wellbeing and smart textiles: reflecting on collaborative...

24
1 Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative Practices and the Design Process Dr Amanda Briggs-Goode, Dr Martha Glazzard, Sarah Walker, Dr Sarah Kettley, Dr Tincuta Heinzel, Rachel Lucas College of the Architecture, Art, Design and the Built Environment Nottingham Trent University Burton Street Nottingham NG1 4BU +44 (0)115 9418418 Amanda Briggs-Goode is head of department of fashion, textiles, knitwear at Nottingham Trent University and is co-investigator on the EPSRC Internet of Soft Things project. She has authored Printed Textile Design with Laurence King and co-edited Lace:here:now with Black Dog publishing and Textile Design with Woodhead Publishing. [email protected] Martha Glazzard is a Research Fellow on the EPSRC An Internet of Soft Things project and Lecturer at Nottingham Trent University and completed her PhD in 2014 ‘Re-Addressing the Role of Knitted Textile Design Knowledge: Auxetic Textiles From a Practice Led, Designer Maker Perspective’ [email protected] Sarah Walker is a PhD student at Nottingham Trent University and holds a Vice Chancellors Bursary. Sarah works with smart textiles and participatory design. [email protected] Sarah Kettley is the Principal Investigator on the EPSRC An Internet of Soft Things project and is a Reader in Relational Design at Nottingham Trent University. Sarah has published extensively with her first book being launched in July 2016 ‘Designing with Smart Textiles’ with Bloomsbury. [email protected] Tincuta Heinzel is a Research Fellow on the EPSRC An Internet of Soft Things project. Tincuta completed her PhD in 2012 and has published extensively in the field of electronic textiles.

Upload: others

Post on 27-Apr-2020

6 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

1

WellbeingandSmartTextiles:ReflectingonCollaborativePracticesandtheDesignProcess

DrAmandaBriggs-Goode,DrMarthaGlazzard,SarahWalker,DrSarahKettley,DrTincutaHeinzel,

RachelLucas

CollegeoftheArchitecture,Art,DesignandtheBuiltEnvironment

NottinghamTrentUniversity

BurtonStreet

Nottingham

NG14BU

+44(0)1159418418

AmandaBriggs-Goodeisheadofdepartmentoffashion,textiles,knitwearatNottinghamTrent

Universityandisco-investigatorontheEPSRCInternetofSoftThingsproject.Shehasauthored

PrintedTextileDesignwithLaurenceKingandco-editedLace:here:nowwithBlackDogpublishing

andTextileDesignwithWoodheadPublishing.

[email protected]

MarthaGlazzardisaResearchFellowontheEPSRCAnInternetofSoftThingsprojectandLecturerat

NottinghamTrentUniversityandcompletedherPhDin2014‘Re-AddressingtheRoleofKnitted

TextileDesignKnowledge:AuxeticTextilesFromaPracticeLed,DesignerMakerPerspective’

[email protected]

SarahWalkerisaPhDstudentatNottinghamTrentUniversityandholdsaViceChancellorsBursary.

Sarahworkswithsmarttextilesandparticipatorydesign.

[email protected]

SarahKettleyisthePrincipalInvestigatorontheEPSRCAnInternetofSoftThingsprojectandisa

ReaderinRelationalDesignatNottinghamTrentUniversity.Sarahhaspublishedextensivelywith

herfirstbookbeinglaunchedinJuly2016‘DesigningwithSmartTextiles’withBloomsbury.

[email protected]

TincutaHeinzelisaResearchFellowontheEPSRCAnInternetofSoftThingsproject.Tincuta

completedherPhDin2012andhaspublishedextensivelyinthefieldofelectronictextiles.

Page 2: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

2

[email protected]

[email protected]

RachelLucasisaResearchFellowontheEPSRCAnInternetofSoftThingsprojectandafterhaving

trainedasatextiledesignermadeacareerchangeintopersoncentredpsychotherapywhichshe

nowpractices.

Acknowledgements:

TheworkwassupportedbyaResearch-In-The-WildgrantfromtheEPSRC(EP/L023601/1)andwas

alsosupportedbytheNottinghamshireMindNetwork.Theauthorswishtothankthemembersof

BassetlawMind,UKfortheirenthusiasmandengagementwiththeproject.

Abstract

Thispaperreportsonaninter-disciplinary,EPSRCfundedresearchproject,‘AnInternetofSoft

Things’(IoSofT)whichseekstobringsoftsurfaces,smarttextilesandwearabletechnologiestojoin

theInternetofThingsdebate.Theprojectinvolvesresearchersfromacademicdisciplines:design,

computingandmentalhealthincollaborationwithaprojectpartner,theNottinghamshirenetwork

ofthementalhealthcharity,Mind.Thispaperwillreflectupontheresearchprojectandspecifically

theapproachtheauthorshavetakentocollaborativetextilepracticeandhowthishasimpacted

uponthedesignprocess.Thisprojectwasconductedthroughanumberofpracticalworkshop

activitieswithMindserviceusergroups.Theworkshopsfocuseduponthecraftingofpersonalized

textileobjectswithsoftswitchesandvariousoutputandalsorecordedtheclients’descriptionsof

theirsenseofownership,awarenessoftheirownandothers’emotionsandbehaviours.The

workshopsincludedtheresearchers’reflectionsandobservationstoenablefurtherunderstanding

ofhowthiscommunityinvestsmeaninginmaterialthingsandmodesofexpressiveoutput.Theaim

oftheresearchprojectistousetextilecraftpracticeandsmartmaterialsalongsidetherapeutic

approachestocontributetothedevelopmentofawellbeingandmentalhealthtoolkittosupport

futureclientworkforMind.

