what are biomems? - mems for high school students · 2014-02-18 · mems vs. biomems mems use...
TRANSCRIPT
WHAT ARE BIOMEMS?
Micro Nano Tech Conference 2011
Retina Array[Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories] Micro-pump for insulin
[Printed with permission from Debiotech SA]
Lab-on-a-chip[Courtesy of Sandia National
Laboratories]
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SCME and Bio-Link, a NSF-ATE center for
biotechnology, joined together to create a series of
learning modules on bioMEMS.
This session highlights some of the topics covered in
these learning modules and some of the activities.
As with all of SCME’s learning modules, each bioMEMS
learning module contains a primary knowledge unit
(PK), at least one activity, and an assessment.
Overview of SCME’s BioMEMS Series
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BioMEMS Learning Modules
BioMEMS Overview
BioMEMS Applications Overview
Mapping Biological Concepts Series
DNA Overview
DNA to Protein
Cells – The Building Blocks of Life
Biomolecular Applications for bioMEMS
Clinical Laboratory Techniques and MEMS
BioMEMS Diagnostics
BioMEMS Therapeutics
MEMS for Environmental and Bioterrorism Applications
Regulations of bioMEMS
DNA Microarrays
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As we travel through this presentation and discuss
its various topics, think about the following.
Where and how can bioMEMS
be incorporated into our curricula?
How can we make this happen?
Food for Thought
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MEMS vs. bioMEMS
MEMS use micro-size components such as sensors, transducers, actuators, and electronic devices to sense (smell, feel, see, hear, taste) or to make something happen.
Many of the MEMS used in consumer products and other areas (e.g., aerospace, agriculture, environmental) are also found in medical devices.
MEMS pressure sensors are found in blood
pressure monitors, infusion pumps, catheters,
and intracranial probes.
For example, the MEMS inertial sensor used for
airbag deployment in cars is also used in
rate responsive pacemakers.
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MEMS vs. bioMEMS
Some of the MEMS used in the medical are
unique in the sense that they incorporate
biological molecules as an integral part of
the device.
For example, a microcantilever transducer
(right) may be coated with antibodies (green
spheres) that capture a virus (red sphere) in
a blood sample while ignoring the other
components in the sample.
BioMEMS are MEMS that have
biological and/or biomedical
functions or applications.
Micro and nano-sized cantilevers used to
identify a virus (red sphere) in a sample.
The capture biomolecules are specific
antibodies (green particles) [Image
generated by and courtesy of Seyet, LLC].
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BioMEMS - Areas of Applications
BioMEMS are being researched
for possible applications in a
variety of areas, but have already
led to multiple applications in the
following areas:
Detection
Analysis
Diagnosis
Therapeutics
Drug delivery
Cell culture
Detection
Analysis
Diagnostics
TherapeuticsDrug
Delivery
Cell Culture
New Emerging
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MEMS Applications – To Name a Few
Let’s take a look at some of the bioMEMS that are already
being used and commercially marketed as well as a few
still in the research phase.
Retina Array[Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories] Micro-pump for insulin
[Printed with permission from Debiotech SA]
Lab-on-a-chip[Courtesy of Sandia National
Laboratories]
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BioMEMS for Diabetics
The MiniMed Paradigm® 522 insulin pump, with sensor, transmitter and
infusion line is one of a few devices on the market that can not only monitor a
person’s glucose levels 24/7, but can deliver insulin on an as needed basis. Its
components are
(A) an external pump and computer,
(B) a soft cannula that delivers the insulin,
(C) an interstitial glucose sensor, and
(D) a wireless radio device that communicates with the computer.
MiniMed Paradigm® 522 insulin pump, with
MiniLinkTM] transmitter and infusion set.
[Printed with permission from Medtronic Diabetes]
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MiniMed Paradigm® 522
The sensor (C) is placed under the skin.
The sensor continuously measures glucose
levels in the interstitial fluid (the fluid between
body tissues).
The measurements from the sensor are
received in real time by the wireless radio
device (D).
This device sends the readings to the
computer (A) which determines the amount of
insulin needed.
The pump (A) administers that amount into
the patient via the cannula (B).
The Mini-Med Paradigm ® computer also
stores all the data.
MiniMed Paradigm ® 522 insulin pump,
with MiniLinkTM] transmitter and
infusion set.
[Printed with permission from
Medtronic Diabetes]
Micro-pump for insulin
[Printed with permission
from Debiotech SA]
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Artificial Retinal Prosthesis
A therapeutic bioMEMS device
currently being tested is the artificial
retinal prosthesis called the Argus™
Retinal Prosthesis System.
Artificial Retina
The heart of the system is an artificial
retina - an electrode array placed
directly on the retina at the back of the
eye. This array duplicates the task of
the photoreceptor cells in the retina.
These cells are destroyed in retinal
diseases such as age-related macular
degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa
(RP).
