1

ContentsSummaryresultsofWorkingGroup4..........................................................................................................2

Compositionofworkinggroup.............................................................................................................3

Table1.Listofparticipantsandtheirexpertisederivedfromregistrations,questionaireandattendanceforWorkingGroup4.XrepresentsattendanceonDay1.....................................................4

Livepollsconductedwithintheworkinggroup...................................................................................7

Analysisofgaps,typesofapproachandspecificinitiatives.................................................................8

Table2.Knowledgegaps,andinitiativesobtainedfromthequestionnairesandmeeting...................11

DetailednotesfromtalksandRoundTables–RapporteurGwynLintern.................................................16

Day1-WorkingGroup4ASafeOcean:TsunamiHazard......................................................................16

Presentation1:NearfieldtsunamiwarninginJapanbyDr.YujiNishimae,JapanMeteorologicalAgency,Japan.....................................................................................................................................16

Presentation2:PacificTsunamiWarningCenterbyCharlesMcCreery,PacificTsunamiWarningCenter.................................................................................................................................................16

Presentation3:EmergencyPreparednessbyTeronMoore,OceanNetworksCanada.....................17

RoundTableDay1:Eachpersonprepareda3-minutetalkfocusedon:...........................................18

Day2AMWorkingGroup4HeatwaveandHarmfulalgae....................................................................22

Presentation4:WeidongYu.HeatwaveintheWesternPacific.........................................................22

Presentation5:TyphoonForecastGapsFangliQuao........................................................................24

RoundTableDay2.Eachpersonpreparedupto3minutesfocusedonopportunitiesfordecade..24

OpportunitiesforDecade:SummarydiscussiononHeatWaveandHAB..........................................25

2

SummaryresultsofWorkingGroup4

Theworkinggroupacknowledgedthatthethemeof“asafeocean”hasanopportunitytoengagesocietiesthatleveragesthesuccessesofexistinghazardforecastandwarningsystems.Thisthemehasahighlikelihoodofsuccesssincea)governmentsandindustryareobligedtoprotecttheirpeopleandinfrastructure,andb)peopleareinterestedintheirsurvivalandwell-being.Evenso,someofthehazardsdiscussedoccurontimesscalesofgenerationsandmaybeeasilyneglectedinfavourofmorepressingneeds.AnumberofgapsandopportunitieswereidentifiedthroughoutthreedaysofmeetingsandtwodaysofspecificWorkingGroup4discussion(Seetable1)

Theworkinggroupdiscussedsafeoceanissueswhichcouldbeclassifiedunderthemainhazardcategories:

1. Tsunami2. Heatwave3. Typhoonandwave/stormsurgeprediction4. Harmfulalgaebloom(HAB)5. Invasivespecies6. ClimateChange

Shortpresentationsweregivenatthestartofeachworkinggroupsessiontosocialisetheaudienceonthemajortopicsofdiscussion,includingtsunamiwarningsystems,emergencymanagement,heatwavesandtyphoonandwave/stormsurgeprediction.Day1discussionsfocussedonthecurrentstatusandsuccesses,aswellasthegapsandopportunities,relatedtotsunamis.Day2focussedonHeatWave,typhoon/wave/stormsurgeandHarmfulAlgalBlooms(HABs).

Theworkinggroupwasarrangedtoformacircletopromotetheface-to-faceinteractionandeachpersonwasgivenanopportunitytoprepareathree-minutediscussionontheirperspectiveonscientificgapsandopportunities.Attheendoftheroundtable,asummarydiscussiontookplaceonfurtheropportunitiesforprogrammes.Thisreportisaresultofthosediscussionsandfocussesmainlyongapsandopportunities.Thesearetranslatedtoinitiativesandapproachesinthesummarytables.

Workinggroupconvenersfoundthattheround-tableformatwaseffectiveinsolicitinginputsfromeveryworkinggroupmember.Giventhetimerestrictionsfordiscussions,thisformatprovedchallengingwhenworkingtowardsacollectiveefforttodeveloprecommendationsfortheDecade.

3

Compositionofworkinggroup

28Totalregistering

8participantsconsiderthisWGastheirfirstpriority

8participantsconsiderthisWGastheirsencondpriority

12participantsconsiderthisWGastheirthirdpriority

4

Table1.Listofparticipantsandtheirexpertisederivedfromregistrations,questionaireandattendanceforWorkingGroup4.XrepresentsattendanceonDay1.Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role

x Teron Moore* Canada Ocean Networks

Canada Public Safety Program Manager

x Gwyn Lintern& Canada Geological Survey of

Canada Research Scientist

Denis Chang Seng France IOC of UNESCO Programme Specialist

x Mitsunori Iwataki Japan University of Tokyo Associate Professor

x Narumi Takahashi Japan

NIED(National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster)

Deputy Director-General

x Norio Baba Japan Japan Coast Guard Principal Oceanographic Data and Information Officer

x Yuji Nishimae Japan JMA

Senior Coordinator for International Earthquake and Tsunami Information, Earthquake and Tsunami Observation Division

x Charles McCreery

United States

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Director

Liqi Chen China

Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natureal Resources

Director

Fangli Qiao China

First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources

Senior Researcher

Jens Kruger Fiji Pacific Community, SPC Manager Ocean Affairs

TETSUSHI KOMATSU France IOC Programme Specialist

Toshio Yamagata Japan

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Project Principal Scientist

Yuko Otsu Japan Japan Coast Guard Oceanographic Data and Information Officer

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Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role

Vyacheslav Lobanov

Russian Federation

V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute

director

Kuswardani Anastasia Thailand IOC-WESTPAC Programme Officer

Hui Zhang China Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Professor

x Yafeng YANG China

First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China

Division Director

Abdul Muhari Indonesia Ministry of Marine

Affairs and Fisheries Division Head

Mitsutaku Makino Japan

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI) Universiy of Tokyo

Professor

Yutaka Michida Japan

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo

Professor

x Kazuo Nadaoka Japan Tokyo Institute of

Technology

Professor (Specially appointed professor & Professor emeritus)

Kentaro Ando Japan JAMSTEC

Director in charge of International Research in the Western Pacific

Akira Nagano Japan JAMSTEC Senior Scientist

Kang-Hyun Joo

Korea, Republic of

Korea National Maritime Museum Chief Director

Aileen Tan Shau Hwai Malaysia

Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS)

