western gulf invasive weed issues: a regional perspective from the usda-aphis viewpoint
DESCRIPTION
Western Gulf Invasive Weed Issues: a regional perspective from the USDA-APHIS viewpoint. Dr. C.L. Ramsey USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST National Weed Management Lab Fort Collins, CO. Outline. Invasive weed issues APHIS-PPQ weed policies Invasive definitions Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Western Gulf Invasive Weed Issues: a regional perspective
from the USDA-APHIS viewpoint
Dr. C.L. RamseyUSDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
National Weed Management LabFort Collins, CO
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Outline
• Invasive weed issues• APHIS-PPQ weed policies• Invasive definitions• Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act• National Weed Mgt Lab• Biocontrol• Chemical and cultural control• Restoration
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Biological pollution
• Approx. 5,000 “escaped” plants in USA
• Florida– 25,000 exotics– 900 “escaped” or 3.6% invasive status
• Cheatgrass reduced fire cycle from 60 – 110 years to 3 – 5 years
• Cogongrass max. fire temp – 458 C
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Cogongrass infestationHarvested - July 2000
Aerial photo – Oct 2003Site prep- Velpar ULW 4.7
lb/ac
Cogongrass
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Cogongrass – Nov. 2005
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Cogongrass – Nov. 2005
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Cogongrass – Nov. 2005
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Witchweed program• Witchweed (Striga spp.) is a
parasitic weed in corn, sorghum, and other economic crops
• ARS started eradication in 1958 in North and South Carolina
• APHIS - continuing eradication – $175 – $200 million – 439,781 ac. Initially infested– 2, 626 ac. – treat about 1,000
ac/yr– Use ethylene to stimulate
germination of Striga
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Texas weed programs
• Orobanche ramosa– Blue flower – 22 counties
– White flower – Karnes county
• Eradication project – about 20 years
• Survey for tropical soda apple– Jasper county – one ranch
• Biocontrol for giant salvinia and hydrilla
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Animal Plant Health Inspection Service - APHIS
• Mission – Protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources
• Goal 1 – Safeguard the health of animals, plants, and ecosystems in the USA
• Goal 2 – Facilitate safe agricultural trade
• Goal 3 – Ensure the effective and efficient management of programs to achieve APHIS mission
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APHIS Weed Policy Goals• Goal 1: Exclude Noxious Weeds of quarantine pest significance
• Goal 2: Detect and evaluate incipient infestations of weeds not known to occur in the U.S.; and detect and delimit introduced Federal Noxious Weeds.
• Goal 3: Control (i.e. suppress, contain, or eradicate) populations of high risk weeds
• Goal 4: Develop and Communicate information - internally and externally to promote noxious weed awareness and action.
• Goal 5. Provide Administrative guidance for the APHIS weed program
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Invasive weed lists• Federal Noxious Weeds
– quarantine based, – 72 terrestrial spp., 19 aquatic/wetland spp., 68 parasitic spp.
• State lists:– Texas – 30 total species – Florida – 142 total species
• NatureServ – 382 species– Plan to assess 3,500 species– Ranked by ecological impacts, distribution, spread rate, and
management difficulty– Based on current status – not predictive listing– http://www.natureserve.org/getData/plantData.jsp
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Federal Noxious Weed List
• Quarantine pest definition by International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC, 1997)
• A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not yet widely distributed and being officially controlled.
