wetlands, invertebrates and waterfowl what’s the connection?

Wetlands, Invertebrates Wetlands, Invertebrates and Waterfowland Waterfowl

What’s the Connection?What’s the Connection?

Phylum Phylum AnnelidaAnnelida

Segmented WormsSegmented Worms

Fireworm

Bloodworms

Christmas tree worm

Leech

Annelid CharacteristicsAnnelid Characteristics Segmentation Segmentation

both internal both internal and externaland external

Allows for Allows for specializationspecialization

Phylum Annelida Segmented Worms

Two classes are important in freshwater:

Oligochaeta (worms)

Hirudinea (leaches)

One class important in marine environment

Polychaeta (polychaets)

Important for waterfowl feeding in estuaries and marine waters

Probably Probably descended descended from marine from marine polychaetpolychaet

Either Either terrestrial, terrestrial, freshwater, freshwater, or wetlandsor wetlands

Class OligochaetaClass Oligochaeta(few hairs)(few hairs)

Oligochaet DiversityOligochaet Diversity

Ecology and DistributionEcology and Distribution

Many species are cosmopolitan or very widespreadMany species are cosmopolitan or very widespread

However, some species have very limited However, some species have very limited distributiondistribution

Biogeography of species has not been well studiedBiogeography of species has not been well studied

Some may have naturally wide rangesSome may have naturally wide ranges

Others may be introductions similar to the zebra mussel or Others may be introductions similar to the zebra mussel or asiatic clam or water hyacinthasiatic clam or water hyacinth

Ecology of worm communities is not well understoodEcology of worm communities is not well understood

Freshwater, Freshwater, terrestrial, or terrestrial, or wetlandswetlands

Have suckers Have suckers (anterior and/or (anterior and/or posterior)posterior) some are some are

predatorspredators some are some are

facultative facultative parasitesparasites

some eat some eat organic organic materialmaterial

Class HirudineaClass Hirudinea(Greek for leech)(Greek for leech)

no setaeno setae

69 species are known from North America69 species are known from North America Most are not parasiticMost are not parasitic Majority are predators feeding on Majority are predators feeding on

invertebratesinvertebrates Most are freshwaterMost are freshwater

a few are marinea few are marine a few live in very moist terrestrial habitatsa few live in very moist terrestrial habitats

Most abundant in northern regions, i.e., Most abundant in northern regions, i.e., MN, WS, etc.MN, WS, etc.

Class HirudineaClass Hirudinea

Parasitic speciesParasitic species

Are Are sanguivoroussanguivorous (feeding on blood); are temporary parasites (feeding on blood); are temporary parasites (i.e., take a blood meal then leave host)(i.e., take a blood meal then leave host)

Feed on the blood of:Feed on the blood of: fishfish turtlesturtles amphibiansamphibians birdsbirds humans and other mammalshumans and other mammals

Three or more blood meals are required before reaching maturityThree or more blood meals are required before reaching maturity

Non-parasitic speciesNon-parasitic species

Function is similar to earthworms, i.e. feed on detritusFunction is similar to earthworms, i.e. feed on detritus

Class HirudineaClass Hirudinea

Phylum Phylum ArthropodaArthropodaIntroductionIntroduction

Age of ArthropodsAge of Arthropods Largest phylum of animals Largest phylum of animals Over 900,000 species describedOver 900,000 species described Includes:Includes:

spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks } mostly terrestrialspiders, scorpions, mites, ticks } mostly terrestrial insects, millipedes, centipedes } mostly terrestrialinsects, millipedes, centipedes } mostly terrestrial crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfishes } mostly marinecrabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfishes } mostly marine

Very adaptive - found in virtually every habitatVery adaptive - found in virtually every habitat

ArthropodaArthropodaGeneral CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

WHY ARTHROPODS ARE WHY ARTHROPODS ARE SO SUCCESSFUL?SO SUCCESSFUL?

Versatile exoskeletonVersatile exoskeleton Specialization of appendagesSpecialization of appendages Air piped to cells directly Air piped to cells directly

InsectsInsects Highly developed sensory organsHighly developed sensory organs Complex behavior patternsComplex behavior patterns Reduced competition through Reduced competition through

metamorphosismetamorphosis Insects and marine crustaceans Insects and marine crustaceans

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum ArthropodaHigher ClassificationHigher Classification

Living Subphyla: Living Subphyla:

Chelicerata- arachnids and their relativesChelicerata- arachnids and their relatives

Crustacea- crayfish, shrimp, crabs, etc.Crustacea- crayfish, shrimp, crabs, etc.