Director

Tatiana Orlova

Russian Federation

National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Deputy director

Thanh Binh Nguyen Vietnam

Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Deputy Director of Conservation and Aquatic Resources Development

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Day 1 Name Country Affiliation Role

Yukihiko OIKAWA Japan

Center for Ocean Literacy and Education, University of Tokyo

Principal Researcher

In attendance, but not on original registration for WG4

x Kazutoshi Horiuchi Japan

x Rencheng Yu China

Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science

Senior Scientist

x Kazumi Wakita Japan Tokai University

x Liu Ning NOWPAP /UN NOWPAP Program specialist

x Ben Churchill Australia Bureau of

Meteorology Manager

x Weidong Yu* China

National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center

Senior Scientist

x Youn He Lee (sp)

South Korea

x Molly McCammon US Alaska Ocean

Observing System Executive Director

Participants consider this WG as their first priority

Participants consider this WG as their second priority

Participants consider this WG as their third priority

* Co-convenors

& Rapporteur

16participantsattendedDay1discussion(accordingtorecordofattendance,seeTable1).19participantsattendedonDay2(seephotographs).OnDay1theparticipantcommentsarecapturedbyname.OnDay2,mainpointsofdiscussionswerecapturedbycountry.

Wefeltitwasimportanttounderstandtheexpertiseofouraudienceandthebiasofcountryspecifichazards.Thenalivepollindicatedthefollowingprioritiesrankedfromhighestatthetoptolowestatthebottom.Climatechangecameoutasthetoprankedhazard.Withinclimatechange,increasestorminesswasthehazardoflargestconcern.Asforconcernbyregion(country),60%ofrespondentsdeemedTyphoontobeamajorconcernfortheircountry,50%foundTsunamitobeamajorconcern,and44%determinedthatHarmfulAlgaebloomswereamajorconcern.

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Livepollsconductedwithintheworkinggroup

8

Analysisofgaps,typesofapproachandspecificinitiativesThequestionnairesandplenarygave29examplesofdatagapsforthesehazards.Wefeelsomewhatsatisfiedthatthislistisexhaustiveonthistopicofsafeoceans.Duringdiscussionofthespecifichazards,crosscuttingthemesappeared.Eachthesecanbeseparatedintothefollowingcategories:

SafeOceanknowledgegapcategories

1. Requirementsforunderstandingtherisk2. Requirementsfordata/science3. Requirementsfornewtechnology4. Requirementsforemergencymanagement5. Requirementsforbuildingresilientcommunities

Foreachrequirement(gap),weindicatedwhata“decade”projectmightentail.Infact,thediscussionshiftedeasilyfromscientificordatagapstosocialscienceandcommunityissues,anditwasrecognisedbyallthatsocialsciencesarerequiredfordevelopingtrustinandencouragingtheeffectiveuseofthesciencetowardssustainabledevelopmentgoals.Socialsciencecanbeusedtoensurethatpeopleknowhowahazardwillaffectthempersonally(ratherthansomethingthathappenstosomeoneelse),sothat

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apersonmightbebetterprepared.Itisrecognizedthatnotonlytheriskshouldbemadepersonal“thiscouldhappentoyou”butthatthemessagewouldbemuchbetterreceivediftherewasanunderstandingofthepopulations’backgroundandsotheymighthaveaninherentsocialacceptanceorbehaviourofarisk(forexample,seafaringpeoplehaveauniqueappreciationforhowdangeroustheoceancanbe.)

ExamplesofCommunicationcampaigns:

Connectuserstothedevelopmentandutilizationofoceanpredictionsystems Requirelicensingofhazardprofessionalstopromotetrustinthescience(communicationsand

regulatory) Personalizeriskinformationandstrengthenthelinksbetweenthescienceandsocietythrough

educationandoutreachcampaignsthatincorporatescienceandtraditionalknowledge Publiccampaignthatindicatesthatsomelevelofrisk(1/1000yearevent)cannotbeavoided. Campaigntoimplement“TsunamiReady”inallcountries

Withregardtorequiredprotectiveinfrastructure,thediscussionagaintookonasocialscienceaspectandrangedfrom“wemuststopimpactsfromhazards”to“wemustacceptimpactsfromextremehazards”.Aswellastraditionalinfrastructure,scientificsolutionsincludeforinstancesociallyacceptable“ecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction”methods.Theneedforresilientinfrastructureandcommunitieswaswellacceptedbythegroup.

Participantsofferedthatsomeofthesolutionswerebestleftuptoexperts,sometimessinglepeerreviewedpaperswererequired.Forinstance:

Examplesofsuggestedpeerreviewedpapers:

Methodstocalculateriskfromvolcanicorlandslidetsunamis Resonantresponsestospecificinletstotsunamiscenarios

Atotherpoints,theestablishmentofspecificregionalworkinggroupswasrecommended.Forinstance

Examplesofsuggestedworkinggroups:

DatasharingonalgaespeciesidentificationsanddistributionsintheAsianseas.Eg.HABAsia Couplingoffshoretonearshoreandonshorepredictionorhazardmodels

Wetriedtofocusourtechnologicalsolutionsdiscussiontowardsinexpensiveoreasilyaccessibleoptions.Someexamplesoftechnologicaladvancesincluded:

Examplesofsuggested“costeffective”technologicaladvances:

Workingwithtelecommunicationscompaniestoinstrumenttheiralreadyexistingcables

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Deployinginexpensivewaterlevelsensorsmorefrequentlyalongcoastlines,tovalidatebothearthquakegeneratedtsunamisandvolcanic/landslidegeneratedtsunamis(forthelatter,thetechnologyisrathersimple,butthemainworkwouldbeonalgorithms)

DeployingGPS(GNSS)antennasinareaswherecrustalflexurescanincreasetsunamipredictionaccuracy

Examplesofsuggested“expensive”technologicaladvances:

UnderwaterDNAsamplingdevicesforidentificationofalgaespecies Useoftsunamiradaroroceanobservingsystemsforbettertsunamivalidation

Inanumberofcases,themosteffectivesolutionwasdeemedtobetoproduceguidelinesonhowacommunityorcoastaldevelopermightutilizescientificknowledgetowardsimproveddecision-makingrelatedtocommunityplanning,preparedness,response,andmitigation/riskreduction.