• Weed status - widely distributed, or long history (long lag phase), or uncontrolled or beyond control disqualifies many weeds from being listed
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Federal noxious weeds
• Aquatic and wetland weeds: 19 spp. Melaleuca quenquinervia (paperbark tree) Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia)
Parasitic weeds: > 68 spp. Cuscuta spp. (dodders) Orobanche spp. (broomrapes)
Terrestrial weeds: ≥ 71 spp. Crupina vulgaris (common cuprina) Solanum viarum (tropical soda apple)
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Non-listed weeds
• Tallow tree – Popcorn tree• Purple loosestrife• Leafy spurge• Canada thistle• Spotted knapweed• Water milfoil• Japanese knotweed• Kudzu
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Plant Protection Act (2000)
• Prohibit importation, exportation and interstate trade…to prevent intro of noxious weeds
• Permits needed to transport noxious weeds• Must quarantine biocontrol agents• Publish a noxious weed list• Hold, seize, quarantine, treat, destroy, or dispose
of any plant…deemed to be a plant pest or noxious weed
• Use extraordinary emergency measures for “new or not yet widely distributed” weeds in the USA
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Noxious weed definitions• Alien-exotic plants
– Intentional or accidental introduction – Not self-replacing or self reproductive
• Naturalized – Consistent reproduction– Sustainable populations over several life cycles
• Invasive– Naturalized – spread > 100 m in <50 years or 6 m/3 years for
rhizome/stolon spreading plants• Transformers
– Invasive plants– Change character, condition, or nature of ecosystems over a
substantial area
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Plant Protection Act definition
• Noxious weed (PPA 7 USC 7702)– Any plant or plant product that can directly or
indirectly injure or cause damage to:
– Crops, livestock, poultry, other agric. interests
– Irrigation
– Navigation
– Natural resources of USA
– Public health
– The environment
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Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act, NWCEA(2004)
• Approved by Congress and signed by President Bush – 10/10/2004
• Under authority of Secretary of Agriculture and delegated to APHIS to implement
• Currently no appropriations
• $7.5 million per year for matching grants
• $7.5 million per year for agreements
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Weed Management Entity
• Is recognized by the state• Is established for or has expertise/experience
– Controlling noxious weeds– Increasing public knowledge and education
• May be multi-jurisdictional and multidisciplinary• May include government representative and /or
NGO representatives– Private organizations– Individuals
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Program types (2005 -2009)
• Grants
• Funding for weed management entities for control or eradication of noxious weeds
• Federal cost share not more than 50%
• Non-fed share cash or kind
• Project accountability
• Agreements
• Funding for weed management entities for financial and technical assistance for the control or eradication of noxious weeds
• No cost share
• No project accountability
• Rapid response programs
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Proposed regulations for NWCEA
• Write up regulations and guidelines for grants and agreements
• Develop selection criteria for control projects and equipment proposals
• Establish regional panels for the selection process
• Selection criteria– Severity of problem
– Likelihood project will resolve problem
– Improve USA capacity to address weed issues
– Provide comprehensive approach
– Other factors
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State noxious weed regulations
• Most western states have active noxious weed control at the county level
• Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas do not have active control programs
• www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
• www.nationalplantboard.org
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National Weed Mgt Lab people
• Rick Zink – Lab director (pathologist)• Nada Carruthers – entomologist (CA)• Jeff Drake – image analysis (NM)• Richard Hansen – entomologist• Craig Ramsey – weed scientist• Melinda Sullivan – pathologist• Kenna Van – office administrator• Terrence Walters – botanist• Nehalem Breiter - technician
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• NWML goal – develop and promote all available weed control and management tools
• Classical biocontrol– GMO vectors– Legume cover crops – allelopathic properties
• Herbicides– Bioherbicides – Bialophos, essential oils
• Fire• Pathogens• Grazing• Cultural - mechanical
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What is biological control(aka biocontrol)?
the deliberate use of a weed’snatural enemies to reduce the weed’s
abundance and negative impacts
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• Support pre-release surveys for, and research on, classical biocontrol agents
• Field release and redistribution strategies
• Development and application of pest and agent monitoring tools
• Mass rearing of biocontrol agents
• Quarantine processing of biocontrol agents
• Economic analyses of pest and biological control impacts
• Develop ‘target pest lists’ for biocontrol implementation
What PPQ does in biological control projects
• Collaborate in various biocontrol research projects
Labs (CPHST)
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Biocontrol sucesses
• Diffuse and spotted
knapweeds
• Leafy spurge
• Purple loosestrife
• Dalmation toadflax
•Giant salvania
• New releases
•Tropical soda apple
• Saltcedar
– 7 northern states
− Above 37th
parallel
− Enters diapause
in states below
Colorado
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Current biocontrol projects• Russian knapweed• Hoary cress• Perennial pepperweed• Yellow toadflax• Japanese knotweed• Houndstongue
• Future studies• Cogongrass?
