wetlands (severin)
DESCRIPTION
Presentation given at the 6th Regional Conference on Nutrient Reduction in the Black Sea - Danube Basin in Ankara, Turkey.TRANSCRIPT
Christian Severin
International Waters - GEF
• Wetland classification
• Overview of projects in the Black Sea Danube region
• Nutrient reduction
• Economics
Classification of wetlands• Natural wetlands (swamps, marshes and similar
areas along edges of water bodies)
Rehabilitated Wetlands (pulling out dikes, redirecting streams and rivers, diversifying intensive agricultural practices)
• Constructed Wetlands (A modified natural or constructed shallow basin for treatment of contaminated waters by wetland vegetation)
Examples on different types of actions
Country Project Name Type of action (among others)
Albania/Macedonia (UNDP)
Integrated Ecosystem Management in the Prespa Lakes Basin of Albania, FYR-Macedonia and Greece
Construction of SFS/FWS systems
Bosnia-Herzegovina (WB)
Water Quality Protection Project Combination of constructed SFS, FWS and Natural wetland systems
Bulgaria (WB) Wetland Restoration and Pollution Reduction Project Rehabilitation of Natural Wetlands
Nutrient Reduction in the Danube and Black Sea Basin
Tranche Project title Status GEF $
1 Romania: Agricultural Pollution Control Approved 5.15
1 Bulgaria : Wetland Restoration and Pollution Reduction Approved 7.50
1 Moldova: Agricultural Pollution Control Approved 4.95
1/2 Turkey: Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Approved 7.00
2Serbia and Montenegro: Reduction of Enterprise Nutrient
Discharges Approved 9.02
2/3 Bosnia-Herzegovina : Water Quality Protection Approved 4.25
3 Hungary: Reduction of Nutrient Discharges Approved 12.50
3 Moldova: Wastewater, Environmental Infrastructure Approved 4.56
3 Romania: Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Approved 5.00
3 Croatia: Agricultural Pollution Control Pending 5.00
3 Ukraine: Odessa Wastewater Treatment Pending 5.00
Wetlands for Nutrient Reduction
• Construction of Wetlands to clean wastewater (Artificially created wetland with optimized functions for cleaning specific types of wastewater)
• Using natural wetlands to clean wastewater (Discharging directly into Wetlands, little alteration in the natural dynamics, not able to target specific types of wastewater, mainly used for tertiary treatment)
Constructed Wetlands
Horizontal
Flow System
Vertical
Flow System
Wastewater Sources
• Natural agricultural run-off (Fields, etc)• Agricultural manure, sludge• Domestic wastewater • Complex wastewater from sources such as:
• Slaughter houses• Dairies• Printing houses• Flower production• Oil Exploration water• Tanneries
Nutrient reduction: Wetlands contra Conventional
Free Water Syst. Subsurface Water Syst. Conventional
Efficiency BOD Good (80%) Good (70-80%) Very Good (≥90%)
SS Good (80%) Very good (80-90%) Very Good (≥90%)
N Mediocre (65-70%) Mediocre (70%) Very Good (≥90%)
P Limited (50%) Limited (50%) Very Good (≥90%)
ColiForm Very Good (≥90%) Very Good (≥90%) Very Good (≥90%)
Chemical/Biological efficiency of Wetlands
Nutrient reduction in % using Constructed Wetlands
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
POMAR S.A Sogamoso Sondre Thise Lake Manzala
Dairy, Colombia Slaughter house,Colombia
Domestic, Denmark Domestic andindustrial, Egypt
UNDP/GEF
N %
P %
BOD %
Social/Cultural aspects
Free Water Syst. Subsurface Water Syst.
Conventional
Area needed per PE High 2 m2 – 15 m2 High 1 - 10 m2 Is a minor issue
Animal infestation risk high Medium low
Odor nuisances high Low Low
Mosquito breeding High Low Low
Cold climate stability Mediocre High High
Inclusion of the public Crucial Crucial Important
Wetlands contra Conventional
Wetlands contra Conventional Political and financial Aspects
Free Water Syst. Subsurface Water Syst.
Conventional
OM skills needed Low Low high
Investment indexed 50-60 35-60 100
Operation US$ (1998) 7500 7200 15.200
Depreciation of invest. 20 yr 20 yr 12 yr
The Political/Economical/Social importance of Wetlands
• Local (Water security, Food, money generation, health)
• National (Impact on national water ways, health, political stability)
• Regional - e.g. Lake Vic, Black Sea (social, economical and political stability)
• International (Strategic importance for Politicians, WB, UNDP, GEF etc.)