Examplesofsuggestedstandardsandguidancedocuments:

Guidanceforassessingtsunamiriskforcoastalcommunities Guidanceonecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction Guidanceonbuildingwithresiliency Standardisationofalgaespeciesidentification

Thereweresomesolutionswhichitwassuggestedcouldbeinitiatedwithindustrypartners.

Examplesofsuggestionstobetackledwithindustry:

Internationallicensingsystemforexpertsinmarinedisastermitigation Modellingoftheeffectoftoxicalgaeonaquaculture

OthersdiscussedhowtheregulatoryprocesscouldbeusedtoadvancetheDecade’sgoals:

ExamplesofimprovedRegulatoryprocesses:

Needtobuildresilientcommunitiesandcoastalinfrastructure Includetsunamiresistantdesigninnationalbuildingcodes

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Table2.Knowledgegaps,andinitiativesobtainedfromthequestionnairesandmeeting.Theaccompanyingexcelspreadsheetprovidesspecificinformationaboutcountry,whichgapswereindicatedonthequestionnaireandinsomecaseswhichinitiativesarealreadysomewhatfundedwithinacountry.

Knowledgegaps Initiatives ApproachTsunami

Tsunami-UnderstandingRiskrequirements

Communitiesneedguidanceonhowtoconductriskassessment

TsunamiHazardAssessmentGuidanceDocument

StandardisationandGuidanceforfactbaseddecisionmaking

Tsunamiinundationmapsarenotavailableformostareasofthecoast

TsunamiInundationmodellingGuidancedocument

StandardisationandGuidanceforfactbaseddecisionmaking

Needbetterunderstandingofwhichareasaresusceptibletovolcanic/landslidetsunami,andhowtocalculaterisks

Requiresexpertscientist.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic Scientificanalysis

Frequencyandmagnitudeoftsunamisneedstobeunderstood

Diggingforpaleo-tsunamideposits.Canhaveasmallexpertteam(2-3people),andmakeuseofcommunityhelp.

Citizenscience

Tsunami-Data/Sciencerequirements

Tsunamisourcemodellingneedsrefining

Expertsintherelevantcountriesmustbefundedtodothis.Currentlythesemodelsare'kept'bytheircreators.Possibleinitiativetoproducearepositoryofsourcemodels

Scientificanalysis.Datasharing.

Resonantfrequenciesofspecificinletsneedsrefining

Requiresexpertscientist.Reviewoftidegaugedata,modeling Scientificanalysis

GNSScrustalmovementdatamustbeusedtomaketsunamiwarningmoreaccurate

InstallGPSstationsinkeysubductionzoneregions,andalongsideexistingtsunamiwarningsystems

Scientificanalysis

Bathymetryandtopographyareinsufficientforaccurateinundationmodeling

Getallusers(especiallycommercialandgovernmentagencies)ofthesedatasetstopooltogetherandfundacampaignto"flythecoasts".BathyLidar(-10m)wouldberelativelyeasy

Majorgovernmentinitiative.PublicPrivatePartnerships

Howwilltsunamisaffectcurrentsinimportantports

Requiresexpertmodellers.Portauthoritiesortheirinsurersshouldpay

PublicPrivatePartnerships

Meteo-tsunamiisnotwell-enoughconstrained(tsunamiscausedbyatmosphericpressure)

Requiresexpertscientists.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic.SmallworkinggroupofselectscientistsforPacificregion.

Scientificanalysisbyworkinggroup

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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach

Tele-tsunamisisnotwell-enoughconstrained(tsunamiswhicharrivefromacrossandocean)

Requiresexpertscientists.Peerreviewedpaperisrequiredonthistopic.SmallworkinggroupofselectscientistsforPacificregion.

Scientificanalysisbyworkinggroup

Tsunami-Newtechnologyrequirements

Knownlandslides,andsubmarinelandslides,needtobemonitoredforwarningsystems.

Developinexpensivelandslidetsunamimonitoringtechnologies.

ScientificendeavorusingAIandlargedatatobemovedintoindustry

Tidalgaugesforconfirmationoftsunamiaretoofarapart

Developinexpensivetechnology(LinternisworkingonGPSwaterlevelswhichrequiresnoboatandlittlemaintenance,anddoublesforcrustalmotiondetection)

ScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry

Tsunamidetectioninstrumentsexpensivetomaintain(andthusnotalwaysmaintained)

Useofexistingindustrytelecommunicationscablesrepeaterstoreportpressuredata.ANDtrainscientistshowtospeakwithregulatoryauthoritiesandpopulationsaboutthenatureoftherisks

ScientificandsocialscientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry.Regulation.

Tsunami-Emergencymanagement

Effectiveuseofscientificknowledgeinpractical(scientific)applicationsincoastalcommunities.Howtotranslatemeasurementstoriskstothepublic?

Connectuserstouserfriendlyoceanpredictionsystems.Communityinteractionstounderstandpressuresandneeds.Promote"tsunami-ready"andthe"globalblueline"

Communications,socialmedia,smarttechnologies

Publictrust:Effectiveuseoflocalknowledgeandlocallanguageinprovidingemergencyprotocols.

Socialscientiststoexaminethedataonhowcommunitiesrespondtoa.thedisasteritselfandb.beinginstructedbyauthorities.Somelocalwisdomistoolocal,andawiderpopulationcouldbenefitfromthis.Forinstance,touristsmightbetoldoflocaltraditionstohazards(runtothetemple(Japan),sinceasongtoremember(Indonesia)

Socialscientificanalysisbyworkinggroup

Publictrust:ScientificIntegrityneedswork.Howtoconvincepublic(andregulators)totaketheriskseriously.Howtomitigateagainstfalsealarms?Evaluatehowwelllocalgovernments(andpublic)responded.

Q.Internationallicensingsystemforexpertsinmarinedisastermitigation

Communications.Regulatory

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Knowledgegaps Initiatives ApproachDesignatingtsunamizonesmightcauseundesiredconsequencestobuildingowners(realestateandinsurance)

Makethezones/evacuationroutesquasi-regulatory

Partnershipsandknowledgeexchangeneedsimproving

Existinginstrumentsandnetworksarenotbeingmaintained

Tsunami-Resilience Impacttosocietynotwellelaborated.Peopledon'tknowtheirrisks,don’thaveplansanddon'thavesupplies

Personalizeapubliccampaignsothatpeopleareinformedandareprepared. Communication

Wearenotplanningandbuildingtomitigatedamage

Produceaguidancedocumentonecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction.Examplesofthisarereplenishingmangrovecoastsandlivingdykeprojects.