Keywords:wellbeing,mentalhealth,IoSofT,smarttextiles,wearabletechnologies

Page 3: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

3

Theproject

Theproject‘AnInternetofSoftThings’(IoSofT),basedatNottinghamTrentUniversitywasfunded

bytheEPSRCandbroughttogetherauniquecombinationofpersoncentredpsychotherapists,

textiledesignersandcomputerscientists(AnInternetofSoftThings2016a).Itsaimwastodevelop

aco-designmethodologythroughpractice-ledcriticalreflectiononthePersonCentredApproach

(PCA)inordertobenefitnon-medicalizedcarepracticesusingcraft,electronictextilesand

interactivecomputing,todevelopnetworkedtextileobjects.TheuseofthePCAwasavitalpartof

theprojecttoensureparticipantsunderstoodthattheywerevaluedandappreciatedfortheir

contributiontotheprojectthroughparticipationinworkshopsandthecreativeprocess(Rogers

1957).Craftpracticewasanimportantpartoftheapproachasitofferednumerousopportunitiesto

developunderstanding,confidence,relationshipsandtrust.Althoughtheapproachwasnot

explicitlyarttherapy,theteamfoundthatwhatwasexperiencedascreative,wasinmostcasesalso

experiencedastherapeutic(Rogers1993).BurtandAtkinson(2012:56)intheirstudyontheimpact

ofcraftonwellbeing(specificallyquilting)notedthat

“themajorityofparticipantsreportedthatthecreativeprocesscaptivatedthem,distracted

them and they described an experience analogous to ‘flow’. There was loss of self-

consciousness and lack of awareness of things going on around them, which displaced

anxietiesandfacilitatedrelaxation.”

Duringourworkshops,theMindstaffwhohadestablishedrelationshipswiththeparticipantsmade

similarcomparisons,notinghowmuchlongerpeoplewereabletoconcentrateandincreasedlevels

ofengagementwiththemaking-basedactivities.Yair(2011:4)alsonotesthat

“distraction, mood enhancement and relaxation has other benefits for well-being,

quieteningchronicstressandanxiety…andatthesametime,bothasenseofachievement

gainedfromcraftandthesocialinteractionitencouragescanhelpcombattheisolationof

depression.”

ThetheoreticalframeworkfortheprojectaskshowdesigncanengagewiththePCAtoinformanew

methodologyfordesignandmaking.ThePCAoriginatedwithCarlRogers’theoryandpractice,and

informscontemporarypsychotherapypractice,nursing,pedagogyandconciliationapproaches

(Embleton-Tudoretal.2004).Oneofthekeydriversofthistheoryisthatthoseparticipatingshould

beabletodosowithinanon-judgementalenvironmentorwithunconditionalpositiveregard(UPR)

(Rogers1957).ThePCAisthereforebothnon-directiveandnon-judgemental(Levitt2005)andtakes

aholisticviewofexperiencing,incontrasttothedeficitmodelofmedicalapproachestomental

Page 4: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

4

healthandwellbeing(includingbehaviouralandclinicalpsychology).Themedicalmodeltendstoact

onclustersofsymptoms(pathology)ratherthanviewingthewholeperson,whilethebehavioural

approachisdirectiveinnature,seekingtochangeindividuals’behaviourtofitasocietalnorm.

However,thePCAemphasisestheperson’smovementtowardsgrowth,shownbyopen,flexible

responsesinthehere-and-now(Rogers1961).IntheIoSofTprojecttheresearchisnotconcerned

withparticipants’medicaldiagnoses,rather,we(ashumansaswellasresearchers)strivetovalue

thewholeperson.Workshopsareframedascollaborativeresearch,nottherapy,andweaspireto

provideco-researchers(not‘clients’or‘patients’)withaframeworktosupporttheirownjourneyof

therapeuticchange.

Ifco-designmethodologiesareprimarilyusedtoimprovethedesignofobjectsand

products,ourfocuswastouseco-designasawaytohelpbuilddesigners-facilitatedpracticein

relationtowell-being.Inthissenseourapproachwastouseco-designasamethodtodevelopa

craft-practiceservice.Thepurposeofthisserviceisdoublelayered,asitaimstofacilitatethemaking

ofelectronictextilesandalsoallowsforbetterunderstandingofthetechnicalcomplexityof

electronictextilesforpotentialusers.Asaserviceofferedbyadesignorcraftperson,itisnottobe

confoundedwitharttherapy,whichisamentalhealthpractice(Jaatinen2015).

Thustheresearchenablespeoplewithlivedexperienceofmentalhealthissues,toparticipatein

workshops,usingaco-designmethodologytocreatepersonalisedtextileobjects.Theinvolvement

oftherapeuticcommunitiesiscentraltotheresearchprocessandthisincludesco-researchersfrom

theNottinghamshireMindNetwork,workingwithserviceuserswithexistingmentalhealthneeds.

Toenableustocreateaperson-centredworkingenvironmentandco-designmethodology,some

commonframingactivitieswereborrowedfrompsychotherapeuticpractice,suchasthecreationof

agroupagreementandtheuseof‘check-ins’and‘check-outs’atthebeginningandendofeach

session;dialogicalevaluationtoolswerealsodeveloped,includingonebasedontheRecoveryStar

(MacKeithetal.2013).Thesetoolsencouragedopennessandreflexivityandgaveeachparticipant

diverseopportunitiestodescribetheirexperienceofparticipationandtheirhopesandfearsforthe

nextsession.Italsogavetheco-researchersfeedbackonskillslevelsfordynamicplanningand

timings,aswellasenablingreflectionontheexperienceofthetimespentmakingwithinthegroup

context.

Theprojectlastedtwoyearsandwasstructuredinthreephases:1)e-textileworkshops,2)Service

Designworkshops,and3)FutureWorkshopsformentalhealthserviceredesign.Thiswasintended

toscaffoldparticipantexperiencewithtextileandelectronictechnologies,posittheconceptofbeing

abletodesignwithdatatosupportmentalwellbeing,andfinallyvisualisehowafuturisticvenue,

Page 5: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

5

enabledbya‘smart’systemofnetworkedpersonaltextileartefactsandinteriorfittings,might

enablenewmodelsofmentalhealthandsocialcareintegration.Thispaperfocusesonthe

experiencesoftheteamthroughoutphases1)and2),astheysoughttofacilitateengagementwith

e-textilecraftprocesses,andtocreatemeaningfulnetworkedtextileobjectsfordatacollection.

Thekeydriverfortheproject,andtherationalefortakinge-textilestomentalhealthserviceusers,

wastherecognitionthatubiquitousembeddedtechnologiesareincreasinglybeingadoptedinthe

healthsectoraccordingtocognitive-behaviouralmodelsofthepersonand‘need’,whenother

approachesmayalsobevaluable(TyrerandSteinberg2013,Kettleyetal.forthcoming).This

researchrespondedtoacallfromtheInternetofThingsdevelopmentcommunityforwaystoput

peopleattheheartofthedesignprocess,ratherthantechnology(InnovateUKNetwork2013).

