wgm 8 meeting / 24-28 november 2003 1 eurocontrol vdl mode 4 airborne architecture study (vm4aas)...
TRANSCRIPT
WGM 8 meeting / 24-28 November 2003 1
EUROCONTROL
VDL Mode 4Airborne Architecture Study
(VM4AAS)
Study Overview and Conclusions
Nikos FistasNikos Fistas
EATMP / EUROCONTROLEATMP / EUROCONTROL
Communications & Surveillance ManagementCommunications & Surveillance Management
ACP WG-M/8 Appendix J
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Presentation Overview
PART I: General information Scope, Objectives, Plan, Structure
PART II: Study Summary Overview of work achieved (Work Packages 1 to 4) Conclusions Recommendations Next Steps
WGM 8 meeting / 24-28 November 2003 3
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PART I:
GENERAL INFORMATION
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VM4AAS scope
Investigate airborne integration issues for VDL Mode 4, considering:
COM / SUR / COM and SUR applications
Large / Small / Light a/c
Forward-fit / Retrofit (digital and analogue) a/c
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VM4AAS Objectives (cont’d)
To provide answers to questions identify potential problems make recommendations contribute to decision making provide input/guidance to manufacturers
considering current status and future trends
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Study Background Information
Performed by Honeywell
Started in June 2002
Finished October 2003
Informal external review group (open to interested “volunteers” )
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D1
WP1.3
Definitions, Assumptions and
Baselines
WP1.3
Definitions, Assumptions and
Baselines
WP3.2
Radio Frequency
Interference
D3.2
WP2.2
Architecture Requirements &
Constraints
WP2.1
Applications Data Requirements
WP2.2
Architecture Requirements &
Constraints
WP2.1
Applications Data Requirements D2
WP3.1
Avionics Architectures
WP3.1
Avionics Architectures
D3.1
WP4
Implementation Plan
WP5
Draft Final Report
WP4
Implementation Plan
29/10/03
VM4 AirborneIntegrationMeeting
VM4AAS Deliverables
WP4
Implementation Plan
WP4
Implementationand Transition
D4
WP4
Implementation Plan
WP5
Final Report
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Deliverable Review Process
Final Deliverableon Web
Final Deliverableon Web
CommentResolutions
on Web
CommentResolutions
on Web
External Reviewgroup
(“volunteers”)
AirbusAvtech SwedenBritish Airways
BoeingCNSSDittel
EasyJetPMEI
Rockwell-CollinsSAS
SCAA
Honeywell/EUROCONTROL
Resolution
External Draft Deliverable
Internal Draft
Deliverable
Honeywell/EUROCONTROL
Resolution
EUROCONTROLReview
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PART II
STUDY SUMMARY
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VM4AAS Work Structure
Preparatory work WP1 - D1: Assumptions and Baselines
WP2 - D2: Identifications of Requirements
Investigations WP3 - D3.2: RF Interference Analysis
WP3 - D3.1: Avionics Architectures
WP4 - D4: Implementation and Transition
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Work Package 1: Assumptions and Baselines
Preliminary work to form the foundations WP3
Establish assumptions
Establish baselines
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WP1: Assumptions
VDL Mode 4 is acceptable to support applications CDL only SDL only combined CDL and SDL
15 other assumptions in 3 broad groups Group 1:
SSR Mode-S-based ACAS
Group 2: Simultaneous VHF Communications
Group 3: 8.33 kHz VHF Voice will be required throughout the study period
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WP1: Aircraft Classes
Large: take-off mass >15,000 kg (Citation X, G-IV, ERJ, Airbus, Boeing)
Small: 5700 kg < take-off mass < 15,000 kg (King Air 350, most Citation)
Light: take-off mass < 5700 kg (Cessna 172, King Air C90B)
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WP1: Equipment Baselines (1)
Communication VHF Voice (DSB-AM) x 2 ACARS or Mode 2 Simultaneous operation of voice and data link
Navigation GNSS ILS (Localizer and Glideslope) VOR
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WP1: Equipment Baselines (2)
Surveillance Mode S Transponder #1 Mode S Transponder #2 or Mode C ACAS Mode S Interrogator (Large & Small) CDTI
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Work Package 2:Identification of Requirements