Factbaseddecisionmaking,andregulatory

Oncedamaged,wecannotrecoverquickly Needtobuildresilientcommunities Regulatory

Wecannotacceptanyrisk,despitetheoceansometimesbeingadangerousforce

Publiccampaignthatindicatesthatsomelevelofrisk(1/1000yearevent)cannotbeavoided.

Communication

Economicrisksnotwellknowninmostcases.Itisconstantlychangingaspopulationsmigrateandcoastsdevelop.

Ongoingriskevaluationisnecessary Factbaseddecisionmaking

BuildingcodefortsunamiresistanceexistsonlyintheUSA

Includetsunamiresistantdesigninnationalbuildingcodes Regulatory

HarmfulAlgaeblooms Speciesidentificationisdifficultandnotwelldone

Regionalworkshopforexample,“HAB-Asia”

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Speciesdistributionisnotwellknown Regionalworkshopforexample,“HAB-Asia”

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Wholisticapproachtosafe,secureoceanwithrespecttofoodsafety.

Donotincludeallstakeholdersinourscientificdiscussions.Needbetterengagement

Workinggroupmeetingsincludestakeholders

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Modellingoftriggersandextentsofblooms(prediction)isinsufficient

Targetedmodellingproject.Bio-physicalinteraction(oceancurrentsetc.)

Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoindustry

HarmfulAlgaeblooms-technologyrequirements

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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach

Thereisaneedtoidentifyspeciesquicklyandinsitu

TherearenewunderwaterDNAtechniquesrecentlyavailabletoidentifyspeciesinsitu.

TechnologyendeavorinvolvingAIandlargedatatobeshiftedtoindustry

Musthavestandardisationofspeciesidentification

Somegoodexamplesfromnationalprotocols Guidelines

Allhazards:EconomicandSocialvaluation(impact)isnotwelldone

Physicalandsocialscientificstudyrequired

Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoaffectedindustries

Seafoodsafetyisatrisk Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Typhoon/highwave/Stormsurge

Typhoonintensityforecastneedsmorework

Typhoonpathforecastneedslesswork Coastsaredevelopingtoorapidlywithnoregardtotyphoonhazard(referstoallhazards)

Provideguidelinesonbuildingwithresilienceinmind.Mustuseevidencebaseddecisionstodetermineimpact.

Guidelines,regulation

Wavesetup-offshore/nearshoremodelsneedtobettercoupled. Internationalmodelworkinggroup

ScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry

Stormsurgesetup-Interactionsbetweencoastalandopenoceans-e.g.,Eddieswhencombinedwithstormsurgeortsunamis

InternationalmodelworkinggroupScientificendeavorusingAItobemovedintoindustry

Stormsurgeandcoastaldrinking/farmwater

Issuenotraisedduetotimeconstraints,butproblematicinCanada.Reviewpaper.

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Someregionsdonothavethecapacitytodealwithhazards

FollowonfromtoolscreatedbyWESTPACandothers.Alsofollowexamplessetfortsunamicapacitylistedabove

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.

ClimateChange OceansRoleinCarboncycle/greenhousegases

Support“road&silkbelt“countriestobuildupGWGmonitoringstations

Sealevelrisepredictions Understandandreducetheprojectionuncertainty CMIPseries

Increasedstorminess?Coastalerosion. Understandandreducetheprojectionuncertainty CMIPseries

OceanHeatwave,marineandhumanecosystems

Global/regional/localmultidisciplinarystudyonmapping,understanding,predictingandmitigatingtherisks

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.

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Knowledgegaps Initiatives Approach

Oceanacidification Addresstheglobalissueattheregional/localscales

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour.Capacitybuilding.

Otherhazardgapsmentioned Turbiditycurrentsandinternationalcable/pipelineprotection

InvasiveSpecies Othermethodgapsmentionedwhichcrosscutthehazards

Banksandinsurancecompaniesareabletousethedatatodetermineconsequences.Public(farmers/fishermen)mightnotbeableto.

Transfernumericalinformationandtechniquesusedbyfinancialindustriestoendusers.

Capacitybuildingandpublicawareness.

Wecancollectlotsofgooddataforscience,buthowtomakethatusefultopopulations.

Sameasabove,essentially. Capacitybuildingandpublicawareness.

Individualagenciescollectusefuldataandimproveforecasts,andwillcontinuetodosoregardlessofTheDecade.Thenewapproachshouldincludeintegrationnetworkingandcoordinationnotwelldonebetweendifferentprojects,communities.

Workinggroupsasrequired

Scientificandsocialscientificendeavour

Borderlessacquisitionofmarinedataanddatasharingmustimprove

ApartfromWESTPACHABS,nospecificsharingmechanismsspecified

Genderbalanced Didnotspecificinitiatives Wemusthavebetterrealtimemeasurementofeventstoimprovetrackingandsavelives

Seeindividualhazardsabove

Deployinginstrumentsisexpensiveandgovernmentsmustdecidewhichtofund

Teamupoceanplatformstoprovidemultiplescienceoutputs(weather,tsunami,blooms)

RegulatoryandTechnologyendeavor

Indigenous/localknowledgeorhistoryneedstobecollected

Generallyexpressedbyall.Capturedsomewhatbyspecificsabove

Privatesectormustbecomeintegraltotheeffortatprovidingsocietalawareness

Expressedbysome.Capturedsomewhatbyspecificsabove

Scientificendeavortobeshiftedtoaffectedindustries

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DetailednotesfromtalksandRoundTables–RapporteurGwynLintern

Day1-WorkingGroup4ASafeOcean:TsunamiHazard

Presentation1:NearfieldtsunamiwarninginJapanbyDr.YujiNishimae,JapanMeteorologicalAgency,JapanProvidingtsunamiwarningsincethe1950s.Usedtotake15minutes.Nowtakeslessthan5minutes.Itisnotpossibletouseliveearthquakedataquicklysotolowerthetimeuseadeterministicapproach.Run100000scenariosfromaroundthecoastsofJapan.

Useearthquakewaveforms(pands)toissueatsunamiwarningin3minutes.Thenre-evaluateusingmomenttensorswithin15minutes,andkeepthatupdatedwithtidal/pressuregauges,aGPSbuoyandcabledpressuregauges.AlldataarebroughttoJMAEarthquakePhenomenaObservationSystem,whichoperates24hours.