Furthermore,theprojectstressesthedifferencebetweendesigningwithspecialneedsandmental

healthparticipants.Veryoftenindesign,thesecommunitiesarementionedinthesamebreath,but

mentalhealthhappenstousall,andveryoftenhasnoimpactoncognitiveabilityorintelligence.As

anexample,theMindmemberswhotookpartinthisprojectincludedanemployedanthropologist,

aretiredengineer,someonewithyearsofexperienceworkingwithatextilemanufacturing

company,anotherwhohadworkedinthetelecommunicationsmanufacturingindustry,anda

retiredbedandbreakfast(B&B)ownerwithstrongideasoninteriordecoration.Conversely,

managersinthehealthsectorareoftenproudtoowntheir‘livedexperience’,andsomemembersof

theacademicteamcouldalsocountthemselvesinthiscategory.Someoftheresearchteamhad

decadesofexperienceworkingwithpeoplewithcomplexspecialneeds(Brownetal.2011,Wallis

andJones2013),butthisprojectwasacompletelynewexperienceforthem.

Methodsusedincollaboration

Methodsusedinworkshops

Theworkshops,whichwerefirstpilotedincentralNottinghamandthencontinuedwith

MindmembersandvolunteersinNorthNottinghamshire,employedsimilarstrategiesfor

collaborativeworkingandco-design.Simplemethodswereprioritisedandpresentedinformationin

small,manageablechunks.Theaimwastocreateanenvironmentforcreativeandeducational

activitiesthatfacilitatesbothcraftpracticeandelectronicunderstanding,withoutlosingsightofthe

well-beingofparticipantsinthemoment.MakingtaskswithMindmemberswereoftenundertaken

inpairs,withamemberofthefacilitationteam.Thispairingenabledfacilitatorstoassistasmuchor

aslittleasnecessary,andinsomecasestocarryoutphysicalactsofsewingonbehalfofthe

Page 6: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

6

participant,whenaspectssuchasaggravatedphysicalormentalhealthconditionsmade

concentrationorco-ordinationdifficult.

Aspartoftheone-to-oneassistance,theworkshopfacilitators,severalofwhomcamefromdesign

backgrounds,wereabletoassisttheparticipantsinthedesigndecision-makingprocess.For

example,byaskingquestionsregardingswitchselectionandfabriccolourchoice.Bybreakingupthe

designprocessintodiscretedecisionswithbinaryanswers,theprospectof‘designing’becameless

daunting(oneofthecommentsaddedtothepilotgroupagreementbyamemberoftheacademic

teamwasthatitshouldbe‘OKnottobecreative’).Thisenabledthesignificantaestheticand

functionalaspectsofeachtextileobjecttobedeterminedbytheparticipants.Theworkshops

offeredthepossibilityfordirectobservationinsituconditionsofthedesignedset-upand

framework.Aseriesofsoundandvideorecordingswerealsotakenandtheyareabouttobe

analyzedinapost-experienceresearchphase.

Methodsusedwithintheresearchteam

Inadditiontothewiderscopeoftheproject,severallargerelectronictextileobjectswere

madebytheresearchersontheteam.Theseprototypesexploredtheuseofelectronictextile

objectsbypeoplewithmentalhealthissuesandwereusedtoillustratedifferentconcepts,suchas

inputsandoutputsinphysicalcomputing.Sinceelectronictextilesdemanddiversecompetencies,

belongingtodifferentdisciplines,wehavesoughtwaystosupportthedifferentmembersofthe

researchteamtoworkcollaborativelyandtocreatesmarttextileobjects.Theteaminvolvedin

developingtheelectronictextilesdiscussedbelowconsistedoftextiledesigners,apatterncutting

expert,anelectronictextiledesignerandacomputerscienceexpert.

Thedesignteamadoptedseveralmethodstotacklethedesigningandmakingofthesmarttextile

networkedobjects,similartothatofGrayandMalins(2004:31)‘triangulationofmethods’,

proposedforundertakingartanddesignresearch.Eachdesignteammemberbroughtforward

personalandtaughtmethodsfromtheirdisciplinaryfieldstoassistindesigndevelopmentandteam

communication.Basicaspectsliketextileformsandmaterials,circuitdesign,interactionforms,

programming,InternetofThingsandBigDatawereinvestigated.Inadditiontothefirstpilot

workshopsincentralNottingham,theelectronictextilesdesignerandthecomputerscientistalso

providedthetextiledesignersandpsychotherapistsontheteamwithworkshoptraininginArduino

andprogramming.

Page 7: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

7

Oneofthemostusefulmethodsforvisualisingthecircuits(designedbythecomputerscience

expert)wastheuseoftheprogramFritzing(2016).Thisallowedforrealistic,diagrammatic

representationsofthecircuits,whichcouldbeusedastoolsfordiscussionandadaptation.Froma

designer’sperspective,theFritzingtoolwasveryvaluableingeneratingtangiblevisuals,butitwas

limitedinreflectinghowthereal-worldtextileoutcomewouldlook,duetotheuseofstraightlines

andschematic,idealisedvisualrepresentations.Anotherproblemoccuredduetothenatureofthe

program,whichcrosses,mergesandoverlayswiresinwaysthatconductivethreadcannot,without

causingashortcircuit.Forexample,Figure1showsthewirecrossingthePhotonboard(Particle

2016),whichwouldnotbepossiblewiththreads.Whenmakingtheelectronictextilespractically,

theFritzingdiagramactedasareferencepointfromwhichtheelementscouldbemovedaroundto

betterreflectthefinalstitchedcircuit.Wherethiswasnotpossible,thesalientinformationwasused

torecreatethecircuitonthetextilee.g.thattheYfromtheaccelerometerisconnectedtoAnalogue

pin3(asinFigure1).

Figure1.Fritzingdiagramshowingschematicforhandheldelectronictextileobject.

InadditiontotheuseofFritzing,roughpapersketchesandphotographswereusedtodevelopthe

electronictextilesandcommunicatethedetailsbetweencollaborators.Byusingacombinationof

specialistandthesemorereadilyaccessible,low-techmethods,collaboratorswereabletodevelop

mutualunderstanding.Eachcollaboratorremainedtheexpertintheirrespectivefield,butwas

expectedtobeawareofenoughoftheirfellowcollaborators’areasinordertocommunicate

successfully.Communicationwaskeptjargon-freeandaccessibletoallwhereverpossible.