A Phase II clinical trial is
currently testing 30 RP patients
at ten different centers
worldwide with the Argus II
retinal prosthesis.
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How the Retinal Prosthesis Works
This device consists of a camera (in one’s eyeglasses), microprocessor
and transmitter (on a belt), receiver and interface module (the side of the
eye) and an artificial retina implanted onto the retina of the eye.
Images from the camera,
are converted to electronic
signals and transmitted to
the receiver. These signals
activate specific electrodes
in the array which become
impulses along the retinal
neurons, through the optic
nerve and to the brain. The
patient sees flashes of light,
which the brain uses to
make the equivalent of low-
resolution images.
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Recent Results from Artificial Retina
On May 4, 2011, Argus reported the results of the Phase II clinical trial of
Argus II. All of the 30 patients being test showed significant improvements
in visual ability – from finding doorways to identifying up to eight different
colors. One patient was able to read at a rate of 10 wpm. Medical News Today
This device has now been approved for commercialization in Europe and
an application has been submitted to the FDA for commercialization in the
U.S.
(Left) Simulated images produced by the
artificial retina prosthesis.
Argus I is the 4x4 array of 16 pixels. Argus II
(used in the current clinical trial) has 60 pixels.
Argus III, currently being developed by Lawrence
Livermore National Lobs will have over 200
pixels and will transmit data wirelessly from the
camera. [Images generated by the Artificial
Retinal Implant Vision Simulator]
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You are the marketing team for this device. Create a tri-fold
brochure or a website for healthcare professionals promoting
this product.
Minimum criteria:
How the devices works
Proper use of the device
Qualifying patients
Advantages over other products
Limitations
Team Activity
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Minimally Invasive Surgery
The da Vinci System
Surgeon operates from a seated position at the console with a large monitor.
Eyes and hands are positioned in line with the instruments.
To move the instruments or to reposition the camera, the surgeon simply moves his/her hands. Seven degrees of motion are available.
Con
No sense of touch (haptic)
Each instrument has a specific
task (e.g., clamp, suture, move
tissue, cut, camera)
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Robotic Surgery with Haptic Feedback
The Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT) at
UCLA has developed a pneumatic balloon-based haptic feedback system that is
currently being tested.
Mounted on the end of the surgical tool (grasper) is a force sensor array with
several sensing points (see graphics).
Each point (transducer) of the sensor array detects the force applied to the
patient's tissue by the grasper. This force is translated to proportional pressures
that are sent to a joystick in the surgeon’s hand. The surgeon "feels" the change
in pressure and adjusts as needed.
Haptic Feedback Graspers
with tactile sensor array (left
images)
Pneumatic Balloon Actuator
Array Prototype (right image
- Printed with permission of
UCLA)
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Chemical Sensor Arrays
The MEMS device used for many
diagnostic tools is the chemical
sensor array (CSA). These devices
are used for
disease identification,
for gathering the biomolecular
information needed to prescribe
appropriate drugs for
personalized medicine, and
antibody identification (just to
name a few).
CSA are found in many lab-on-a-
chip (LOC) devices.
Chemical Sensor Arrays (Can detect,
identify and determine the amount of an
analyte in solution for the purpose of
diagnosis)
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BioMEMS Microfluidics
Microfluidics are integrated microchips
that allow separations, chemical
reactions, and calibration-free
measurements to be directly performed
with minute quantities of complex
samples (blood, environmental gases).
Microfluidics applications are used in
remote locations for clinical diagnostics
and environmental sensing.
Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems enable
the design of small, portable, rugged,
low-cost, easy to use, yet extremely
versatile and capable diagnostic
instruments.
MicroFluidic Channels (Top)
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) (bottom)
[Printed with permission from
BioPoets, UC Berkeley and
Blazej,R.G.,Kumaresan,P. and Mathies, R.A.
PNAS 103,7240-7245 (2006)]
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Sandia’s RapiDx POC (Point of Care)
The Rapid, Automated Point-of-Care
System (RapiDx) developed by Sandia
National Laboratories is a portable
diagnostic instrument that uses mere
microliters of a sample to measure large
panel of biomarkers.
―RapiDx quickly measures—with high
sensitivity—disease and toxin biomarkers
in human biological samples (e.g., blood,
saliva, urine) so that patient ailments can
be quickly diagnosed and treated.
RapiDx is an ideal instrument for point-of-
care diagnostics of disease and toxin
detection in health clinics and on the field.‖Rapid, Automated, Point-of-Care System (RapiDx). Sandia National
Laboratories.
The entire device weighs less than five pounds.
It contains a microfluidic chip integrated with
miniaturized electronics, optical elements, fluid-
handling components, and data acquisition
software. This handheld instrument is sensitive,
portable, and quick—all highly desirable
features for point-of-contact or point-of-incident
applications.