Technologytransferandcapacitybuilding:Japan(JICA)hasworkedinNicaraguaonCentralAmericanTsunamiAdvisorCentre(CATAC),Vanuatuonenhancingcapacitytomeasuretsunamiandstormsurge.

Japanalsorunsacourseonearthquakemitigation1100peoplehavetakenthecourse.

Publicawareness:Japanadvisesthreesimpleactions.1.Evacuateashighaspossible.2.StayevacuateduntilTsunamiwarningislifted.3.Evacuatequicklyevenifshakingisnotfelt.

JMAalsomonitorsactivevolcanos.

StandardOperatingProceduresfortsunamiwarningwithvolcanos:Target(volcanoactivityincreases),Condition(camerasorpressuregaugesdetectavalanche),action(declaretsunamiwarning).

Gap:Verydifficulttopredictvolcanic/landslidetsunamisandmonitortidalgaugesquicklyenough.

Presentation2:PacificTsunamiWarningCenterbyCharlesMcCreery,PacificTsunamiWarningCenterTwocenters,PacificCenterinHawaii,NationalCenterinAlaska,haveservedasaninternationalwarningcentresince1965Chileearthquake(whichresultedin200deathsasfarawayasJapan).

AustralianowcoversIndianOcean,andChinacoversthesouthChinaSea.

1. Riskassessment

Understandthehazards.Runscenariosandruninundationmodelstodrawevacuationzones.Understandvulnerabilityofpopulationsandinfrastructure.

Gaps:

Thelargestearthquakesforscenariosareunknown(wouldneed10000yearsofdata).Tool:Usepalaeotsunamiresearch.

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Coastalbathymetryandtopographynotavailableforinundationmapping Changingvulnerabilityascoastschangerapidly Hardtoevaluatehazardforavolcanicorlandslidetsunami

2. EducationandAwareness(preparedness)

Mustgettopolicymakersandthepublic.Challenge:canbelongerthanalifetimebetweeneventsandsohowtoconvincegovernmentstospendmoneyonthis.Providingsignage,warningsystems,andalsoinformationtomunicipalitiesregardingcriticalinfrastructure.Ifanearthquakeisfelt,moveinland,butitisachallengetoremindpeopleon300yearevents.Theinformationneedstobeinstitutionalised.

Gaps:

Howtogetintoschools? Howtoapplytheknowledgeinbuildingcode?

3. Warningoperations

Mosttsunamisarecausedbyearthquakes.NOAAdoesnothavemethodsforlandslide.SimilarprocedureasJapan.M7triggersatsunamithreat.99percentofthosearefalsealerts.USwaitsforearthquakemechanism,thenusesthattodeterminehowtheseafloormighthavemovedandthenrunamodel.Thestatisticsarethenvalidatedandupdatedusingthedartbuoyinformation.Doesn’tworkwellfornearshoreearthquakes.Gap:mustfindbettermethodstomakethepredictionsfaster.Wouldliketobeabletodostatisticalforecasts(andgetuncertaintiesinforecasts).Gaps:can’tdolandslideorpalaeotsunami

Forthedecade:useGNSSdatatoevaluatethesourceearthquakequickly.Theplateboundaryreflexingwillcausecoastalsubsidence.Canmeasuredeformationinrealtime,thenpredictwhattheoceanfloormighthavedone.OnlydevelopedcountrieshaveGPSprograms.CanwedoaprojecttodeployfurtherGPS?Gapcoastalmultibeamandtopography.Mustdotsunami-readyprogrameverywhere.

NewTechnology:Smartcables.Repeatersevery100kmontelecommunicationsrepeaters.Ifplacedpressuresensorsonthisitwouldreplacedartbuoys($13M/year).

Gap:Coastalgaugesarefarapart.Sometimescanwait2hourstogetconfirmationofawave.

OpportunitiesforDecade.Getthe“GlobalBlueLine”recognizedbyallcountries.

Presentation3:EmergencyPreparednessbyTeronMoore,OceanNetworksCanadaTheDecadeisanopportunitytolinksciencetopractice,datatodecision-makingandtechnologytooceansafetysolutions.

KnowledgeGap:Thereisagapintheeffectiveintegration/useofscientificknowledge(research,data,etc.)inpracticaloceansafetyapplicationsincoastalcommunities(e.g.,warningsystems,publicpreparedness,strategicmitigation/riskreduction,etc.)

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Scientificquestion:Howcanwebettercombinetheknowledgeheldbyphysicalandsocialsciencewithmoderncommunication,educationandoutreachtechniquestoincreaseoceansafety?

Emergencymanagersareprofessionswithcredentials-Universities,tradeschools,training(Acrossmanyfieldse.g.,BusinessContinuity,riskanalysis/assessment,technology,etc.)

Risksaregrowing:fromurbandensification,population,climatechange,systemscomplexityandinter-dependencies

Scienceandtechnologyintegration–Capacitybuildingandtechnologytransfer:Cannewtechnologies,likeAI,machinelearningand5Gcommunicationsimproveocean-basedwarningsystems?

Knowledgeintopractice

Researchintoriskreduction

Dataintodecision-making

USDecadeOceanSafegoalsimpactbased;prioritisedbyrisk.Theseopportunitiesrequireend-to-enddesignconsiderationfromscienceandpractitioners/End-users

Linkingoceansciencetosustainabledevelopmentgoalswouldbeenhancedifthevalueofthesciencecanbecommunicatedeffectivelytomarineandcoastalcommunities.Peopledon’tfeelpersonallyatthreat.Mustpersonalisethemessage.