Page 8: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

8

Participant-ledtextileobjects

DuringthetwosetsofMindworkshops,participantsweresupportedtomaketheirown

electronictextileobjects.Theoutlineofeachobject-makingactivitywasdesignedasasimple

introductiontothefieldofelectronictextiles,whichwouldbeachievableinanafternoonsession

andwithouttheneedforanycomputerprogramming.Forfurtherdetailsonthecontentofthe

workshopsseeGlazzardetal.(2015:4)andBriggs-Goodeetal.(2015).

Theworkshopactivitiesweredividedasfollows(seeFigure2forexamples)andthoseconsideredto

beparticipant-ledtextileobjectswerecreatedinActivities3,4and5.

Activity1.Simpletextilecircuit

Activity2.Simplecircuitwithpressstudswitch(2variations)

Activity3.Garmentssuchasgloves,socks,hats,etc.withcircuitsadded

Activity4.Agroupcircuit,whichisasmallobjectwithanindividualcircuit,whichcanbe

attachedtootherobjectstomakealargercircuit

Activity5.Aself-directedtextileobjectusingtheskillsfromthepreviousactivities

Figure2.ImagesoftheoutcomesofthefivemakingactivitieswiththeMindparticipantgroup.

Participantsmadetheirowndecisionsonshape,colour,designandfunctionsusedinthemakingof

theobjects,duringtheworkshops.Althoughtheseelectronictextileobjectsweresimpleintheir

constructionandfunction,theparticipantswereengagingwithlargelyunfamiliarprocessesand

Page 9: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

9

synthesisingtheseoutcomeswiththeirowninterestsfromtheirpersonalexperiences.Allobjects

usedlightemittingdiodes(LEDs)asoutput,asthisisarelativelysimplecircuittoachieve;the

qualitiesandusesoflightsforcommunicationwerediscussedearlyoninthesix-weekprocessto

helppeoplethinkthroughdesignideas.Participantswereabletomakebothin-seriesandin-parallel

circuits;thefirstoftheseislimitedinthenumberofLEDsthatcanbepowered,whileacircuit

arrangedinparallelcanpoweralargernumberoflightsfromasinglebattery.Parallelcircuitswere

usedbysomeparticipantstomakewristbandswithmultiplelights.TheobjectsshowninFigure2:

Activity5werecompletelyself-directedobjectsdevelopedfromthepreviousactivities.Theimage

showsarepresentationof‘ravioliandbrownsauce’,whichwasdesignedaroundtheactionofa

magneticswitchfromKitronik.The‘brownsauce’containsasmallmagnet,whichcompletesthe

circuittoactivateanLEDwhenattachedtothe‘ravioli’.Thesunimageshowsanobjectwith

personalconnectionstoaparticipant’sspiritualbeliefs.Thesunobjecthadasimpleon/offswitch

controllingtwoLEDsinthe‘cheeks’andwaslargelymadebyaworkshopfacilitatorunderinstruction

fromtheparticipant.

Designer-ledtextileobjects

Aftertheinitialworkshopstages(phase1),theresearchteamdevelopedelectronictextile

objectsinspiredandinformedbytheirexperiences.Theseobjectsaresplitintotwoareas,hand-held

andlarger(physical)scales.Thesetextileobjectshaveonesensingform(capacitive,pushbutton,

etc.)ratherthanmultipleformsofsensing(multimodal)sothattheroleofphysicalinputsand

outputs,anddesignwithdata,couldbemadeexplicit.

Thehand-heldobjects’initialfunctionsweredeterminedinpartbythedatacollectionapproach

withintheproject,andwereusedaspropstopromptdiscussionaboutwhatdatashouldbeshared,

withwhom,andwhatexperiencesofthatmightbelike.Theobjectsweredesignedtocapturedata

inresponsetowalks‘inthewild’withMindparticipants,whiletheysharedtheirexperiencesduring

conversationswiththeresearchersaboutenvironmentaltriggers,moment-to-momentobservations

andhowthosecouldbecommunicatedthroughortotheobjects.Thelarger-scaleobjectswere

designedtoactasdemonstratorsofthepossibilitiesofe-textilesinhome-likeenvironments.These

wereusedinworkshopswithMindserviceusersandothergroupsfordiscussiononusageand

interaction,aswellasthefuturepossibilitiesfortheconnectivityoftextileobjects.

Hand-heldobjects

Variousunsuccessfulhand-heldobjects

Page 10: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

10

Theprojectteamdesignedandmadeseveralvariationsofsofttactileobjectstobe

networkedbutfoundthatwhenitcametoapplyingelectroniccomponents,compatibilitybecame

anissue.Forexample,ahand-feltingprocesswasusedtodevelopaseriesofthree-dimensionalsoft

objects.Althoughthesofttextureoftheobjectwaseasytoaddadditionalfeaturestobystitching,it

wasnoteasytoapplyallofthehardelectroniccomponentsneededtomakethecircuit.Thiswas

duetotheobjectbeingintegrallythree-dimensional,meaningthatitcouldnotbetakenapartin

ordertoaddthecircuit,aswellasthesurfaceareabeingtoosmalltoaddcomplexcircuits.

Therefore,thisissueledtothehandmadefeltobjectbeingabandoned.

Anothersetofobjectsthatwerediscardedaspartofthelearning-through-makingprocessincluded

asoftwristbandandasmallhandheldcushion.Eachitemwasconstructedusingmaterialsthatwere

feasiblefortheelectroniccircuittobeapplied,howeverwhenitcametobeingusedwithinthe

workshopsfordatacollectionwithparticipants,theobjectsfailedtowork.Asaresult,partsofthe

circuitweredismantledandre-usedforotherdevelopingideas.Acontinuingchallengeforthe

projectmemberswasrealisingthatoncethecircuitwasappliedusinge-textilematerialsthecircuit

mightnolongerwork,despitebeingfunctionalinprinciple.Suchissuesthatledtheobjecttonot

beingfunctionalincludedthestrengthandconductivityofthee-textilethread(discussedlaterinthis

paper).

Partofthechallengeofthemakingwasdowntothelargenumberofresearchteammembers.

Successfuloutcomesmostoftencamefrompairsorindividuals,withotherteammembersneeded

forfeedbackorspecificexpertise,ratherthanallgivingequally-weightedinput.Insomecases,

prioritizingamainlytherapeuticortextiledesignperspectivedidnotallowfortimetodiscuss

aspectsrelatedtointeractivitywithelectronictextiles,ortheuseofdatageneratedbydifferent

textilesdevices.