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BioMEMS in Endoscopes
Single-fiber Micro-optical scanner for endoscopies.
UPDATE: No fiber optic cable is used. The patient swallows
the pill!
Scanner: 124 micron
diameter micro-
machined fiber vibrating
at 40.4 KHz with an
angular displacement of
80 degrees.
A piezoelectric actuator
drives the fiber tip.
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Research a bioMEMS device, write a synopsis and create a presentation of your research.
Minimum criteria:
Device components and operations
History behind the development, clinical testing and implementation, if applicable
Current devices that are used for this application and how this devices compares
Advantages and limitations
Future trends for this bioMEMS device
Research Activity
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Cell Culture
Microenvironments for growing cells in vitro and analysis
MEMS Cell Culture Array. This array creates a
microenvironment for growing cells in vitro and in parallel,
allowing for the analysis of multiple cell growth conditions. A
diagram of how it works is on the left. The constructed array is
shown with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image on the
right. [Developed at and courtesy of BioPOETS, UC-Berkeley.]
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DNA Microarrays
DNA microarrays use gene sequencing and DNA
transcription and hybridization to analyze and
identify thousands of genes simultaneously.
Each microarray consists of hundreds or
thousands of gene sequences (ssDNA
molecules or oligonucleotides) mounted on a
chip and used as ―probes‖.
These probes detect complementary DNA
fragments or cDNA copied from messenger RNA
(mRNA) in a sample.
The cDNA are the target molecules (as shown in
the graphic).
These DNA microarrays are tools used to
analyze and measure the activity of genes as
well as detect and identify specific genes and
gene mutations.
DNA microarrays identify specific DNA
sequences through the hybridization process
Graphic illustrates one feature that probes for
one specific DNA sequences (top) and
how this feature is one of thousands
of features on an array.
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Types of DNA Microarrays
Gene expression microarrays detect
―expression levels‖ in a sample - when
mRNA copies to cDNA (which genes are
―active‖ or ―inactive‖). Gene expression
microarrays detect how cells and
organisms change and adapt to specific
stimuli such as changes in the
environment or one’s disease state.
Direct detection microarrays are used to
identify specific genes that cause a
specific disease, and to screen for
mutations that are responsible for genetic
disorders when there are multiple gene
mutations that can possibly cause the
disorder.
This image is the gene expression data
matrix of 70 prognostic markers genes
from tumors of 78 breast cancer patients
hybridized using a DNA microarray
referred to as the MammaPrint.
Each row represents a tumor tissue from a
patient and each column a gene.
[This image is public domain]
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Additional Applications
Many other bioMEMS applications are
emerging:
neural probes
nerve regeneration
tissue engineering (see figure)
olfactory sensors
Microneedles
in vivo stents, valves and pumps
A recent article posted on SCME’s
website talks about how silk is being
fabricated as a substrate for in vivo
micro and nano components. Artificial Kidney Tissue
[© The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission]
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Environmental Applications
Environmental scientists and homeland security personnel are
interested in the rapid detection and identification of bacteria and other
pathogens.
Researchers are working on microdevices for detecting pathogens in a
sample concentration. A working example is the surface acoustic wave
(SAW) sensor array developed by Sandia National Labs. This device
will provide portable, rapid detection and early warning of the presence
of pathogens in air or water.
The eight-sensor MicroChemLab
surface acoustic wave (SAW)
based sensor system-on-a-chip is
capable of near simultaneous
detection of a wide variety of
chemical compounds.
[Images courtesy of Sandia
National Laboratories]
30 individual chips with acoustic wave sensors make up this quarter of a wafer, which fits nicely on an orange slice.
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Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
The graphic shows the components of a SAW device. The test sample
flows across the probe coating. If the desired analytes are present, they
―attach‖ to the surface of the coating. This causes the properties of the
―wave‖ from the input transducer to change as the wave moves across
the coating. This change is picked up and interpreted by the output
transducer/sensor.
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Several on-line tutorials from established websites are
used (e.g.,Molecular Workshop Database, DNAI – Cold
Spring Harbor Lab, Biotechnology Project – MATC)
DNA Microarray LM includes an activity to build a
GeneChip Model (kit) and another activity to discuss the
ethical dilemma of DNA microarray applications.
Regulations of bioMEMS LM has the students complete
FDA tutorials related to bioMEMS regulations.
Other Activities
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Challenges of bioMEMS
What other areas in the medical field could benefit from
bioMEMS?
What do you think are the current challenges of
bioMEMS?
Where and how can bioMEMS be incorporated into our
curricula?
How can we make it happen?
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For more information on SCME’s bioMEMSLearning Modules,
please visit scme-nm.org.
All participant guides are public.
Instructor guides, PowerPoints and animations are downloaded by registered users.
Presenter:
Mary Jane (MJ) Willis
Thanks for coming!