LITERATURE REVIEWRacismThe term South Asian usually refers to people from the Indian subcontinent. The 2001 Census gave the statistics as 1,053,411 Indians (1.8% of the total population), 747,285 Pakistanis (1.3%), 283,063 Bangladeshis and 247,664 other Asians. The majority of other Asians were Sri Lankan, but this group also comprises of third-generation Asians, Asians of mixed parentage, people from Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives Islands and some from the Middle East.Most of the community comes from three areas of the subcontinent: the Punjab (Pakistan and India), Gujarat (India) and north-east Bengal (Bangladesh). The main languages spoken by South Asians are Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali (or Bangla), Hindi, Urdu and English.Burdsey (2004) has defined the British Asian as people whose ethnicity can be traced back to Indian subcontinent but are British through their passports which is given either due to Birth in the Britain or Residence. Barker (1981) and Gilroy (1987) have given the idea that since the Second World War and the successive Holocaust events have occurred, the term of racism has changed in its context. It has escalated from the negative attitude towards the members of society who are physically different, to towards biasness and disliking people of a different culture. Then in 1990 Bauman further explained this variant of racism which is towards culture, arises from certain markers such as language, religion, music preference, dress code etc. These markers are the criteria for casting out and mixing in the members of a group or society. Carrington and McDonald (2000) in their book state that the racism in Britain is typical to the findings that have just been defined .More precisely the type of racism whereby anything which the immigrants bring with themselves which is not a part of the British culture and heritage is supposed to be unwelcomed by the natives. If such cultural signifiers are not discontinued then the immigrants are subjected towards racism. In the same book, a reference to Enoch Powells 1968 speech is presented in which he declared that citizenship does not equate an immigrant to having approval inside the social class or culture of the U.K and that ethnicity shall remain trumping citizenship every time.Although there is advancement in the studies of genetics within modern science, the concept of race has been translated into an idea which is not extremely discriminating the human race. But the concept of race and science has only been filtered out for political reasons but not thoroughly discarded Malik (1996) and Rose (1998). Moreover when considering genetic gifts of performance, African Americans are thought to have stronger bodies and much more stamina than any other race. South Asians are not their counterparts and for this reason their physique, stamina and genetics are not brought into discussions of sports.Bains and Johal (1998) in their work stated that Afro-Caribbean people have also faced racism while pursuing football like Asians but they have had role models of their own race to look up to during their struggles. Asians on the other hand do not have this luxury. African descendants are believed to have the genetic make up for a powerful performance. Just like the example of Usain bolt, Serena Williams. Almost all stars of NBA (National Basketball Association in the United States the highest numbers of African American Players and not just ordinary players, they are the most paid stars of the country and have very long financially stable careers. A report published in 2005 on the UK by the European Network against Racism (ENAR) presents the status of various types of immigrants who they have become part of the British society. The first thing in that report is the status of income an important component of lifestyle and the related choice as a consequence of family wealth. Bangladeshi workers have the lowest incomes in comparison to any other ethnic group. As a religious minority, the Muslims are the ones with poor statistics in education, employment, housing and health. Also after terrorist attacks of 9/11 2001 and 7/7 2005, there are many prejudices against them and they face more hostility than Hindus or Christians. Most people insult the minorities by urging them to return to their homeland. They are also disliked for the lack of good jobs that has created as a result of positions secured by talented and qualified South Asian professionals. In history, even when there were instances of Asians and Whites playing each other, there were incidents of racial abuse observed (Bains and Johal, 1998, Fleming, 2005 Asians in Football forum, 2007). Afterwards the British Asians have wanted to play football in a secure environment, due to the horrific memories of the past. Pilger (2007) has found that all Asian leagues and amateur leagues have been subjected to racism and they have not been able to cut it out. The term he used for analogy to this dilemma is cancer.Johal in 2002 observed that the cause of formation of All- Asian leagues is because the Football Association would not let them inside. Their gate keepers would not inject Asians in the teams because of one reason or another hence leading to the formation of All-Asian football leagues. Pilger in 2007 said that Khalsa Football Federation is one of the leagues where many all-Asian football teams have been registered.On the contrary, Garland and Rowe (2007) said that due to the All-Asian football leagues, there are no entries of Asians into the mainstream football leagues. Not the opposite case. They said that when Asians themselves isolate and play in leagues that are made up of All-Asian players they are unable to blend into mainstream teams and destroying the society, ultimately.