OpportunitiesforDecade:Applicationofknowledgeintopractice.Simplestrongconcise“Stepsofemergencypreparedness”addressingtheabovegaps

RoundTableDay1:Eachpersonprepareda3-minutetalkfocusedon:

1. Whoyouareandyourexpertiseinterests2. Knowledgegapandsciencequestions3. Existinginitiatives/partnerships/programmes/resources4. Potentialinitiatives/programmes/resources5. Roleofcross-cuttingthemes,andgoodpracticesifany

Capacitybuildingandtechnologytransfer

Partnershipsandfinancing-

Accesstoinformation,dataandknowledge

Communicationandawarenessraising

GwynLintern-Leadsprojectsondeterminingspecificrisksofgeohazards(frequencyandmagnitude).NowleadingCanada’sNationalTsunamiStrategyProjectwhichbringstogetherbitsandpiecesoftsunamiworkdonebydifferentdepartmentsintogoalsofdesignatingcoastalzones,helpingcommunities/industries/consultantswithtsunamiriskassessment,andtotsunamiresistantdeign(buildingcode).OpportunitiesforDecade:Mainaspectsofthisworkwhichwouldbetransferrableto

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TheDecadeinclude1)providingguidancedocumentsonhowtodeterminetheirowntsunamirisk,and2)conductingpaleo-tsunamidigswithasmallgroupofexpertsandlocalcommunitymembersinareaswheretheriskiscurrentlyunknown.Thelattershouldbeconductedbeforemodelling,justtoindicateiftherewaseveratsunami(beforemakingitabigdealtocommunities).Hazardscientistsmustmaintainhighlevelofintegrity,ratherthanalwaysjustscaringpeople.

KazuoNadaoka:Tokyotech.Bluecarbon-carbonuptakeoncoasts.Whatareotherfunctionsofbluecarbonecosystems?Especiallymangrovescanprovide“ecosystembaseddisasterriskreduction”(EBDRR).Canprotectagainsttsunamiandstormsurge.Twolevelsoftsunamis.Level1everycouplehundredyears.Level2every1000years.Shouldweacceptthatwecannotprotectagainstlevel2(tradeoffbetweenlifestyle,costs,andacceptance).OpportunitiesforDecade:PromoteEBDRRinallfuturecoastalconstruction.Promoteacertainlevelofacceptancethatdisasterswillhappen.

YujiNishimae:Workonthetsunamiwarningservicesointerestedintsunamimodelling.OpportunitiesforDecade:Accuracyofsimulationisdependentontop/bathy.Currentlyuse500mtopo.Moreaccurateisneeded.Jebcoismakingmoreaccuratebathydata.Thisshouldbeimplemented.Theoffshoredataforvalidationofarefarandfew.Couldusebettertechnologiessuchastsunamiradarorsatelliteinformationtogetbettertrackingoftsunami

CharlesMcCreery:OpportunitiesforDecade:1.Needbettercoastalbathyandtopo.2.RealtimeGPSinstrumentationnearmajorsubductionszones,andalgorithmsdevelopedtodeterminerupturedisplacement3.Smartsubmarinecables,installinstrumentationonrepeatersevery100km.4.Alltsunamiareasbecomepartofthe“tsunami-readyprogram”5.Getthe“GlobalBlueLine”recognizedbyallcountries.

NarumiTakahashi.Japan.Inchargeofinstrumentationandhaveinstalledthisinlocaltowns.Knowledgegaps:Residentsarenotworriedabouttsunami,butarenottakingintoaccounttheimpactofdebris.OpportunitiesforDecade:Weneedtoconsiderdetectionandevaluationoftsunami,butalsoevaluationofseismicshaking-forproperanalysisofrealtimewarning(trainshutdownsetc).Requiremoreoceanfloorinstrumentation.

KazuoNadaoka.OceanPlusJamestecventure.Knowledgegap:traditionalknowledge.InavillageinNorthernJapanpeopleusedtoevacuatetoashrinelocatedonthehilltop.Tokyoforinstance,ispartiallybelowsealevel.Thisinformationisnotwellknown.OpportunitiesforDecade:Peoplewillrespondbetterifinformationisprovidedtothembytraditionalmeansandintheirtraditionallanguage.

YangYafeng.FirstinstituteofOceanographyNMR.Responsibleforinternationalcollaboration.Oceansarenotsafe.Thereareearlywarning,disasterreduction.Earthquakewarningsystems.Moreinvestmentsininfrastructureformitigation.Veryexpensive.Eachareaisdifferent.OpportunitiesforDecade:Buildinfrastructuretodealwithmulti-hazards.Thinkgloballybutbuildlocally.

RenshengYu-SpecialistinHarmfulbloomswhichcausemortalityofpeopleandanimals(includingcultivatedanimals).Hardtodopredictionandearlywarning.KnowledgegapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:1.Needbackgroundknowledgeonspeciesinspecificareas,2.canimprovemonitoringusinggeneticsetcofmicroorganismsintheocean,3.Improvemodellingandpredictionofblooms.Cross-countrycollaborationsandcommunicationsarekey-shoulddoregularmeetingsindecade

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KazumiWakitaATBgroupWESTPAC.SocialScientist,studiespeoples’behaviourandbackgroundwhichcanbeimportantinriskmitigation.OpportunitiesforDecade:Needtocollectexamplesandstudiesofhowpeoplereacttowarningsandwhattheirbackgroundis(forinstance,whattheirrelationshipistothesea).Initiatives:ATBgroupWestpaconlyhasonesocialscientist.Needmore.Socialscientistsarerequiredinallofthedecadeinitiatives.

MitsunotiIwataki.Biologist.Westpac.Harmfulalgaespecialist.OpportunitiesforDecade:Needfrequentworkshopstoshareinformation,andcollaborativeresearchespeciallyinAsiancountries.Twotypeshazardharmfulspeciesandtoxicspecies.Onecanaffectmarineharvestandtheothercancauseillnessanddeath.Needbetterknowledgeaboutspeciesidentificationanddistribution.Needlongtimeseriesdataespeciallyregardinginvasivespecies.Needbettermethodforpublicawareness.Currentlylocalpeopleandfishermendomuchofthewarning.

NoriaBaba.IODfocussesonoceanography,andshouldcollaboratemorewithotherdepartments.Gapsaremainlybathyandtopo.OpportunitiesforDecade:Bathymetry-shouldbereleasedbydepartments.Releasetsunamiinundationmapsformitigation.ImportanttoengageNGOSandlocalcommunities.Howtoincorporatescienceintomitigation.Needhighqualitybathymetricdataandhighqualitymodelsforallcoasts.

