western ideology for scocial change.ppt

MEDIEVAL PERIOD1.JUDEO-CHRISTIAN IDEOLOGIES

Historical Context of Origin and Development

To about 1700 BC – Judaism existed before Greek philosophersChristianity was a social movement in Judaism Jesus wanted to reform Judaism not replace it and did not mention himself

as the founder of ChristianityChristianity was rejected by Jews and RomansPaul a disciple of Jesus spreads Christianity ,Christianity becomes the official

religion later. After the fall of Western Roman Empire Europe was divided into regional powersThe pope was had religious and political authority

Social Context

MonarchiesFeudalism an important featureFeudal lords were powerful, they controlled the churches and gave them lands

Perception of people and Social Problems

Adam and Eve committed Original SinGOD sent his son Jesus to wash away our sinsOne GOD and 3 persons Holy Trinity) –Father, son and the Holy Ghost/spirit

MEDIEVAL PERIODMEDIEVAL PERIOD

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

JUDAISM-Hebrew Bible-Old Testament for ChristiansTORAH(GODS revelation to MOSES)-One GOD worship him alone -Coming of Messiah-Ten Commandments-Rewards and punishment according to ones deeds-Christianity retained the importance of the Hebrew Bible-Jesus used the ten commandments for moral and ethical teachings-Love of GOD and love of neighbours and enemies-GOD made the church, administered by priests-Priests Responsibility to offer Seven sacraments is very important-JUDAISM and CHRISTIANITY gave greatest importance to CHARITY

Implications for social change Judeo-Christian – development of western culture Power of Pope (divine and final) in matters of political and social Conflict between European rulers and the Pope MEDIEVAL PERIODMEDIEVAL PERIOD

2.SECULAR HUMANISIM -Revival of Importance of Human Beings

Historical Context of Origin and Development

12th & 13th centuries – Trade increased - barter economy to money economy Traders and merchants supported the kings Feudal lords declined

Social Context

New class provided services (managers and clerks)Rise of middle class Foundation of Renaissance (began in Italy 1300 and spread all over Western Europe)Emphasis on science and humanism

Perception of people and Social Problems

Scholars and Artists rediscover ancient humanistic works


IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Secular Humanism liberated humanity from religionQuestion the church regarding social lifeReplaced religion Moral obligations are to be discharged voluntarily by every personMan is a part of nature

Implications

Ethical basis for civil society in the modern era Let to secularism in politics which lead to separation of religion from politics


3. Protestantism – Promotion of individualism and work ethics

Historical Context of Origin and Development• Influence of Renaissance and unscientific attitude of the catholic church

was challenged • 16th century corruption in catholic church sparked a religious movement

called reformation • It lead to several protestant groups – new churches came

Social ContextMartin Luther – A leading reformer – work his service to GODPeople who do not work are sinnersFavoured the development of a rational bourgeois life

IDEALS,RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGEProtestants rejected authority of Roman catholic churchProtestants turn to the bible as authority – Bible translated to englishStressed faith in GOD

Implications Pursuit of wealth, stripped of its religious and ethical meaningProfit motive


1.Rationalism Historical Context of Origin• Philosophic outlook that arose in the 1600s, • Age of reason or enlightenment for humankind, • opposed to superstitious and ignorant ‘Dark Ages’ IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE• Shift away from religious sensibilities to scientific objectivity• Reasoning replaced religion as the source of knowledge• The 17th century philosophers in Europe emphasized division

between mind and matter• Philosophers focused the mind and left the inquiry about matter to

science. Values were separated from facts. Implications• 19th century closed, modern science was firmly embedded• Scientific humanism rejects every method of inquiry other than

scientific• Western science had assumed a God-like supremacy which was to

endure throughout most of the 20th century

MODERN PERIODMODERN PERIOD

2. Welfarism Historical Context of Origin and Development

England was leading among the Protestant countriesBegging and alms-giving were outlawed except for the “worthy” poor.The Henrican Poor Law acknowledged that the state rather than the church or volunteers must play some role in caring for the poor.Scientists criticized that direct and religious charity was indiscriminate and not scientific.England enacted the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601