Identify general functional requirements
Identify internal interfaces
Identify external interfaces
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WP2: Internal Interfaces
Interconnections VDLM4 to and from other avionics
Data Flow Diagrams
Data Dictionary
Precision Time Interface (PTI)
CONCLUSION:
Only PTI and baseband interface issues are unique to VDL Mode 4 compared to any
other CDL/SDL “modem” technology
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DATAGROUNDSYSTEM
VOICEGROUNDSYSTEM
OWN_SSR
OWN_SSR_REPLY
OWN_ADS
SSR_INTER
TIS_DATA
OTHER_SSR_INTER
OTHER_ADS
OWN_ADS
GRD_VOICE
OTHER_SSR_REPLY
OWN_SSR_INTER
OTHERAIRCRAFT
OWN_VOICE
OWN_VOICE
OWN_AIRCRAFT
OTHER_VOICE
SURVEILLANCEGROUNDSYSTEM
OWN_DATA
GRD_DATA
WP2: Context-Level DFD
An example: Level 1 - external interactions
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WP2: External Interface Issues
RF Interference to/from other avionics
Focus on same-aircraft or co-site
problems
Detailed study in WP3.2
Derived work on integrity, availability,
and continuity of service
Traffic Loading estimates for 2015 based
on MACONDO
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Work Package 3.2:Interference Analysis (1)
RF Interference Issues
VHF Communications Sources: DSB-AM, VDL Mode 2, VDL Mode 4 Communication Victims: DSB-AM, VDL Mode 4, VDL Mode
2 Navigation Victims: Localizer, VOR, VDB, Glideslope
Large, Small, Light Aircraft
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Work Package 3.2:Interference Analysis (2)
Same-side, Opposite-side antennas
Link-budget analysis using published standards or carefully documented assumptions
3 issues: Desensitization, Off-Channel Emissions, RF (front end) Saturation
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WP3.2: VHF COM I/f Problem
-180
-140
-100
-60
-20
+20P
ower
Spe
ctra
l Den
sity
dB
m/H
z
thermal noise
minimum signal level
receiver noise floorthermal noise
reference signal level
minimum digital transmitter output (16 W = +42 dBm)
-98 dBm-87 dBm-98 dBm
+129 dB (!)
-40 dB
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WP3.2: Key Assumptions
MOPS -87 dBm reference signal level
Emissions levels DO-186A (Voice), DO-281/ED-92 (Mode 2), ED108 (Mode 4)
Assumed noise floors
Using ARINC 716 isolations
MOPS adjacent channel rejection ACR is a desensitization spec
Figure of merit Es/N0 or S/P
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WP3.2: 3 VHF-on-VHF i/f scenarios
Voice on digital RF Saturation IF Desensitization Off-channel emissions (residual phase noise)
Digital on voice RF Saturation Squelch break Audio S/P concerns
Digital on digital RF Saturation Desensitization IF Off-Channel emissions (residual phase noise)
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WP3.2: Voice on digital i/f
Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect
Challenges 100% voice duty factor
Mitigations Better in-band filtering for digital receiver (IF) “Better-than-MOPS” phase noise of voice transmitter Increased isolation Channel separation Robust application protocols Clear continuity definitions Reduced use of AM voice as data use increases
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WP3.2: Digital on voice i/f
Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect
Challenges Better than MOPS sensitivity of most AT voice receivers
Mitigations Better than MOPS emissions for digital transmitter Increased isolation Channel separation Constrain protocols to short pulse widths (adverse impact
on “clicks”) Consider cooperative suppression during transmissions
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WP3.2: Digital on digital i/f
Mechanism Primarily phase noise and RF saturation IF desensitization is lesser effect
Challenges Multiplicity of antennas/limited isolation Low-noise figure designs with FM protection
Mitigations Better emissions for digital transmitter “Better-than-MOPS” adjacent channel rejection Increased isolation Channel separation Robust applications and protocols Clear continuity definitions
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WP3.2: Off-channel & Desensitization
Source Victim Interference Type Large Same Large, opp Small, same Small Opp Light Same Light Opp