YounHoLee(sp?).Invasivespeciesandclimatechangeimpactandoilspill.Gap:afteroilspills(examplelargespillnearShanghaiin2018)whatisthelong-termimpact?Forinvasivespecies,don’thaveknowledgeonbaselinespecies.InJapanSeatheSSThasincreased3degrees–whatimpactwillthishave.OpportunitiesforDecade:promoteopportunitieswhichhelpuswiththeselong-termunderstandings(oilspills,speciesinvasion,oceantemperature)

BenChurchill.Internationalaffairs.MemberofWestpac.Heretolearn.SafeOceansinkeyinhisdepartmentwithmotto“Noliveslost”.Australiatookaleadrollintheregionwithregardtotsunamis.Gaps:largecountryandarea.MaintainingDARTandtidalgaugesforonlyahandfulofalerts.Evidence/dataoftsunamisissparse.Troublegettinginformationtothe90%ofpopulationonthecoasts.OpportunitiesforDecade:DeterminehowtoreachouttoDiversecommunities,differentculturesandlanguages.Providebetterinundationmodelsforalllow-lyingcommunities.Determinebestuseofthesciencetounderstandtsunamiandstormsurgehazards.

AnastasiaKuswardani.Indonesia/Thailand.Westpac(previouslyfisheriesinIndonesia).Indonesiahashadrecentissueswithliquefactionandalsovolcaniclandslidetsunamis.Gaps:earlywarningsystemsarenotworkingwellforthesetypesoftsunamis.Thepredictedtsunamisarenotcorrelatingwithobserveddata.Communicationbetweenscientistsandlocalgovernmentsarenotworkingwell.OpportunitiesforDecade:Encourageresponsibleauthoritiestoupkeepexistingtsunamiwarningsystems.Improveabilitiesforlandslidesgeneratedtsunami.Improvetranslatingscienceintogoodpractice.

WeidongYu.GapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:Monitoringcapacityislackingindevelopingcountries.Indonesia,chinaforexamples.VolcanoandLandslidetsunamineedsbetterriskassessment.Neednewtechnologydevelopment.GNSS,moreefficientlowercost(thantsunamiboys).Trytopromoteamultihazardearlywarningorpreventionreductionsystem.Usingnaturalecosystemtechniquesformitigation.

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OpportunitiesforDecade:PrioritysummarydiscussiononTsunamiHazard

Allaffectedcountriesshouldadopt“TsunamiReady”and“GlobalBlueLine”methodologies.

Betterbathymetryandtopographyneededeverywhereaspartofriskassessment.

Newtechnologies-Allcountriesapproveofcableprojects-shouldrequiresensorsatrepeaterstations.Moreeffectiveandlowcost.Developaworkingsystemforwarningofvolcanic/landslidetsunamis.InstallingGNSS(GPS)waterlevelsensorsalongvulnerablecoasts.

Aspartofpopulationresilience,monitorhowpopulationsaremoving,howcoastlinesarechanging,howsocialstructurescanbemademoreresilient.Perhapstherehastobesomeacceptanceofdamage.

Guidanceonecosystemapproachtoriskreduction.Thenraiseimportanceofthiswithresponsibleauthorities.

Guidanceontsunamiriskassessmentforcommunities/industry.Forinstance,Japanhasguidelinesforcommunitiestodotsunamiinundationmaps.

Understandhumanconnectiontothesea(somesocietieshavebetterunderstanding).Maketheriskpersonal-personalisethemessage.Knowyourrisk.

Mustaspiretoopendatabyalloceanscienceorganisations.Wherehasdatasharingbeensuccessful,andcopy(e.g.,nucleartestbantreatydata,ONCandNOAA)

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Day2AMWorkingGroup4HeatwaveandHarmfulalgae

Presentation4:WeidongYu.HeatwaveintheWesternPacificWesternPacificiswheretheheatwaveeffectismostdramaticwithrespecttomonsoon(whichlinkstheoceanfarinlandcausingdrought/flooding).WesternPacificregionalsohasthreetimesthelevelofsealevelrisethantheworld’saverage.Easternpacifichasthestrongestoxygendepletion.Easternpacificalsohassignificantacidification.Westernpacificisahotspotformarinebiodiversity.Increasedtemperaturescancausecoralbleaching.Oceanheatwavesarenotasextremeintemperatureasheatwavesonland,butlongerlastingintheocean.

Gaps:

Althoughwepartlyunderstandthedriversoftheheatwave(ElNinoetc),wedon’tunderstandeffectsonecosystem.Therearerecentstudiestryingtounderstandthis.Coralbleachingisoneexampleofnegativeeffect.

Needbetterpredictiontools,toassistriskmanagementandpreparedness.Gaps:localscaleandbasinscaledoesnotcomplementeachother.

Effectofmarineheatwaveontheecosystemnotcompletelyunderstood.Requiresbio-physicalinteractionscience

OpportunitiesforDecade:

Predictiontobeimproved.TropicalPacificObservingsystemnowprovidingdatatotheclimatesector,butexpectedthatthiscouldcontributetosafeoceansbyimprovingTPOS2020-IOC/Westpacpartnership

Scienceinformedmanagementneedstobeimproved.

AudienceQ+A/discussion:

QuestionfromPhilippinesrep:Talkprovidedaniceframeworkonwhatwecandointhedecade.Mustconsidertheinputsofwhatcanbedonethroughphytoplanktonanalysis.Thisaffectsfisheries,aquacultureandpublichealth.SomeHABScanbecarriedbycurrents.

CommentfromAlaskarep(Molly):NorthernBearingSeatheoceantemperaturesare7.5degreesabovenormalandhavinglargeimpactsonecosystems.Thisisunusualandnew.CurrentlybeingresearchedbyNorthPacificResearchBoardanddistributedbiologicalobservatory(Korea,Japanese,Chinese,USeffort)doinglongtermtransects.

CommentfromRussiarep:AcademyofScienceinVladivostokstudiesbiodiversityonPacificCoastofRussia.Needtofocusonprimaryproducer,andparticularlythosewhichproducetoxin.Cyanobacteriaisstartingtodominateduetowatertemperature.Newtechnologyandstandardisedmethodsforspeciesidentificationrequired.InternationalSocietyforBiologicalRes(IMBER)Geneticdatabasesforbaselineknowledgeandcommondataamongcountries.

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Presentation:HarmfulAlgaelBloomsandWEST-PAC-HAB,MitsunoriIwataki

HarmfulAlgalBloomscausemassivefishkills,contaminationofSeafood,ecologicaldamage.

Twotypes:Redtide(killsfish)andtoxinproducers-seafoodcontamination(useshellfishasvectors).