As sports form a very integral part of a culture of a region, if racism cannot be easily let go of then it is very difficult to imagine popular supports such as Cricket and Football from being excluded from it. Due to lack of investigation for this topic as it concerns South Asians, some researchers tend to hypothesize that racism for sports is not blatant and therefore a possible cause of this phenomenon is that sport institutes themselves do not let players of South Asian descend to rise by encouraging and aiding them like they do with the natives. Bulmer and Solomos (1999) suggested that when an institute says that it is not in favour of racism it still cannot fully guarantee that racism is completely stopped. Often it happens that institutions and organizations use laws to protect the superior class or group and to prosecute inferior or subordinate class.

StereotypesAs said by Ian Wright, there are obstacles to the game as evident by the zero number of Asians who play professional football. Bains and Evans (2008:2012) have said that football is an important part of Britains culture, receiving enormous amount of coverage from all over the world. Bains and Patel in their research (1996) have found that Asians are more interested in playing football than whites.According to a DESIblitz viewer poll, 33.9 per cent of British Asians said their favourite sport was football, while 21.9 per cent said their favourite was cricket. It was also revealed that the most popular sports league among Asians was World Cup football (28.7 per cent) followed by Premier League football (17.1 per cent).A young footballer name Zesh Rahman admitted that a coach discouraged him when he wanted to play it. He was told that he dietary habits were bad and he was not tough enough to deal with the weather. He was also told that he likes Cricket better so he should not be continuing in football. All of this because of his ethnicity (Muslim, South Asian)Bains and Johal also mentioned in their research paper Asians cant play football that there are many problems faced by South Asian footballers in their clubs, leagues. Though they did not put racism as an evident factor, they pointed out certain discrepancies between the word and actions of top management and selectors of the clubs. They challenged their notions that if the chief persons in an institution hold some false perceptions against Asians then this way cannot help the young footballers in showing their talents. There is very little possibility for them to and prove their worth by stand outside the field and not being given a chance to play.Burdsey (2004) says that children from South Asian families who have made a career in professional level football have one of parents a White resident of Britain .They are called Anglo-Asian. As per Bourdieu (1986) there is a desire in people who are not of mixed parentage that they become a part of (British) culture so they can be better accepted into the social groups of that culture. And to do so they acquire habits of the culture they want to become a part of. They also do not want to draw attention toward their ethnicity. (Burdsey,2004, 2006) Johal (2002) said that a footballer who wants to be successful does not have to be actually a White descendant; he just has to showcase himself as White. His lifestyle, thinking and attitudes present him as a White person without any reference to his lineage. Bains and Johal (1998) and Johal in 2002 quote the example of Chris Dolby who was an Asian adopted by White parents. His brought up was in traditional White environment without any influences from his own culture. He became a successful professional footballer and easily penetrated into top league teams.Burdsey (2004) also says there are some Anglo Asian footballers with a dual ethnicity (one white parent) who are not easy role models for the rest of the British Asians. Anglo-Asians are different from those without nay white parents. They are thought to not being a true representative of Asian community because they are not viewed as having enough Asian characteristics. This situation is taken advantage of when it comes to questioning the number of South Asian sport stars from Britain. Despite the views of Asian community, the Anglo Asians are counted as enough representatives and their examples are quoted to silence the dissatisfaction of the majority. This phenomenon is also quoted by Ahmed in 2007 as the hybrid (in our case parentage) members of the society are not viewed as a part of the original culture. Also the members of the culture do not take hybrids as representatives of their culture .Michael Chopra a famous footballer is quoted by Harrison in 2003 saying that he cannot think of himself as a representative of the Asian community because that would mean only seeing part of his family. In a way he is right because supporting one of the sides of his parents would mean ignoring the other and loving children do not of this as a way of respecting their children.However in many cases, if the father is of Asia then saying that you are a representative of his side is a source of happiness and pride for the father. The father wants the children to accept, represent and show their culture like he would have done. Since there are many cases of racism even at school level against young South Asians, they prefer not to introduce the elements of their culture in front of their fellows. They do not dress in the cultural fashion .Do not bring refreshments from home. And do not like to share their problems with their school teachers .The instructors in this regard often feel helpless as they have to create a balanced and harmonious environment. Often times for the sake of peace, they do not help the minority children when they face antagonism. Instead they leave the whole group dynamic to itself for balancing things and restoring harmony. But sometimes things do get out of hand and reach physical imitations then the teachers have to