Uniramia- millipedes, centipedes, insectsUniramia- millipedes, centipedes, insects

Approximately 35,000 species Approximately 35,000 species worldwideworldwide

13 orders found in U.S. 13 orders found in U.S. Only 5 are strictly freshwater Only 5 are strictly freshwater Includes 1200 freshwater speciesIncludes 1200 freshwater species

Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Crustacea

Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum CrustaceaClass BranchiopodaClass Branchiopoda

very primitive very primitive crustaceanscrustaceans

No specialized No specialized respiratory structures- respiratory structures- use legsuse legs

Most are filter feedersMost are filter feeders Most are microscopicMost are microscopic Many live in Many live in

temporary aquatic temporary aquatic habitats, i.e., wetlandshabitats, i.e., wetlands

Class BranchiopodaClass Branchiopoda

Divided into 4 orders:Divided into 4 orders:

Anostraca; fairy shrimpAnostraca; fairy shrimp Notostraca; tadpole Notostraca; tadpole

shrimpshrimp Conchostraca; clam Conchostraca; clam

shrimpshrimp Cladocera; water fleas; Cladocera; water fleas;

Order AnostracaOrder Anostracafairy shrimpfairy shrimp

Elongated, Elongated, somewhat somewhat cylindrical, cylindrical, separated from separated from other branchiopods other branchiopods by not having a by not having a carapacecarapace

Have a pair of Have a pair of compound stalked compound stalked eyes and single eyes and single eyespoteyespot

Fairy shrimp range Fairy shrimp range from 5-100 mm in from 5-100 mm in lengthlength

Order AnostracaOrder Anostracafairy shrimpfairy shrimp

Each segment with a pair of appendages which Each segment with a pair of appendages which function forfunction for LocomotionLocomotion Food gatheringFood gathering RespirationRespiration

Are dioecious with internal fertilizationAre dioecious with internal fertilization Males usually less abundant than femalesMales usually less abundant than females Are distributed locally and sporadicallyAre distributed locally and sporadically Inhabit temporary ponds or pools Inhabit temporary ponds or pools

(wetlands)(wetlands) Presence of adults is very seasonalPresence of adults is very seasonal Generation time is very shortGeneration time is very short

usually about 3 weeks or as long as 24 weeksusually about 3 weeks or as long as 24 weeks

Order AnostracaOrder AnostracaLife HistoryLife History

Order NotostracaOrder Notostracatadpole shrimptadpole shrimp

Have a large rounded Have a large rounded carapace that covers carapace that covers the head and thoraxthe head and thorax separates it from other separates it from other

orders in classorders in class

Segments or “body Segments or “body rings” have more than rings” have more than one pair of appendages, one pair of appendages, unique to this groupunique to this group

May have from 35 to 70 May have from 35 to 70 pairs of appendages pairs of appendages depending on speciesdepending on species

Inhabit temporary pools in western U.S.Inhabit temporary pools in western U.S. Not good swimmers so creep and burrow Not good swimmers so creep and burrow

into substrateinto substrate Eggs maintained by females in ovisacs Eggs maintained by females in ovisacs

attached to 11th segmentattached to 11th segment Feed on microorganisms and detritusFeed on microorganisms and detritus

Order NotostracaOrder Notostracatadpole shrimptadpole shrimp

Order ConchostracaOrder Conchostraca clam shrimpclam shrimp

Order Order ConchostracaConchostraca

clam shrimpclam shrimp Characterized by a Characterized by a

bivalve shell- actually bivalve shell- actually the carapace that is the carapace that is foldedfolded

Has growth lines, Has growth lines, each indicating a each indicating a single ecdysis or single ecdysis or moltmolt

Body divided into 2 Body divided into 2 regions: head and regions: head and trunktrunk

Order ConchostracaOrder Conchostraca clam shrimpclam shrimp

Are free swimming, living near Are free swimming, living near bottom of lakes, ponds and bottom of lakes, ponds and temporary ponds or poolstemporary ponds or pools