WESTPAC-HAB.Twopurposes:1)UnderstandingthenatureandpopulationofHABS,2)Preventionofdamage.Under1)theprojectimprovesskillsforHABspeciesdetectionthroughtrainingcoursesonidentificationandDNAtechnologies.Thepartnershipalsoincludescollaborativesamplingandresearchintargetedareas.Anumberofpublicationswereproducedincludingscientificpapersandoutreachpamphlets.

Gaps:ScientificAuthority,Fisheriesauthorityandfishermen-seephotograph.

OpportunitiesforDecade:Callforthedecadetodeveloparegionalprograme.g.,HAB-AsiatopromoteHABstudies,exchangeinformationandapplicationofnewtechnologies.

OverlapwithallotherDecadethemes.

AudienceQ+A/discussion:

CommentfromRussianrepresentativefromAcademyofscienceinVladivostok(Tatiana?):Personalobservation.WESTPACwasimportantformycareerandforthedevelopmentoftheprograminRussia.Theprojectwasessentialforfurtheringthefield.

CommentfromAlaskarepresentative(MollyMcCammon):AnumberoforganisationsintheUShavedataandexpertiseinthistopic,whichcouldbeshared.

CommentfromGil(?)–Whetherinthedecadeofoceansciencecanweworkonpredictionandmodelling.ItappearstoworkwellintheUS,notsowellinAsia.Somecrossfertilisation,andbettermethodsrequired.NeedasuitablesensortoidentifyHAB’s.Someindustrieshavetriedtomeasurerealtimedataonnutrientsetc.andtides.Thismightworkunderidealscenario,butitisnoteasytopredictwheretheycomefromorgoto.

CommentfromFilipinorepresentative:Predictioninspeciesspecificandareaspecific.E.g.,ManillaBay,itcanhappybetweensummerandrainyseason,itisknownwherethecystsare,andwhatthecurrents

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are-sothisbloomiswellunderstood.InthePhilippinestherearemorespeciesarebeingidentified.Itisnotknownwhy(climatechange?)

Presentation5:TyphoonForecastGapsFangliQuaoWesternPacificgetstheworsthurricaneintensitiesandoftensuffersthemostdamage.ForecasttracksgettingbetterintheUS,however,intensityforecastsarenotimproving(strongwindsalwayshavelowpredictionsandviceversa).Itappearsthisisduetoinsufficientaccountinginocean-atmosphereheattransfer.

CommentbyWeidongYu.Thereismuchmoreoceandataavailableinthewesternpacificnow,andthedecadewillprovideanotheravenueforintensivestudytoimprovetheforecasts.ReplybyFangli:needtocouplethemodellingwithrealtimedatacollection

CommentbyFilipinorepresentative.InthePhilippines,itisnotonlythewindstrength,buttherainfallamountsthatcanbedevastating.Canthemodelspredictthis?ReplybyFangli.Yes,becausetheprecipitationisdependentontheintensity.

RoundTableDay2.Eachpersonpreparedupto3minutesfocusedonopportunitiesfordecade.

TeronMoore:Therearedifferenttemporalscalesforthesehazards.OpportunitiesforDecade:Inadditiontoscience,inourdiscussionswemustincludeHumanhealth,Socialwell-being,Economies,Environment.ImprovementsinthesciencemustincludeMonitoring,predicting,forecastingetc.

UgiIshimi:JapanMeteorologicalagencyissuesweatherwarnings.GapsandOpportunitiesforthedecade:Existingprogramsarenotbeingmaintained.Notclearhowtotranslateweathertoriskstogeneralpublic?

Japaneserepresentative:Gap:Therearetoomanyfalsealarmsinourwarningsystems.

Japaneserepresentative:OpportunitiesforDecade:Mustdevelophighaccuracy,highresolutionforecastmodeltopredicthowHABmoves

Russianrepresentative:changeintemperatureisthemostimportantissue.OpportunitiesforDecade:CanLakeBakal(whichisconsidereddead)beusedasanindicatororapowerfulexampleofglobalchange?

Filipinorepresentative.InthePhilippines,foodsecurityandfoodsafetyistoppriority.Manypeopleeatfromtheocean.OpportunitiesforDecade:Thescienceandpredictionofalgalbloomshasapowerfulchampionbehindit,namelyfoodsecurity.

Kazumi,TokaiUniversity.Socialscienceisrequired.

Japaneserepresentative.OpportunitiesforDecade:Developbettertoolsforspeciesidentification.Developastrongunderstandingoftheeconomicandsocialimpactsofthesehazards

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BenChurchill:Australiamovingtowardsimpactbasedforecasting.GapsandOpportunitiesforDecade:Gettingoutwiththestakeholdertounderstandpressurepoints,issuesandknowledgegaps.Thishelpsmaintaintrust.Guidelinesandstandardisation.Tapintoexistingdata(includingtraditionalknowledge)

Americanrepresentative:Collectingusefuldataiswelldone.Wecancollectthingseasilyandputthemintoscience.However,nottotallywiththestakeholdersinmind.OpportunitiesforDecade:Mustfullyunderstandstakeholdersneeds.

Indonesianrepresentative.Majorproblemissustainedobservation.Dartbuoyswereinstalledaftermajortsunami,butnotmaintained.OpportunitiesforDecade:Establishinexpensiveobservingsystemsthatarepalatableandconsideredimportantbyongoingresponsibleauthorities.

JapaneserepresentativefromJapaninstituteofTechnology-Somanyissuesinthecoastalzones.Forthedecadewhatshouldbetheimportantsubjecttotacklewithregardtosafeoceans?Don’tconcentrateoncollectingmoredataorgettingforecastsperfect.OpportunitiesforDecade:Wearelookingforsomethingnew.Ourissueisinintegration,networking,coordination,ofexistingprojectsanddata.

OpportunitiesforDecade:SummarydiscussiononHeatWaveandHABWemighthavemulti-hazardforecastingopportunities.Somebuoysforinstancecouldbeusedformultiplehazarddetection.

Manyopportunitiesarestilluntappedwithregardtoscienceandsocialscience.Thiswouldimprovetremendouslyintegrationofscienceintopolicy(currentlythescience-policyinterfaceispoorlydone).

Internationalsocietyforharmfulspecieshasadatabase.Notallcountriescontribute,soshouldbeencouragedinthedecade.Usedtohavegeohabprogram,whichshouldbecontinued.