intervene but students feel do that White are more privileged when it comes to punishments and retribution. An interview cited in Burdseys work (2004) suggests that people want Anglo Asians to succeed and are not very judgemental about his cultural habits but they would burst with joy if someone from the Asian community rises to the top who actually values his religious teachings and cultural values. Like someone who requests to offer his prayers before a game and someone who says he would want to go see his relatives who rum a chicken food business. In subtext, the interviewee meant that the Asian community would also like to see a sports star that is proud of his identity and does not participate in Britains White people societal norms just because his own are not seen as good enough by the natives. They want a star to represent them who also looks like them (no white parentage) and seeing him achieve success would make them happy.King in 2006 quotes a football commentator suggesting the stereotype can be broken by roles model from minority community (Muslims) .He said that if we get to have a sports star who is Muslim , then the Authorities for Racial Harmony will be thrown out of work as they would have no issues regarding minority racism. This in hindsight is an excellent solution to crack the glass ceiling that is hindering the rise sport stars. An organization called kick it out (2008) states that Asians are prevented from playing football and for that many reasons are made up on their behalf which are completely false. Such as that they are physically not strong enough, there are cultural differences and that their only interest in sports is stuck in cricket.Johal in 2002 said that many Asians feel excluded from British society because of racism , discrimination and the weak standings of British Politics. The number of professional South Asian football players is none. This issue has been highlighted in media but not thoroughly identified as to why and how this has been happening. Taking advantage of this situation, the high level authorities have blamed the South Asians for having no interest in sports. Not just that there are surprisingly no women players either. However there are evidences that sport activities have been a part of the leisure activities of even Indian women as told by Bains and Johal (1998)However Tacon (2005) says that sport is a great mechanism through which people from different cultures and regions come together and express enthusiasm in a natural and healthy manner. Thus sports whether intra-nations or inter-nations are considered a vital tool for helping countries and people to develop friendly and supportive ties with one another. Had there not been any Sports, a lot of nations would still be struggling to bond with each other. Since football and cricket are both popular in developed and developing countries these two sports receive a lot of highlight from media world-wide. A lot of immigrants are from developing to developing countries and due to the commonality of interest in sports, people want mixed teams for matches.As discussed earlier, racism has stereotyped different ethnicities as being not a part of British heritage. Before bringing any cultural stereotypes in, the topic of South Asians playing sports is already too saturated with anti native branding that they cannot jump in fields like the whites can. This aversion to including them in British circles has been questioned in sports but no one seems to look at the behavioural dynamic of this exclusion and they put blames on South Asians themselves.There are cases where the stereotype has been broken .Mark Ramparkash and Nasser Hussian are both of South Asian descent (Indian, Pakistani) and have done captaincy for Britain Cricket teams. But after their retirements there are no mentionable achievements made by any South Asians. Or that could be due to the stricter filtering of ethnic groups in sport teams.IndianFootball.com said that Asians The stereotype may also have a lot to do with the social status of the ethnic groups. Usually immigrants who may have been living abroad for generations do not live luxuriously and so they cannot afford higher education for their young. The children drop out and look after family businesses (shops, restaurants) or go for manual labours or other office jobs. They have no time to invest in Cricket and Football and usually are not supported by the family to pursue their dreams. Also they are not financially stable; they have the responsibilities to take care of their households. Meanwhile, social classes that can afford to invest time in sports , do not like to mingle with the crowds who do not play .Even the youngsters who come to play in leagues or events using financial aids scored on their merits, are also subjected to exclusion from blending into groups as a form of racial differences. The hostility has been softened a little after the introduction of South Asian media (Bollywood) and food in the region. Various restaurants have opened up loaded with delicacies. The movies, music has penetrated Britain since 2002 so at least while there cannot be any positive reviews for the taste of the Asian culture, the general population has an idea , a concept of Asian lifestyles . Without any tangible or intangible element of a culture , there can be issues of This step has opened many business opportunities for the immigrants. Indians are more successful as there artists have mingled generously with the natives. Their musicians, actors are known. Their comedy programs have aired on BBC (the kumars at 42). Moreover there are many fashion stores, labels opened up in mainstream high profile markets, strengthening the business ties. (Burdsey, 2004)Bains and Johal (2002) showed in their studies that previously the coaches did not care a lot about religious minorities in football. Nowadays the coaches are aware of various religions and cultures and try to accommodate the players .