Have very spotty distribution Have very spotty distribution and are extremely seasonal, and are extremely seasonal, but are widespreadbut are widespread

Are filter feeders feeding on Are filter feeders feeding on microorganisms and detritusmicroorganisms and detritus

Females deposits eggs into Females deposits eggs into brood chamberbrood chamber

When she molts eggs When she molts eggs remain in exuvium and fall remain in exuvium and fall to bottom where they to bottom where they hatchhatch

Order CladoceraOrder Cladocera water fleaswater fleas

More than half of the More than half of the 800 living species of 800 living species of branchiopods are branchiopods are cladoceranscladocerans

Most closely related to Most closely related to conchostracans; share conchostracans; share a bivalve carapacea bivalve carapace

Size ranges from 0.2 to Size ranges from 0.2 to 3.0 mm3.0 mm


All have a distinct head All have a distinct head and a bivalve carapaceand a bivalve carapace

Have a single sessile Have a single sessile compound eye and a compound eye and a smaller ocellussmaller ocellus


Body divided Body divided into head, into head, thorax and thorax and abdomenabdomen

Most cladocerans also exhibit daily Most cladocerans also exhibit daily vertical migrationvertical migration

Live in deep waters during the dayLive in deep waters during the day

Migrate to shallow waters at nightMigrate to shallow waters at night

It is usually related to food gatheringIt is usually related to food gathering


Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum CrustaceaClass MaxillopodaClass Maxillopoda

Important component of Important component of the zooplankton of the zooplankton of freshwaters and marine freshwaters and marine waters of the worldwaters of the worldhave no abdominal have no abdominal appendagesappendages

Includes organisms like: Includes organisms like: copepods and fish licecopepods and fish lice

CLASS OSTRACODACLASS OSTRACODA(seed shrimp)(seed shrimp)

Bivalved carapace; range from 0.35-7.0 mmBivalved carapace; range from 0.35-7.0 mm

Easily distinguished from Conchostraca byEasily distinguished from Conchostraca by absence of growth lines on carapaceabsence of growth lines on carapace few appendagesfew appendages

About 2000 species about 1/3 are freshwaterAbout 2000 species about 1/3 are freshwater

Inhabit wide variety of habitats: lakes, swamps, Inhabit wide variety of habitats: lakes, swamps, streams, caves, oceans, on crayfishesstreams, caves, oceans, on crayfishes


EcologyEcology

Very tolerant organisms to thermal and organic Very tolerant organisms to thermal and organic pollutionpollution

Many can live in oxygen depleted waters for a Many can live in oxygen depleted waters for a period of timeperiod of time

Eggs and last few larval stage may aestivate to Eggs and last few larval stage may aestivate to survive drying and freezingsurvive drying and freezing

Larvae may bury themselves in mudLarvae may bury themselves in mud


Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum CrustaceaClass MalacostracaClass Malacostraca

Largest and most Largest and most successful crustacean successful crustacean classclass

Most are marine with Most are marine with complicated life cycles complicated life cycles that include several that include several larval stageslarval stages

Freshwater forms Freshwater forms usually have direct usually have direct developmentdevelopment

MalacostracansMalacostracansIsopods

Amphipods

Decapods

Mysid Shrimp

Order AmphipodaOrder Amphipoda(Side Swimmers, Scuds)(Side Swimmers, Scuds)

Are about 100 Are about 100 freshwater species in freshwater species in North AmericaNorth America

Unlike isopods there are Unlike isopods there are not terrestrial speciesnot terrestrial species

Live in lakes, ponds, Live in lakes, ponds, streams, springs and streams, springs and subterranean waterssubterranean waters

Usually found in clean Usually found in clean and unpolluted watersand unpolluted waters


Range from 5-20 mm; Range from 5-20 mm; are laterally compressedare laterally compressed

Like isopods the Like isopods the cephalothorax is a cephalothorax is a combination of head and combination of head and first thoracic segmentfirst thoracic segment

Compound eyes Compound eyes usually well developed and usually well developed and

sessilesessile in subterranean forms are in subterranean forms are

reduced or absentreduced or absent

Most commonly found in streams and Most commonly found in streams and lakes where there is a lot of decaying lakes where there is a lot of decaying vegetationvegetation