LEDandaccelerometerobject

TheobjectthatwasprimarilyusedtocapturedataduringthesecondphaseofMind

workshopswasasmallcushion,createdusingcopperwiringtoconnectthecomponentsandboard,

simplycontainedwithinasmall,padded,fabriccushion.Thisobjectwasmadebyoneofthe

researcherswithcomputerscienceexpertisetothespecificationsrequiredforthedatacapture.The

objecthadnoparticularaestheticconsiderationandhadtheappearanceofaplainblack,square

cushionwiththeLEDandaccelerometerstitchedtotheoutside.Lateracoverwasmadebyoneof

Page 11: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

11

thetextilepractitionersforthecushiontogiveaneaterappearance.Thiscoverincorporateda

reverseappliqueholefilledwithorganzatoallowtheLEDtoshinethrough.

Figure3.Imagesofoneofthehand-heldobjectsusinganaccelerometer,on/offswitch,pushbutton

andathreecolourLEDsLilypadboardwithaPhotonboardforwirelesscommunication.Preparatory

circuitsketchandintermediaryobject.

Largerscaleobjects

Capacitiveballrug

Thedevelopmentofthecapacitiveballrugcamefromtheneedtodesignlarger-scaletextile

objectsaspartoftheproject.Thebrieffortheprojectteamwasveryopen,butarecentworkshop

withsomeparticipantshadshownthattheyhadenjoyedinteractingwithroundshapes.Martha

Glazzard,whodevelopedtheballrug,usedherbackgroundinknittedtextilestoworkwithjersey

fabricintheaimofcreatingasoft,stretchytextilepiecethatcouldbetouchedandsquashedto

createelectronicinteractions.Theballrugissplitintofive‘zones’(distinguishablebydifferent

coloursoffabric)eachofwhichhasacapacitiveareaconsistingofsixconnectedpiecesofappliqued

conductivefabric.Madeflatinapatchworkstyle(asshowninFigure4),therugwasthenhand-

manipulatedtotransformtheflatsurfaceintoadense,three-dimensionalrugofwadding-stuffed

‘balls’(showninFigure5).Thefivecapacitiveareascanbeactivatedbylightskincontactaswellas

bymorevigoroushandlingsotheuser’sinteractionscanbesuitabletotheirparticularinteraction

preferences.

Page 12: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

12

Figure4.Capacitiveballrugindevelopment,showingthefivepanelspiecestogetherwiththe

appliquedconductivefabric.

Figure5.Capacitiveballrugshowinginteractionwiththecapacitiveareas.

TheballrugwasconnectedtoalaptopforademonstrationatMentalHealthAwarenessWeekin

Nottingham.Theprovisionalcomputersetupshowedthatthevariouscapacitivezonescouldbe

Page 13: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

13

usedtoactivatedifferentsymbolsonscreen.Withwirelesscapabilitytherugisabletoopen

different,pre-programmeduniformresourcelocators(URLs)onatablet,phoneorcomputer,orto

connecttoanothertextileinterfacewithoutputmodalities,suchastheLEDsfeaturedearlierinthis

article.Thisfunctionwasdesignedwiththepotentialtobepartofongoingtherapeuticdiscussions

withMindstaffandcouldbetailoredtoaccessfavouritesongs,images,contactsorotherpreferred

internetorcomputercontent;itcouldalsobeusedtocommunicateemotionalexperienceinmore

ambiguous,poeticandevenbeautifulways(WallaceandPress2004),orbecomeacontrollerfor

immersiveexperiences.

Cushions

Twocushionswerealsodevelopedtorespondtotheneedforlarge-scaletextileobjects

(Figures6and7).Commoninteriorproducts,suchascushions,haveoftenbeenthefocusof

electronicdevelopments,asafamiliarandtactileobjectinwhichtodemonstratethepotentialof

thepoeticpossibilitiesofelectronictextiles(Worbin2010).Forourproject,thecushionswere

designedtoillustratedifferentelectronictextilestechnicalpossibilities:adigitalinputandan

analogueinput,andtoactaswirelessoutputdevicesincommunicationwithotherobjects

developedintheframeoftheproject.

TriangleLEDcushion

Thefirstcushionismadeoffeltwithtriangletransparentinsertionstoillustratedigitalinput.

Basedontwoparallelcircuits,thecushionusesaPhotonboardallowingwirelesscommunication

withtheotherobjectsorwiththedatageneratedbythecomputersciencedepartment.Tomakea

cleardemarcationforthetwocircuits,theteamusedvisualindicatorssuchasthedirectionofthe

triangles(verticalandhorizontal)anddifferentcolours(blueandwhite)fortheLEDsused.In

collaborationwiththecomputerscienceresearcher,thetextiledesignersdevelopeddifferent

patternsofactivation(sametimeblinking,alternativeblinking,differentrhythmofblinking).

Scenariosforusecannowbedevelopedbytheparticipantsthemselvesinresponsetodirect

experiencewiththecushionsandLEDsassituatedpoeticinformation.

Page 14: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

14

Figure6.LEDcushionshowingtwoconfigurationsoflightoutput.

Figure7.CushionwithLEDsandpushbuttonsinsilverinsert.

Thesecondcushionmixeddifferenttextilematerials(feltandsilveredfabric)toillustratean

analogueinput.Ifthefeltedpartofthecushionwasneutralfromanelectronicpointofview,the

silveredpartincorporatedthreepushbuttonsensorsandthreeparallelLEDcircuits.Semi-

transparent,thesilveredfabricallowedthelightoftheLEDstoglowthroughitssurface.Whenone

ofthepushbuttonswaspressed,therelatedLEDcircuitswouldflash.

Page 15: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

15

Designpractice–lossesandgainsthroughco-designandcollaboration

Changesindesignprocess

Theprocessesforthedesignersduringthedesigner-ledobjectdevelopmentinIoSofT

featuredsomekeydifferencesfromtypicaldesigntasksandfamiliardesignprocesses.Inaccordance

withtheexperientialPCA,thedesignbriefwasnotdefinedbyuser‘need’ordeficit,andwasthus

experiencedbythedesignersasextremelyopen,andashavingveryfewdesignconstraints.The

constraintsgivenwererelatedtoscale,suchas‘hand-held’or‘roomscale’;‘input’or‘output’

textile;orthatitmightcontainparticularcomponentssuchasanaccelerometeroraphotonboard.