Perception of People and Social ProblemsThe Elizabethan Poor Law provided for helpless people whose needs were large and likely to be prolonged – orphans, the handicapped, the chronically ill and the feeble agedPerceived as sources of political trouble, failures of the systemThose who did not work were accused of sinfulness or immorality

INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONSElizabethan Poor Law said that it is the duty of the parish to help the poorAble bodied poor forced to work in work houses –minimum care was providedPopulation increased more than food suppliesMalthus a liberal economist said that charity would make people lazy1834- New Poor Law-Government not responsible for employment1930s –Great Depression-Social Welfare Programmes throughout the world


3.Liberalism and DemocracyHistorical Context of Origin and Development

Science replaced religion and ideologyIndividual initiative and controlProduction process from agriculture to IndustrialPeoples rule emerged, it limited the kings powersA new social class emerged-bankers, traders, manufacturersSocio-political changes –bourgeois revolutionAmerican and French revolutionRacial Hatred –Nazi ruled GermanyColonies in the world

IDEALS, RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply and demand will regulate not only prices of goods but also the incomes of those who produce the goodsGovernment should not interfere in trade and provide social benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfare


4.Utilitarianism and Social DarwinismHistorical Context of Origin and Development

Liberalist ideology and Industrial revolution made European nationalism aggressive promoting international trade and colonization in Asia and Africa

Machines made more goodsRaw materials came from colonies


Adam Smith a classical economist said that supply and demand will regulate not only prices of goods but also the incomes of those who produce the goodsGovernment should not interfere in trade and provide social benefits for heavy losers in the form of welfareSurvival of the fittest –SOCIAL DARWINISM –profitable people survive , Worthy and Non-worthyKinship system changed-Monogamy by Polygamy

IMPLICATIONSIndividualism became essential for the economic growthPleasure the ultimate right of every personUSA-Equal opportunity for allRacism against ethnic groups


5.SocialismHistorical Context of Origin and Development

Plato had told that that the ruling class own everything in commonDuring the French revolution the ideology emergedCommon ownership of economic resources by the direct producers or the workers

Perception of People and Social ProblemsKarl Marx –father of socialismInequality of classesNewer modes of production facilitated conflict between classes


People questioned the capitalistic societyWorkers all over the world unitePrivate property was abolishedClass struggleBirth of Trade Unions and Labour UnionsKarl Marx’s writings made an impact all over the worldSocialists founded new parties called communist partiesRise of Communist countries,Russia,China

INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONSMarxist ideologies contributed to: Industrialization, price stability, women's

labour forces, full employment, advance of science and technology, improved eductaion, health and welfare systems, child care facilities


6.Human RightsHistorical Context of Origin and Development

Increased enmity among European nations led to World War-I in 1914 after the war the economy of the winner and looser collapseUS remained a rich country because of its tradeEuropean countries borrowed from USEuropean industries came to a standstillRise of military dictatorship-Italy, Germany, SpainAggressive and expansionist policies led to World War-IIMore economic losses compelled them to end colonizationThis time too US emerged as a super powerAfter the war in 1945 the united nations was set upUnited nations main aim was to prevent war in futureIt gave the hope for global peace

Perception of People and Social Problems UN report states that the denial of human rights is not only an individual and

personal tragedy but also creates conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of violence and the conflict within and between societies and nations



Judeo-Christian ideology influences the western idea of revolutions and human rightsHuman rights are those rights that are inherent in pure nature and without which, we cannot live as human beingsDeclaration of Human RightsAll international communities must abide by it1948—30 articles-drew together ideas shared by many political, cultural, and religious traditions to set out the treatment that everyone in the world would accept as a member of the human family1966-Covenants (agreements) International covenant on Economic,social,cultural,civil,political rights

Liberal ideology is born. freedom from torture,slavery,forced labour,freedom of movement,thought,opinion,conscience,religion……..

INTERVENTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Individualistic Liberal humanism


western ideology for scocial change.ppt

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