Skeletal decaying leavesSkeletal decaying leaves

Can be found in very large numbersCan be found in very large numbers


ORDER ISOPODAORDER ISOPODA(Pill bugs or sow bugs)(Pill bugs or sow bugs)

Are mainly terrestrial Are mainly terrestrial (only crustacean group (only crustacean group with significant number with significant number of terrestrial species) or of terrestrial species) or marinemarine

Are about 80 freshwater Are about 80 freshwater species in North Americaspecies in North America

Live primarily in springs, Live primarily in springs, streams subterranean streams subterranean waterswaters


Flattened dorsoventrallyFlattened dorsoventrally

Lack a carapaceLack a carapace

EcologyEcology

Species usually reside in clean waters, Species usually reside in clean waters, feed on decaying vegetation on the bottomfeed on decaying vegetation on the bottom

Some have been used as water quality Some have been used as water quality indicators; especially for organic pollutionindicators; especially for organic pollution

Live in the same habitats as amphipods, Live in the same habitats as amphipods, also can be found in large numbersalso can be found in large numbers


Order DecapodaOrder Decapoda

Freshwater species Freshwater species include crayfishes and include crayfishes and shrimpshrimp

Most are in more Most are in more permanent waters but permanent waters but wetlands adjoining wetlands adjoining permanent water will permanent water will have these specieshave these species

More common species More common species in wetland areas are in wetland areas are burrowing crayfishesburrowing crayfishes

ECOLOGICAL CATEGORIESECOLOGICAL CATEGORIESOF CRAYFISHESOF CRAYFISHES

Epigean- surface Epigean- surface water specieswater species LoticLotic LenticLentic

Hypogean- subsurface Hypogean- subsurface water specieswater species BurrowersBurrowers Cave DwellersCave Dwellers

Cambarus deweesae

Orconectes juvenilis

Orconectes inermis

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum UniramiaSubphylum Uniramia

Subphylum UniramiaSubphylum Uniramia

IncludesIncludes Millipedes and CentipedesMillipedes and Centipedes

Completely terrestrialCompletely terrestrial Not important to waterfowlNot important to waterfowl

InsectsInsects Aquatic insects of greatest importance to Aquatic insects of greatest importance to

waterfowlwaterfowl

Aquatic InsectsAquatic Insects

What’s an Aquatic Insect?What’s an Aquatic Insect?

Any insect that spends at least part of its life in Any insect that spends at least part of its life in waterwater

In most aquatic insects that stage is the In most aquatic insects that stage is the immature or larval stageimmature or larval stage

Some aquatics live in water as adults, which is Some aquatics live in water as adults, which is generally the dispersal stagegenerally the dispersal stage

Aquatic stages most important to waterfowlAquatic stages most important to waterfowl

Order EphemeropteraOrder Ephemeroptera

MayfliesMayflies

EphemeropteraEphemeroptera

2000 Species 2000 Species worldwideworldwide

568 North American 568 North American speciesspecies

Primarily collector-Primarily collector-gatherersgatherers

Extremely abundant in Extremely abundant in lotic habitats, not so lotic habitats, not so much in lentic habitatsmuch in lentic habitats

Order OdonataOrder Odonata

Dragonflies and DamselfliesDragonflies and Damselflies

Unique FeatureUnique Feature Larvae of this order Larvae of this order

can be separated from can be separated from all other insect orders all other insect orders by the form of the by the form of the labiumlabium

It is developed into a It is developed into a protractile organ which protractile organ which is used for grasping is used for grasping living prey; living prey;

They are strictly They are strictly predators as adults and predators as adults and larvaelarvae

Odonate HabitatsOdonate Habitats

Most larvae develop in freshwater; a few are Most larvae develop in freshwater; a few are semiaquatic and live in bogs; few live in brackish semiaquatic and live in bogs; few live in brackish water;water;

Are found in all types of aquatic habitats- ranging Are found in all types of aquatic habitats- ranging from ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, canals, roadside from ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, canals, roadside ditchesditches

Adults however are excellent fliers; some of the best in Adults however are excellent fliers; some of the best in the insect world (except for some Diptera and the insect world (except for some Diptera and Hymenoptera), and are often found miles from waterHymenoptera), and are often found miles from water