DSB-AM VDLM4 off-channel noise limited 4,825 noise limited 5,325 noise limited noise limitedDSB-AM VDLM2 off-channel noise limited 3,250 noise limited 3,600 noise limited noise limited
VDLM4 DSB-AM off-channel noise limited 150 noise limited 275 noise limited noise limitedVDLM4 VDLM2 off-channel noise limited 725 noise limited 1,425 noise limited noise limited
VDLM2 DSB-AM off-channel noise limited 75 noise limited 125 noise limited noise limitedVDLM2 VDLM4 off-channel noise limited 1,050 noise limited 2,075 noise limited noise limited
DSB-AM VDLM4 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175DSB-AM VDLM2 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175
VDLM4 DSB-AM desense 25 25 25 25 25 25VDLM4 VDLM2 desense 200 150 250 150 250 175
VDLM2 VDLM4 desense 200 150 250 150 275 175VDLM2 DSB-AM desense 25 25 25 25 25 25
Required frequency separations in (KHz) to solve the interference problem(additional analysis is being finalised)
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Source Victim Interference Type Large Same Large, opp Small, same Small Opp Light Same Light OppDSB-AM VDLM4 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableDSB-AM VDLM2 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable
VDLM4 DSB-AM RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableVDLM4 VDLM2 RF saturation Very Probable Very Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable
VDLM2 VDLM4 RF saturation Very Probable Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very ProbableVDLM2 DSB-AM RF saturation Very Probable Probable Certain Very Probable Certain Very Probable
Certain: In band signal > +10 dBm and within ~3 MHz
Very Probable: In band signal >-10 dBm and within ~3 MHz
Probable: In band signal >-25 dBm and within ~3 MHz
Possible: In band signal >-33 dBm (MOPS Specification)
None: In band signal <-33 dBm (MOPS Specification)
WP3.2: RF Saturation
New result (not in original WP3.2) Supported by Boeing/Honeywell testing
(Sept 2003 - data not yet released) May be the limiting factor!
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Work Package 3.1:Architecture Descriptions
11 different forward fit architectures
1 radio retrofit architecture
Recommendations Multi-function VHF radio
8.33 kHz, 25 kHz, VDLm2, VDLm4 Independent transmit and receive capabilities Baseband control and flexibility
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WP3.1: requirements and constraints
Integrity RMER 10-6 to 10-8
Continuity Loss of Continuity 1 x 10-5 to 5 x 10-4
Availability Communication system MTBF 1000 days
Surveillance system MTBF 1000 day
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NVDR
J1
J2
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #5
ARINC 750 form factor New VHF Digital Radio (NVDR)
4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available today)
High-speed baseband information sharing Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities
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NVDR
J1
J2
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (B/RA Gold)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (B/RA Gold)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (B/RA Gold)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (B/RA Gold)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #9
Remote mount high-end B/RA New VHF Digital Radio (NVDR)
4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available today)
High-speed baseband information sharing Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities
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B/RASilver
(voice #1)
Top Tx/RxAntenna
Tx
NVDR
Top Tx/RxAntenna
Rx Rx
4:1 splitter
Rx RxRx Rx
4:1 splitter
Rx Rx
SPDT
WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #10
Retains existing analog voice radio for GA aircraft Small form factor (panel mount?) NVDR 4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available
today) Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities Somewhat limited under certain failure
conditions
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NVDR
J1
J2
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (GA Silver)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (GA Silver)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
Rx RxTx Rx
NVDR (GA Silver)
SPDTTransfer Sw.