Thisopenbriefmeantthatitwasoftendifficulttofindastartingpointfortheobjects’development,

sothetextiledesignerslookedforinspirationsfromtheirexperienceswithintheparticipatory

workshops.Onesuchexperiencewasthedecisiontokeeptheinterfaceseasytouse.Manyofthe

participantshadexpressedunfamiliaritywithelectronicsorsoftwaresothisgaveanopportunityfor

thetextilestoprovidesimpleinterfacesformorecomplicated‘behindthescenes’technology.Inthis

case,itwasimportantthatthebuttonsorotheractuatorscouldbeeasilydistinguishedfromtherest

oftheobjectandthattheinterfaceswereasintuitiveaspossible.Sincethepurposesofthe

electronictextileswerenotpre-determined,itwaslefttothedesignerstodeveloptheirown

outcomesbasedonfeedbackfromtheworkshopsatMind.Becauseofthisopenness,manymajor

decisionsrelatingtothepreferredtechnologyfornetworkingcouldbeledbythedesigners,in

collaborationwithacomputerscientist.

Aestheticcontrolandcredibility

Theparticipant-ledtextileobjectscreatedintheMindworkshopsduringphase1presented

specificchallengestoexperienceddesignpractitioners.Astheteamwereassistingandnotleading

thedevelopmentofthetextiles,itwasinappropriatetobeinvolvedindecision-makingabout

shapes,colourorevenneatnessoftheobjects.Ourrolesweretohelpparticipantstomaketheir

owndesigndecisionsandassistwheninvited.Assuch,itfeltdifficultforthepractitionersto‘letgo’

ofthefinedetailsandresisttheurgeto‘tidyup’or‘correct’anyoftheparticipants’making.The

onlyinstanceinwhichcriticalfeedbackmightbegivenduringtheparticipantworkshopswasin

ordertomakesurethatanyelectricalcircuitswouldfunction.

Positiveexperiencesincollaborativerelationships

Page 16: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

16

Thecollaborativeapproachprovidedcertainmeaningfulandrewardingengagementswith

individualMindparticipants.Theparticipantsandfacilitatorsintheworkshopsoftendevelopedone-

to-onerelationships.Forexample,onefacilitator-participantpairdevelopedtheirownunique

sewingtechniquewherebothpeoplewereinvolvedintheproductionofeachstitch.

Thecollaborationswithintheresearchteamsalsoprovidedopportunitiesforworthwhilegainsfor

theresearchers.Thechancetoworkcollaborativelybetweentextiledesigners,computerscientists

andperson-centredtherapistsprovidedopportunitiestoreframetextilepracticeasahybrid

practice.Eachdisciplinaryconsiderationneededtoberepresentedandtheself-negotiatedbriefs

neededtotakeintoaccounttherequirementsofusers(whoarevariouslyfamiliarwithdifferent

formsoftechnology,includingtextiles)andincludecomplextechnologicalcomponents.

Person-centredapproach

ThePCAguidedthestructureandcontentoftheMindworkshops(Glazzardetal.2015).It

alsoframedthedesignandpotentialuseoftheelectronictextileobjectsinthatthedesignapproach

triedtobeexperientialandnon-directive(Levitt2005).Theresearchtookanon-medicalized

approachtoparticipants’mentalhealthandsotheteamdidnotseektocreateobjectsinreactionto

particularsymptomsordiagnoses.Theteamwerenotworkingtodiagnosticcriteriaoraddressing

theideaofamentalhealthdeficit,butusingamoreholisticpictureofmentalhealthonthe

understandingthateveryonehasmentalhealth(MentalHealthTaskforceStrategy2016).

Difficultieswiththesmarttextiles

Thedesignteamcameacrossseveralchallengestoorganisingcollaborativemakingsessions

together.Eachteammemberhadindividualcommitmentsoutsideoftheprojectwhichoften

dictatedwhenandwheremakingsessionswouldtakeplace.Also,forthoseinvolvedinthemaking

sessions,eachcamefromadifferentlocationwithintheUniversity,withonemembermaking

fortnightlytravelarrangementsfromabroad.Thecomputerscientistintheteamalsofound

problemsaccessingthenecessaryequipmentandtechnologyfromdifferentlocations.

Aparticulargainfortheprojectteammemberswasthatinspiteoflimitedequipment,thedesign

workoftentookplaceinastudio-likelocationwhereconversationscouldtakeplacefreely.This

becamecrucialtowardsbuildingameaningfulandrewardingrelationshipthatwouldimpactonthe

designwork.Aconstantchallengewastheamountoftime,iterationsandattemptsrequiredto

makefunctioningnetworked,textileobjects.Eachmemberneededtobeefficientwithtimespent

Page 17: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

17

ondevelopingthetextileobjectsandsetregularachievablegoals.Duetothedistinctiveseparate

natureofthetextilesandelectronicmaterials,thedesignteamrealisedthattheyhadtobepatient

andmethodicalintheirapproachasateamandtoeachotherinordertotacklethechallenges

encounteredinthemaking.

Technologicalproblems

Themainproblemwithintegratingthetechnologywastheissueofpoweringthephoton

board.AvailableconductivethreadsallowedenoughcurrentflowtopowerLEDsfrombatteriesand

topowercomponentsrunningfromtheboard,buttheydidnotallowenoughcurrentflowbetween

thebatteryandtheboard,duetothehighpowerrequirementsneededtoruntheWIFI.The

problemwiththecurrentflowcausedfrequentproblemswiththeearlydevicesusingPhoton

boards,buttheissuewasnotidentifieduntillateron,causingsignificantlossofdevelopmenttime.

Afterconductingsometestsontheconductivethreadsavailabletous,itwasdiscoveredthatthe

minimumamountofthreadneededwouldbefourtosixendsofthethickerthreeorfourplythreads

(Figure8).Duetothebulkcausedbyhavingsomanyendsofeachyarn,itwasproblematicwhen

sewingthephotonboardtothetextiles.Possiblesolutionstothisissuewereto‘breakout’the

boardsothatthepinswouldbespreadfurtherapartontheboard,toavoidshortcircuitingthrough

fibrecontact,ortousecopperwiringtoconnectthebatterytothephotonboard.Ultimately,dueto

timeconstraints,copperwirewasusedtoconnectthephotonboardtothebattery,butattempted

tobesensitivetotextileconsiderationsbyusingsoft,flexiblecopperwireandtwistingtheouter

endsintoloopswhichcouldbestitcheddown.Asaresponsetotheissuesdescribedtheteamhave

beguntodevelopasoftcircuitrykittofacilitatethedevelopmentoflarge-scaleobjects(Figure9).