Larvae in lentic and wetland habitats probably most Larvae in lentic and wetland habitats probably most important to waterfowlimportant to waterfowl

Order HemipteraOrder Hemiptera

BugsBugs

Suborder HeteropteraSuborder Heteroptera Are known as "true bugs"Are known as "true bugs"

They can be separated from all other They can be separated from all other insects on the basis of their insects on the basis of their mouthpartsmouthparts they form a segmented beak that is they form a segmented beak that is

used for piercingused for piercing

All aquatic species are predators, All aquatic species are predators, except waterboatmen are ooze except waterboatmen are ooze feedersfeeders

Both adults and immatures found in Both adults and immatures found in waterwater

Potentially very important to Potentially very important to waterfowl, i.e., common in lentic waterfowl, i.e., common in lentic habitats and wetlandshabitats and wetlands

Suborder HeteropteraSuborder Heteroptera

In Kentucky 6 families are In Kentucky 6 families are totally aquatic; leaving the totally aquatic; leaving the water only to migrate:water only to migrate:

waterboatmenwaterboatmen giant water bugsgiant water bugs water scorpionswater scorpions creeping water bugscreeping water bugs pygmy backswimmerspygmy backswimmers BackswimmersBackswimmers

Probably an important food Probably an important food source for some diving source for some diving ducksducks

Suborder HeteropteraSuborder Heteroptera

Remaining families Remaining families considered semiaquaticconsidered semiaquatic

Five families live on the Five families live on the surface filmsurface film

Two families live at the Two families live at the margins of streams and margins of streams and lakeslakes

Order TrichopteraOrder Trichoptera

CaddisfliesCaddisflies

TrichopteraTrichoptera

Truly aquatic orderTruly aquatic order

Adult terrestrialAdult terrestrial

Larvae aquatic Larvae aquatic

TrichopteraTrichoptera

Larvae of caddisflies are Larvae of caddisflies are common in almost any common in almost any type of aquatic habitat; type of aquatic habitat;

Many families within the Many families within the order are restricted to order are restricted to lotic habitats, lotic habitats,

But a large number have But a large number have adapted to the lentic adapted to the lentic environment; environment;

Some species live in Some species live in temporary streams or temporary streams or ponds ponds

TrichopteraTrichoptera The most interesting aspects The most interesting aspects

of caddisflies is construction of caddisflies is construction of the shelters by the larvae; of the shelters by the larvae;

this is done with the use of this is done with the use of silk- caddisflies are among 6 silk- caddisflies are among 6 orders of insects that are orders of insects that are able to produce silkable to produce silk

this also is the reason they this also is the reason they have received the attention have received the attention they have gotten; some of they have gotten; some of the cases are of the cases are of extraordinary construction!!extraordinary construction!!

Larvae are part of all trophic Larvae are part of all trophic levels in aquatic systemslevels in aquatic systems

Order ColeopteraOrder Coleoptera

Aquatic BeetlesAquatic Beetles

ColeopteraColeoptera

Single largest order Single largest order of insectsof insects It includes about It includes about

400,000 described 400,000 described speciesspecies

Of these only about Of these only about 5000 are aquatic in at 5000 are aquatic in at least part of their life least part of their life cyclecycle

About 1000 species About 1000 species are known from are known from North AmericaNorth America


Adults are aquaticAdults are aquatic

Larvae are aquaticLarvae are aquatic

Pupae are Pupae are terrestrialterrestrial


LarvaeLarvae

Resemble Resemble caddisflies or caddisflies or hellgrammiteshellgrammites

Differ in anal Differ in anal prolegs, and other prolegs, and other featuresfeatures

Biology and EcologyBiology and Ecology

Live in a wide spectrum of habitats including:Live in a wide spectrum of habitats including: springs, streams, ponds, lakes, brackish water, rocky springs, streams, ponds, lakes, brackish water, rocky

seashores seashores

Most aquatic beetles are substrate dwellers, but some Most aquatic beetles are substrate dwellers, but some are good swimmersare good swimmers

Many species live in cracks and crevices or burrows and Many species live in cracks and crevices or burrows and seldom get into open waterseldom get into open water

Many species like to live among aquatic plantsMany species like to live among aquatic plants

Most species need to come to the surface for airMost species need to come to the surface for air May be most vulnerable to waterfowl at this timeMay be most vulnerable to waterfowl at this time


DIPTERADIPTERA

TRUE FLIESTRUE FLIES

DipteraDiptera

Contains the true Contains the true flies: flies:

GnatsGnats MosquitoesMosquitoes MidgesMidges HorsefliesHorseflies BlackfliesBlackflies Craneflies, etc.Craneflies, etc.