DietSouth Asians are often labelled as the one who consume food loaded with various fattening substances, their kitchen and restaurants filled with pots of though appetizing but deep fried dishes all of which contributes to obesity and other fatal diseases.A study by Sevak in 1994 says that the mortality and morbidity rates from coronary heart diseases is the most in South Asian men (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) which are settled overseas than compared to those who live in their region of birth or the natives. A study conducted in 2002 revealed that children of South Asian origin are more prone to health risks associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes than the native white children. The study although does suggest that South Asian children should have a healthy lifestyle as early as possible in their lifetime .So morphologically, South Asian are thought to not possess good genetic makeup when it comes to health. This could be an excellent excuse for clubs o mark boundaries when it comes to blended Cricket and Sport teams. Like all English people, if there are fair chances for South Asians to prove their level of fitness then there seem no official reasons for high management to hinder their initiation.

Fleming (1995) says that British South Asians face institutional problems .They are ignored since school levels in Physical Education courses. There is less focus on their physical development and progress since an early age. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is given by (Rassol .1999) that the teachers in schools may have made some negative assumptions about the sporting abilities and level of interest of the South Asian children , which is why they do not concentrate on their physical education. Into their young adult years this pattern sets hard as they are denied access in leagues as well (Johal, 2002)They lack of numbers of young South Asians in professional Cricket and Football leagues are considered as backwardness .Obstacles that are imposed due to the selection committee and gate keepers of English sports clubs use this excuse as to when they are highlighted as a cause for this absence. (Parmar, 1990)

FamilyThere are numerous debates and cases for particularly female Muslim South Asians who are born and bred in Britain. There have issues surrounding their attire, the clashes with school authorities about the length of their skirts and covering their hair. Henley (1982) identified the conservativeness of Muslims families, that they are not happy about females playing sports as they have to wear revealing clothing. Most of the females clothes that constitute as sport uniforms do not fall into the category of modest South Asian attire (religious, cultural, moral values). Moreover South Asian families they want their females to stay and home and help with household chores along with completing their academic studies (Dixey p. 1982, Lewis p.1979, Lyons p.1990). If they are given such responsibilities then there is hardly any leisure time for them to utilize in sports. On higher levels, sports require consistent training, practice and coaching among teams. So females are almost non- existent in higher elite sports clubs. Dorsetts (1998) study found out that South Asians mostly belong to less financially secure classes and therefore they lack resources to play informally. There are even lesser probabilities that they could afford equipment, gear and transport costs for football. Talking about the pressure to study, there are similar findings of students other Asian ethnicity (Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese) in the U.S. Lorenzo (2000) suggests that though these children perform academically better than Caucasian children in America, they have social problems, psychological stresses and self- image issues. Studying all the time because of upholding family values is very harmful for a childs upbringing. Most South Asians expect the same from their children and see sports as a useless activity and a waste of time. Because play time is study time that is wasted. Getting good grades is extremely important for the parents.Based on such discouragements by family for sporting activities, there is a very less chance for the families, who fall under the middle class social line to accept their childs wishes of becoming a sport star .They negatively react to choosing a career in sports. MacPhail et.al (2003) found out that parents support play a great role in creating interest in children for being physically active. White in 1990 White studied the Asian family background influence and its weak relationship physical activities saying that some Asian lifestyles decrease participation of people in sports.Fleming (1995) suggests South Asian youth is involved in manual labour jobs which are technically prone to downsizing .These jobs makes them financially unstable. Gillborn and Gipps (1996) said that young South Asians have more probability to be unemployment than Whites. The reason for such statistics may be the fact that they are not likable employees for older generations of British people. Who have incorrect assumptions about their hygiene, their work attitudes and the insecurity that they face in these times because of high rates of crime. Immigrants are seen as untrustworthy and unreliable because of the robberies and snatching catching cases involving high percentages of black people. As a result of the actions of poverty stricken homeless and gangsters, there are diverse effects on all members of the society. Because of the physical differences from Whites and the fact they have migrated too, Asians are also put into the African Caribbean criminals category due to prejudices against all immigrants. Ahmed and Lemkau (2000) in their research quote findings about the South Asian family structure .It is patriarchal with the flow of power from top to bottom. Male children are preferred to females and they get a major share of spending on their education and lifestyles. The elders and parents make important decisions for the family which a collective unit with all the family members living together. The female moves and assumes her responsibilities as a home-maker. During the rearing of their children they are reminded that they should not carry acts such acts which causes disgrace of their family and to involve in careers that bring pride to the family.In such a family structure, the young are expected to act according to family wishes. They are also required to care for their elders, parents and therefore choose a more stable income generating career such as a doctor or an engineer.

Ghuman (1990) says that the British Asians have transformed into bi-cultural and bi-lingual people and they mix up into British culture according to their religious boundaries. Since they are trying their best to assimilate into another culture, they should be given chances by influential people in Cricket and Football.

REFERENCES

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