent

“Peace if possible, truth at all costs.”

—Martin Luther

While it did not generate immediate resolution to all of the issues that the Church struggled with, the Reformation proved to be a long-lasting movement whose effects can still be seen in contemporary society.

A Catholic ChurchA Catholic Church

Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th Century

Notice the image of Christ

A Protestant ChurchA Protestant Church

Clothes Worn by Protestant Vicars Clothes Worn by Protestant Vicars (Priests)(Priests)

Protestant AltarsProtestant Altars

What other changes took place in Protestant What other changes took place in Protestant Churches?Churches?