Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

Subject :-Machine Designing and industrial drafting

Prepared By – 130120119126- Pandya Kartik

Topic :- Welding Processes

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4th - B : 3

Welding Processes

What do you mean by welded joints??

A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two parts to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material.Welding is extensively used in fabrication as an alternative method for casting or forging and as a replacement for bolted & riveted joints.e.g. to reunite metal at a crack, to build up a small part that has broken off such as gear tooth or to repair a worn surface such as a bearing Surface.

Types of Welding

Fusion Welding Pressure Welding

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Brazing SolderingGas Welding

Electroslag

High Energy Beam

Electric Arc

MIG

TIG

Shielded Metal Arc – “Stick”

Friction Welding

Classification of welding processes

•The welding processes may be broadly classified into the following two groups:1) Welding processes that use heat alone e.g. fusion welding.2)Welding processes that use a combination of heat and  pressure e.g. forge welding.

Fusion welding classification

1. Thermit welding2. Gas welding3. Arc welding

Fusion welding• In case of fusion welding the parts to be jointed are held in position while the molten metal is supplied to the joint.  • The molten metal may come from the parts thems

elves (i.e parent metal) or filler metal which normally have the composition of the parent metal.

• The joint surface become plastic or even molten because of the heat from the molten filler metal or other source. 

•Thus, when the molten metal solidifies or fuses, the joint is  formed.

Fusion Welding

BASE METAL

WELD

SOLIDIFIED SLAG

ARC POOL

WELDING ATMOSPHERE

CORE WIRE

ELECTRODE COATING

ARC STREAM

PENETRATION DEPTH

Thermit welding

• In thermit welding, a mixture of iron oxide and aluminium called thermit is ignited and the iron oxide is reduced to molten iron.

•  The molten iron is poured into a mould made around the  joint and fuses with the parts to be welded.

• The thermit welding is often used in joining iron and steel 

parts that are too large to be manufactured in one piece,  such as rails, truck frames, locomotive frames etc….

Gas welding

• A gas welding is made by applying the flame of an oxy-

acetylene or hydrogen gas from a welding torch upon the surfaces of the prepared joint. • The intense heat at the white 

cone of the flame heats up the local surfaces to fusion point while the operator manipulates a welding rod to supply the metal for the weld. 

• A flux is being used to remove the slag. Since the heating rate 

in gas welding is slow, therefore it can be used on thinner materials.

Electric arc welding•  electric arc welding, the work is prepared in the sam

e manner as for gas welding. In this case the filler metal is supplied by metal welding electrode. • The base metal in the path of the arc stream is melte

d, forming a  pool of molten metal, which seems to be forced out of the pool by the blast from the arc.

•  A small depression is formed in the base metal and the molten metal is deposited around the edge of this depression, 

which is called the arc crater. • The slag is brushed off after the joint has cooled.

Arc weldingElectric current flowing through a high resistance air gap generates an intense arc with temperatures ranging 3,000 to 5,500 centigrade.

Arc welding is the most commonmethod used with structural steelwelding.

Types of welded Joints

The American Welding Society defines a joint as“the manner in which materials f it together . there are f ive basic types of weld joints:•Butt joint.•T -joint.•Lap joint.•Corner joint.•Edge joint.

Joint PreparationWeld joints may be initially prepared in a number Of ways. These include:•Shearing.,Casting,Forging.•Machining,Stamping,Filing,Routing.•Oxyacetylene cutting (thermal cutting process).•Plasma arc cutting (thermal cutting process).•Grinding.

Joint Design

BUTT JOINT

STRAP JOINT

LAP JOINT

FILLET JOINT

CORNER JOINT

Lap Joints •The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plate and then welding the edges of the plates. The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The fillet joints may be approximately triangular. The fillet joints may be classified as below.• 1. Single transverse fillet, • 2. Double transverse fillet, and• 3. Parallel fillet joints.

Butt Joints•The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge. In butt welds,the plate edges do not require bevelling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On the other hand, if the plate thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be bevelled to V or U-groove on both sides The buttthe edges should be bevelled to V or U-groove on both sides. The butt  joints may be• 1. Square butt joint, • 2. Single V-butt joint • 3. Single U-butt joint,• 4. Double V-butt joint, and• 5. Double U-butt joint

Other joints

•The other type of welded joints are corner joint, edge joint and T-joint 

The main considerations involved in the  selection of weld type are:1. The shape of the welded component required,2. The thickness of the plates to be welded, and3. The direction of the forces applied.

Welding Positions

FLAT

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

OVERHEAD

INCREASING DIFFICULTY

Weld DefectsUndercuts/Overlaps

Grain Growth◦ A wide T will exist between base metal and HAZ.

Preheating and cooling methods will affect the brittleness of the metal in this region

Blowholes◦ Are cavities caused by gas entrapment during the

solidification of the weld puddle. Prevented by proper weld technique (even temperature and speed)

Weld DefectsInclusions

◦ Impurities or foreign substances which are forced into the weld puddle during the welding process. Has the same effect as a crack. Prevented by proper technique/cleanliness.

Segregation◦ Condition where some regions of the metal are enriched

with an alloy ingredient and others aren’t. Can be prevented by proper heat treatment and cooling.

Porosity◦ The formation of tiny pinholes generated by atmospheric

contamination. Prevented by keeping a protective shield over the molten weld puddle.

Weld Symbols (Butt Joints)

Backing

Weld Symbol (Fillet Joints)

Weld Symbol (Corner Joints)

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