– Country of origin– Related to sugar cane
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Biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
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Host specificity/Selectivity
• Most time consuming - adaptability
• Primary criteria – single target selectivity – Need a herbicide or insect that kills just the
target weed– Herbivory
• Extensive enough to cause serious injury
• Selective enough to not cause injury to crop or desirable plants
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Plant pathogens• Yellow starthistle
– Exotic pathogen – Mediterranean rust fungus Puccinia jaceae– Project initiated in 1978, permitted in 2003 after 25 years– Canada thistle – best candidate for pathogen survey
• Tropical soda apple– Tobacco mild green mosaic virus– Endemic – mechanically transmitted/no vector– Hypersensitive response – whole plant response within hours– Plant death within days
• Cogongrass – Bioherbicide – – Two fungi – Bipolaris sacchari, Drechslera gigantea
• Canada thistle
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Biocontrol program
• Advantages– Low cost over long run
– 11:1 benefit cost ratio
– Wide spread (regional, or national) infestations
– Public lands, low income land
– Wide spread approval or acceptance
• Disadvantages– Long term development
– Lack of host specificity
– Crops too related to invasive weed target
– Vectors often in unstable countries
– Place of origin
– Lack of commerical incentives
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Chemical control program
• Advantages– Low up front costs
– Systemic
– High availabiltiy
– Medium -high efficacy
– Some selectivity with directed sprays
– Private landowners
– High value lands
• Disadvantages– Broad spectrum
– Low selectivity
– Multi-applications
– High cost – long term
– No control of seedbank
– Off site impacts
– Registration too expensive
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Current issues – Herbicide program
• Classic screening studies– Type of herbicide or adjuvant– Rate – Timing
• Weed biology
• Weed ecology
• Restoration
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NWML cultural and chemical control
• Three studies in progress– Herbicide and adjuvant study for cogongrass
control– Activated charcoal to alleviate cogongrass
allelopathic effects on loblolly pine– Herbicide and adjuvant study for common
tansy control
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Weed biology
• Reliable biological mechanisms that predict invasiveness?
• Growth parameters– Photosynthesis rates, water use efficiency (WUE),
nitrogen use efficency (NUE), leaf size, leaf duration• Soil parameters
– Physical – soil moisture reduction– Chemical – reduction in nutrients or pH, allelopathic
• Reproductive parameters– Seed production, seed longevity,
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Invasiveness test
• Microcosm tests• Uniform conditions• Replacement series• Density-dependent
series• Multiple species• Results in one
growing season
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Restoration ecology• Seed bank
– delayed dormancy– “escapes” prolific seed production
• Partial rhizome control– Perennials with large rhizome systems– Resprouting
• Soil active herbicides– High rates – long term soil residuals
• Soil degradation– Chemical – saltcedar increases soil salinity– Yellow starthistle – reduces soil moisture– Knapweed – allelopathic root exudates
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Depleting seed banks
• Seed inhibition – Commerical products - inhibit seed production
• Induce germination/break dormancy– Plant growth hormones stimulate germination– Ethylene for witchweed germination
• Sterilize soil– Methyl bromide– Soil active herbicides
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Improving rhizome control
• Deplete rhizome reserves– Repeated defoliation– Contact herbicides– Grazing, burning, tillage
• Use controlled release herbicides– Long term exposure – Charcoal mixes
• Adjuvants to increase adsorption and translocation– Increase photosynthesis – increase sugar production –
increase sugar translocation into root systems
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Restoration issues
• Classical conservation grass mixes• Long-term monitoring of successional rates
– If, or when introduced grass stage may return to native vegetation?
• Biocontrol with plants– Legume cover crops
• Noninvasive, tolerant, highly competitive
– Shade intolerance - high density – shade inhibition• Anti-allelopathic, fast growing, evergreen
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Invasive weed websitewww.invasive.org/weeds