Usingthesetextile-basedboardsmayfillthegapbetweenthealreadyexistingboards(Lilypadand

Photon)andtheinputandoutputelementsofelectronictextileobjects,astheycanbeeasily

attachedanddetachedbyusingthepressstuds.

Page 18: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

18

Figure8.Imageshowingresultsoftestingonconductivethreadandfabricwhenusedtopower

Photonboard.

Page 19: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

19

Figure9.Examplesofsoftcircuitryfora)aflexsensorandb)fivecapacitivesensors.

Developmentofthetoolkit

Onemajoroutcomeoftheproject,atoolkit,wasproducedtosharethecontentoftheMind

workshopswithfutureserviceusers(AnInternetofSoftThings2016b).50kitsmadeavailableto

Mind,wereproduced,eachcontainingabookletwitheducationalresources,therapeuticfeedback

sheetsbasedontheRecoveryStar(MacKeithetal.2013),andtheequipmentnecessarytomakethe

electronictextilesfromthesix-weekMindworkshops.Thetoolkithasbeendesignedtobeusedin

groupsettingswithassistancefromaworkshopleader(s)andvolunteers.Ithasalsobeendesigned

toaccompanyan‘in-house’kitatMind,containingsharedtoolsandequipmentsuchasscissors,

needles,etc.

Thetoolkitwasdesignedtoofferasmuchclarityaspossibletoeachtask.Theeducationalmaterial

intheformofhandoutsandinstructionsincludedinthebookletwereoriginallydesignedforusein

theworkshopsandthenfrequentlyrevisedandeditedbasedonfeedbackfromparticipantsinthe

workshopsandonfacilitators’observations.Wherepossiblediagrammaticandphotographic

versionsofvisualinformationwereusedtohelpvisualisetaskstodifferentparticipantswhohave

varyingneedsorpreferences.Similarly,theelectroniccomponentswereincludedinbothliteraland

diagrammaticrepresentations,toencouragetheideathatthecomponentsmaychange,butthe

principlesandmethodscanbetransferredtousewithothercomponents.TheMindparticipants

seemedtorespondbesttoinformationthatwasbrokenintosmallchunksandthatfocusedonone

activityatatime,sothetoolkitaimstoreflecttheserequirements,particularlyinthe‘howto’guides

writtenforeachofthefiveactivities(Figure10).

Languageusedtodescribethepracticalactivitieswasaccessibletoawideaudiencewithvarying

educationlevelsandwhoareassumedtobenon-specialistsintextilesorelectronics.Withthese

considerationsinmind,thebookletcontainsintroductoryinstructionstosewing,includinghowto

threadaneedleandtieaknot,andalsobasicelectronicinformationsuchasaglossaryoftermsand

explanationsofseriesandparallelcircuits.Aestheticallythetoolkitisdesignedtobeanengaging

resourceratherthananacademicdocumentorNationalHealthServicepublication.Brightcolours

(takenfromtheprojectlogo)andadashedline/stitchingmotifonplaintextpageswereusedtoadd

playfulelements.Thetoolkitbookletisopenaccessandcanbefreelydownloadedfrom

http://aninternetofsoftthings.com/toolkit.Becauseofitslanguageandappearance,itishopedthat

Page 20: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

20

thetoolkitbookletwillbesharedwithotherinterestedpartiesandbeusedtospreadelectronic

textileknowledgetowider,non-specialisedaudiences.

Figure10.Examplespreadfromthetoolkitbookletshowingaphotographofexampleoutcomesand

a‘howto’sheetfortheactivity.

ConcludingRemarks

Thispaperhasshownhowamultidisciplinaryteamcametogether,todevelopanewmethodology

thatutilisesco-designandcraftmakingwithelectronictextileswithinaperson-centred

framework.Reflectionontheworkshopsandthemakingprocessesshowshowtheteamused

reflexivetoolstobuildandrespondtoco-researchers’feedback,whichenabledchangestobemade

totimingsandplanning.Thus,theteamwereabletoresponddynamicallytosupportthe

therapeuticgrowthoftheindividualwithinthecontextoftheworkshopsthemselves.

Thepaperalsodiscussedchallengesthrownupbytheprojectforthetextiledesignersintheformof

a-typicaldesignscenarios.Therewerechallengesintheopennessofthebriefaswellasthelackof

aestheticcontrolinvolvedinthemakingprocess.Toensuretheauthenticityandcredibilityofthe

makingexperiencefortheco-researchersitwasparamountthatany‘expert’viewsonwhatthe

objectshoulddo,howitshouldlook,oronimprovingtheappearanceshouldbelimitedtoasupport

Page 21: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

21

roleandnotdirectingordoing.However,thesechallengesalsorevealednewdirectionsand

meaningsfortextilepractice,whichwereexperiencedasbothfulfillingandvaluable.

Therewerealsoanumberoftechnicaldesignchallengesinrelationtothetextileobjects,whichthe

textiledesignresearchteamexperiencedasfrustrating,suchasprotractedtimelinesandthe

numerousiterationsofanobjectthatwererequiredforultimatesuccess.Someofthesefrustrations

illustratethatthetextilecraftmakerordesigneroftenstrugglesincollaborationwithothersduring

themakingprocess.However,theresearchersalsogainedfromcollaborationwithsuchadiverse

teamandwereenrichedbydialogueandnewinsightsintootheracademicdisciplines.Thisenabled

are-framingoftextiledesignpractice,fromanindividualpursuitwithspecifiedmarket-driven

ambitions,intoamorehybridactivityandamulti-layeredexperiencewithindividualusersatits

centre.

Theresearchprojecthasdeliveredoutcomes,whichhavedemonstratedthatadiverseteamof

academicsandpractitionerscanprovidealternativeapproachestodesignwithandformental

health,throughbringingthevoicesofpeoplewithlivedexperienceintotheconversationabouthow

weasasocietywishtoengagewithelectronictextilesaspartofanInternetofThings.