J1
J2
J3
Rx
splitter
WP3.1: Architecture Candidate #11
Retains existing analog voice radio for GA aircraft Small form factor (panel mount?) NVDR 4R1T, half duplex transceivers (not available
today) Independently reconfigurable R/T capabilities Somewhat limited under certain failure
conditions
WGM 8 meeting / 24-28 November 2003 36
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WP3.1: Other Products
Allocation table showing how each transmitter and receiver is used
Availability/continuity analysis tables
Analytical Appendices
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Work Package 4:Implementation and Transition
Relative normalized costs of installation in a variety of configurations
“Typical” and “Best-Case” schedules
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Operational Configuration
CDL Only SDL Only SDL
+ ADS-B Package
CDL + SDL CDL+ SDL + ADS-B Package
FORWARD FIT Large 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 7.79 Small 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.43 Light 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
RETROFIT DIGITAL Large 7.52 4.84 10.52 4.84 10.52 Small 5.34 3.24 7.49 3.24 7.49 Light 4.82 2.84 9.52 2.84 9.52
RETROFIT ANALOG Large 12.44 4.84 21.59 9.76 26.51 Small 10.02 3.24 16.35 7.91 21.02 Light 4.82 2.84 21.92 2.84 21.92
WP4: Summary of Relative Costs
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WP4: Serial Task Schedule
Date of Mandate( T0 )
Fleet Equipage (48 mo)
Eqmt Dev. & Cert (24 mo. )
STC & TCDev. (12 mo)
Initial Production
MOPS & SARPsFinalization
TSOPrep (12 mo)
Worst case start-to-finish ( 102 mo. )
Revised MOPS published
ICAO Tech Manual published
SARPs Updated
Typical 7 year Implementation Window ( 84 mo. )
Decisionto
Proceed
ARINC 75X Development30 months
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WP4: Aggressive Schedule
Date of Mandate( T0 )
Fleet Equipage (36 mo)
STC & TCDev. (12 mo)
Initial Production
Eqmt Dev. & Cert (15 mo. )
TSOPrep (12 mo)
Best case start-to-finish ( 60 mo. )
Worst case start-to-finish ( 102 mo. )from Figure 2
ARINC 75X Development (18 months)
Decisionto
Proceed
MOPS& SARPs
Finalization
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Work Package 5: Final Report & Summary
Summarize WPs 1, 2, 3.2, 3.1, and 4
Review external comments
Conclusions
Recommendations
Open Items and Future Work
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WP5: Review of External Comments
Comments critical of WP 3.2 VHF Voice assumptions were too severe
Worst-case and not statistical analysis
Not supported by field data and/or trial experience
Comments about cost analysis with lack of benefit analysis
Comments about intermodulation
Comments about saturation
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WP5: Study Conclusions (1)
Interference Problem:
VHF-on-VHF interference will exist
VHF-on-VHF interference may prevent simultaneous voice and data usage provided by separate systems (valid for all VDLs)
Voice-on-VDL interference is more critical
Only half-duplex is achievable
Uplink data applications must be made sufficiently robust to sustain transfer delay due to downlink voice
Technical mitigations seem insufficient
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WP5: Study Conclusions (2)
Aircraft Integration Problem:
Recommended architectures are based on multi-function half-duplex VHF transceiver with 1 TX and 4 RXs
Recommended architectures require interconnected transceivers
VDL Mode 4 specific integration issues limited to PTI and baseband connections
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WP5: Study Conclusions (3)
General
VDL Mode 4 installation plans should be coordinated with
ADS-B and/or advanced data link upgrades
Simultaneous operation of multiple VDLs and voice should
be avoided
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WP5: Study Recommendations Investigate operational impact of VDL Mode 4 interference to
voice and vice versa to determine if and which applications can be supported
Complete feasibility analysis (safety, ..) of recommended architectures and facilitate as appropriate the development of multi-function 4R1T transceiver with 8.33/25 kHz analog voice, VDL Mode 2, VDL Mode 4
common baseband coordination
quasi-independent R/T functions
Use VMAAS results as input to other efforts to complete VDL Mode 4 specific cost/benefit analysis (CBA) to support link decision
Coordinate any aircraft upgrades with ADS-B and advanced CDL application upgrades
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WP5: Open Items/Future Work (1)
Assess operational impact of voice-on-data interference
Adopt GFSK BER analysis as part of a standard for reference
Adopt VDL Mode 4 link budget to level of detail comparable with other VDL data links
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WP5: Open Items/Future Work (2)
Perform or refine system-level cost benefit analysis based on relative costs provided by WP4
Perform, publish, and publicize additional measurements of VHF-on-VHF interference effects
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VM4AAS
Remarks & Questions
More info and available draft deliverables:www.eurocontrol.int/vdl4/architecture.html
Comments and input [email protected]@[email protected]