DipteraDiptera

In North America about In North America about 3500 species have been 3500 species have been describeddescribed

The group includes many The group includes many economically important economically important pests such as mosquitoes, pests such as mosquitoes, blackflies, horseflies, blackflies, horseflies, sandflies, etc.sandflies, etc.

Are vectors of diseases Are vectors of diseases such as malaria, filariasis, such as malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, and yellow fever, and encephalitisencephalitis

DipteraDiptera Besides the pest Besides the pest

species species Dipterans constitute an Dipterans constitute an

important ecological role important ecological role

Many function as Many function as Decomposers, Decomposers, Filter feeders Filter feeders Detritus feeders Detritus feeders And generally act as And generally act as

agents in the recycling of agents in the recycling of nutrientsnutrients

Often found in huge Often found in huge numbers (1000s/m2)numbers (1000s/m2)

Therefore may be an Therefore may be an important food source for important food source for waterfowlwaterfowl

DipteraDiptera AdultsAdults

The hindwings are The hindwings are extremely reduced to extremely reduced to form club shaped form club shaped balancing structures balancing structures called called haltereshalteres

The mouthparts are The mouthparts are modified for sucking modified for sucking or lapping liquid; or lapping liquid; foodfood

In many families the In many families the mouthparts in at least mouthparts in at least the females form a the females form a piercing structurepiercing structure

DipteraDiptera

Larvae Larvae

NeverNever possess true, possess true, segmented legs; segmented legs;

They may have They may have several pairs of several pairs of prolegsprolegs

Female Male

EggsLarva

Pupa

Life Cycle

GENERAL LIFE HISTORYGENERAL LIFE HISTORY

Characteristically egg Characteristically egg stage is very brief (few stage is very brief (few days to 2 weeks)days to 2 weeks)

3-4 (some have more) 3-4 (some have more) larval instars; first 3 larval instars; first 3 usually short in relation to usually short in relation to lastlast

Pupal stage lasts 5-12 days Pupal stage lasts 5-12 days

Adult stage lasts few days Adult stage lasts few days to several months; females to several months; females generally live longer than generally live longer than malesmales

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Two important freshwater groupsTwo important freshwater groups

Class Gastropoda – snailsClass Gastropoda – snails

Class Bivalvia – clams and musselsClass Bivalvia – clams and mussels

Class GastropodaClass Gastropodasnails and slugssnails and slugs

Common Freshwater Common Freshwater Gastropod FamiliesGastropod Families

Pleuroceridae Viviparidae Physidae Lymnaeidae Planorbidae

Freshwater Bivalve FamiliesFreshwater Bivalve Families

Unionidae – Freshwater mussels The most important family Contains about 300 North

American species Sphaeriidae - fingernail

clams Corbiculidae - asiatic

clam Dreissenidae- zebra

mussel

Why as a wildlife biologist Why as a wildlife biologist is it important to is it important to understand these understand these

organisms?organisms?

Are they just food items?Are they just food items?

Or do they give insight to Or do they give insight to waterfowl species?waterfowl species?

They can help answer They can help answer questions important questionsquestions important questions

How do these birds How do these birds feed?feed? Filter feeders?Filter feeders?

Special modifications Special modifications of bills?of bills?

Hunters?Hunters?

Where do they feed?Where do they feed? In the water column?In the water column? On the bottom?On the bottom?

When do they feed When do they feed and on what?and on what?

What resources are What resources are important to them?important to them? Temporary waters?Temporary waters? Permanent waters?Permanent waters?

Can help in Can help in management decisionsmanagement decisions

wetlands, invertebrates and waterfowl what’s the connection?

Documents

species describedincludes

distributionmany species

species worldwide13

blood meals

asiatic clam

temporary parasites

introductions similar

uniramia millipedes