References

AnInternetofSoftThings2016a.AnInternetofSoftThings[online].Availableat:

http://aninternetofsoftthings.com/[Accessed9March2016].

AnInternetofSoftThings2016b.ElectronicTextileWorkshopToolkit:WorkshopGuide.Availableat:

http://aninternetofsoftthings.com/toolkit/[Accessed4October2016].

Briggs-Goode,A.,Glazzard,M.,Walker,S.2015.AnInternetofSoftThings.In:Futurescan3:

IntersectingIdentities,GlasgowSchoolofArt,11-12November2015.Glasgow:GlasgowSchoolof

Art.

Brown,D.,McHugh,D.,Standen,P.,Evett,L.,Shopland,N.andBattersby,S.2011.“Designing

locationbasedlearningexperiencesforpeoplewithintellectualdisabilitiesandadditionalsensory

impairments.”ComputersandEducation,56(1),11-20.

Burt,E.,andAtkinson,J.2012.“TheRelationshipbetweenQuiltingandWellbeing.”TheJournalof

PublicHealth,34(1):54-59.

Page 22: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

22

Embleton-Tudor.L.,KeemarK.,Tudor,K.,Valentine,J.andWorrall,M.2004.ThePerson-Centred

Approach:AContemporaryIntroduction.Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan.

Fritzing2016.Fritzing:ElectronicsMadeEasy[online],Fritzing,Availableat:

http://fritzing.org/home/[Accessed2March2016].

Glazzard,M.,Kettley,R.,Kettley,S.,Walker,S.,Bates,M.andLucas,R.2015.“Facilitatinga‘non-

judgmental’skills-basedco-designenvironment.”In:ProceedingsoftheThirdEuropeanConference

onDesign4Health2015,SheffieldHallamUniversity,13-16July:1-12.

Gray,C.andMalins,J.2004.Visualizingresearch:aguidetotheresearchprocessinartanddesign.

Aldershot:Ashgate.

InnovateUKNetwork.2013.AroadmapforInterdisciplinaryResearchintheIoT,March2013.

InnovateUKNetworkInternetofThingsSpecialInterestGroup(IoTSIG).Availableat:

https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/internet-of-things[Accessed4October2016].

Jaatinen,P.2015.RethinkingVisualArtPracticeinRelationtoWell-Being.AConceptualAnalysis.PhDDissertation,UniversityofJyväskylä

Kettley,S.,Kettley,R.andLucas,R.(forthcoming).“FromHuman-CentredtoPerson-Centred

Design.”InI.KuksaandT.Fisher,T.(Eds).DesignandPersonalization.Abingdon:Gower/Routledge.

Levitt,B.2005.EmbracingNondirectivity:ReassessingPerson-centredTheoryandPracticeinthe21st

Century.Ross-on-wye:PCCSBooksLtd.

Mackeith,J.etal.,2013.Mentalhealthrecoverystar:userguide.3rdedition.London:MentalHealth

ProvidersForum.

MentalHealthTaskforceStrategy(2016).TheFiveYearForwardViewforMentalHealth.NHS

England.Availableat:https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Mental-Health-

Taskforce-FYFV-final.pdf.[Accessed4October2016].

Page 23: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

23

Particle,2016.PrototypingToolsfortheInternetofThings[online].Particle.Availableat:

https://www.particle.io/prototype[Accessed2March2016].

Rogers,N.1993.CreativeConnection:ExpressiveArtsasHealing.PaloAlto:ScienceandBehaviour

Books.

Rogers,C.1957.“TheNecessaryandSufficientConditionsofTherapeuticPersonalityChange.”

JournalofConsultingPsychology.21(2),95–103.

Rogers,C.1961.OnBecomingaPerson:ATherapist'sViewofPsychotherapy.London:Constable.

Tyrer,P.andSteinberg,D.2013.ModelsforMentalDisorder.5thedition.Chichester:Wiley.

BlackwellWallace,J.,andPress,M.2004.“Allthisuselessbeauty:findingbeautythroughcraftin

digitaltechnology.”PixelRaiders2.Sheffield:SheffieldHallamUniversity.

Wallis,M.andJones,I.2013.“ActsofPoiesis:salamandatandem.”InP.DugganandV.I.Ukaegbu

(Eds.).ReverberationsacrossSmall-ScaleBritishTheatre:Politics,AestheticsandForms,pp.195-216.

Bristol:Intellect.

Worbin,L.2010.DesigningDynamicTextilePatterns.UniversityofBoras:StudiesinArtistic

Research.Availableat:https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:876942/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

[Accessed4October2016].

Yair,K.,2011.CraftandWellbeing,ResearchPaperfortheCraftsCouncilUK,March2011.Available

at:http://www.craftscouncil.org.uk/content/files/craft_and_wellbeing.pdf[Accessed4October

2016].

MHPF:NationalAllianceofVoluntarySectorMentalHealthProviders.2016.TheRecoveryStarand

Resources.Availableat:http://www.mhpf.org.uk/programmes/mental-health-and-recovery/the-

recovery-star.[Accessed4October2016].

ListofFigures

Figure1.Fritzingdiagramshowingschematicforhandheldelectronictextileobject.

Page 24: Wellbeing and Smart Textiles: Reflecting on Collaborative ...irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29133/1/PubSub6551_Kettley.pdf · textile designers and computer scientists (An Internet of Soft

24

Figure2.ImagesoftheoutcomesofthefivemakingactivitieswiththeMindparticipantgroup.

Figure3.Imagesofoneofthehand-heldobjectsusinganaccelerometer,on/offswitch,pushbutton

andathreecolourLEDsLilypadboardwithaPhotonboardforwirelesscommunication.Preparatory

circuitsketchandintermediaryobject.

Figure4.Capacitiveballrugindevelopmentshowingthe5panelspiecestogetherwiththe

appliquedconductivefabric.

Figure5.Capacitiveballrugshowinginteractionwiththecapacitiveareas.

Figure6.LEDcushionshowingtwoconfigurationsoflightoutput.

Figure7.CushionwithLEDsandpushbuttonsinsilverinsert.

Figure8.Imageshowingresultsoftestingonconductivethreadandfabricwhenusedtopower

Photonboard.

Figure9.Examplesofsoftcircuitryfora)aflexsensorandb)fivecapacitivesensors.

Figure10.Examplespreadfromthetoolkitbookletshowingaphotographofexampleoutcomesand

a‘howto’sheetfortheactivity.