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أهال و سهال

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المقدمة 658

أهال و سهالالعربية الوظيفية الحديثة

للمستوى المتوسطالطبعة الثانية

مهدي العشمنقحة مع ألن كالرك

دار جامعة ييل للنشرنيو هيفن ولندن



659املقدمة

Ahlan wa SahlanFunctional Modern Standard Arabic

for Intermediate LearnersSecond Edition

Mahdi Alosh

Revised with Allen Clark

Yale University Press New Haven and London



المقدمة 660

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viنماذج األفعال vi

المحتويات

Introduction ........................................................................................xviii

Acknowledgments ................................................................................xxv

ل 2 ............................................................................................ الدرس األو

6 ......................................................................الفتات وإعالنات ودعايات

Conditional Sentences Using 12 ......................................................إذا

Defective Nouns 14 ......................................................... ,االسم املنقوص

Nouns with a Verbal Force 15 ................................................. اسم الفعل

Negating the Imperative ............................................................... 17

Active Participles ........................................................................ 17

Passive Participles ....................................................................... 18

The Passive Voice ........................................................................ 19

22 ........................................................................................ املفردات

26 ........................................................................................... الدرس الثاني

28 ................................................................................... باب التعارف

34 ............................................................................... النجارة وأدواتها

34 ......................................................................................... التسلية

Expressing Wish with 39 ............................................................... لو

Describing Hobbies and Professions using 42 .............................. المصدر

Verb-Agent Agreement 43 ........................................... مطابقة الفعل للفاعل

Redundant 44 .................................................................. (ما الزائدة( ما

Expressing Possession and Describing Place and Time with 45 .......... لدى

The Set of كان Revisited ................................................................ 46

59 ........................................................................................ املفردات



vii viiنامذج األفعال

54 ........................................................................................... الدرس الثالث

56 ..................................................................................... مع أم وليد

58 ................................................................................. أدوات المائدة

58 ................................................................................. أشكال هندسية

The Invariable Verb 63 .........................................................وجب يجب

Uses of the Preposition 64 ...............................................................بـ

Descriptive Iḍāfa 65 ................................................... اإلضافة غير الحقيقية

Ordinal Numbers as Numerical Adverbs 66 ......................... األعداد الرتتيبية

Demonstratives and 67 ..................................................................ها

The Imperative Revisited 68 .................................................مراجعة األمر

70 ........................................................................................ املفردات

74 ........................................................................................... الدرس الرابع

76 ............................................................................ عنوان ميساء الجديد

Giving Directions: The Imperative ................................................. 81

Giving Directions—Adverbials and Prepositions............................... 82

Letter Writing Phrases .................................................................. 82

Creating Emphasis using the Absolute Object 85 .................المفعول المطلق

Expressing Conditional Meaning with 86 ..........................................إن

a. Future Time using ـ / سوف 87 ........................................................س

b. Completed Action or Possibility using 87 ......................................قد

c. Nominal Sentence Introduced by 87 ..............................................إن

d. Negative Sentence Introduced by 88 ..........................لن، ليس، ال، ما، غري

e. Imperative in the Answer Clause................................................. 88

f. The Answer Clause as a Nominal Sentence .................................. 88

g. Answer Sentence Introduced by ام 88 ..............................................رب



viiiنماذج األفعال viii

Uses of 89 ..................................................................................حتى

a. Until (noun +حتى )................................................................... 89

b. Until (Past-tense Verb +حتى ).................................................... 90

c. In Order to (حتى + فعل مضارع) ...................................................... 90

d. Even (including s.th.) ............................................................... 90

Reflexive and Emphatic Use of 90 ..................................................نفس

Tag Questions.............................................................................. 91

Idioms 92 ..........................................................................المصطلحت

95 ........................................................................................ املفردات

98 ......................................................................................... الدرس الخامس

101 ............................................................................... برنامج مع الناس

Useful Communicative Phrases...................................................... 108

Inquiring about Number and Quantity with 112 ................................كم

Expressing Obligation with the Preposition 114 ................................ على

Forming Yes/No questions with 115 ..................................................أ

Exception with 116 .........................................................................إال

Passive Voice .............................................................................. 118

Adverbs of Time 119 .............................................................ظرف الزمان

Substitutes for Adverbs of Time...................................................... 120

Register 121 .......................................................................مستوى لغوي

126 ........................................................................................ املفردات

130 ......................................................................................... الدرس السادس

133 ......................................................................... رامي مراتيني في عمان

133 ........................................................................... أماكن هامة في األردن



ix ixنامذج األفعال

Circumstantial Adverb 141 ...........................................................الحال

The Nominal Sentence 144 .................................................الجملة االسمية

The Set Known as 147 .......................................................... كان وأخواتها

a. Verbs That Mean ‘to become’ ...................................................... 147

b. The Negative Verb 148 ...............................................................ليس

c. Verbs that Mean (to be) still 148 ..........................مابرح، مازال، مافتئ، ماانفك

d. The Verb Meaning as long as, while, since: 148 ..............................مادام

e. Adverb of Time 149 ...........................................................ظرف الزمان

f. Diptotes 149 ...............................................................املمنوع من الصف

g. Deriving the Passive Participle from Hollow Verbs Form ................ 149

h. Deriving the Passive Participle from Weak Verbs Form I ................ 150

i. Deriving the Passive Participle from Hollow Verbs Forms II-X.......... 150

j. Deriving the Passive Participle from Weak Verbs Forms II-X............ 150

k. Pasive Voice ............................................................................ 151

l. Multiple 151 ...........................................................................إضافة

153 ........................................................................................ املفردات

157 ........................................................................................... الدرس السابع

159 ........................................................................... غادة تزور ملهى ليليا

The Different Types of 166 ................................................................ما

a. The Relative Pronoun ما الموصولة what.......................................... 166

b. The Interrogative 167 .......................................................ما االستفهامية

c. The Redundant 167 .............................................................. ما الزائدة

Adverbs of Manner 168 ...............................................................الظرف

The Particle أال not to..................................................................... 168

170 ........................................................................................ املفردات



xنماذج األفعال x

175 ........................................................................................... الدرس الثامن

177 .................................................................... ابتسم! نكت من هنا وهناك

lo and behold.................................................................... 184 إذا الفجائية

Verbs of Approximation 185 ................................................ أفعال المقاربة

a. كاد Negated by ما، لم، ال scarcely, hardly.......................................... 185

Verbs in the Passive Voice 187 ............................................مبني للمجهول

Unlikely Conditions with لو (if)...................................................... 187

The Conjunction فـ (so, then, therefore)........................................ 188

The Circumstantial واو الحال (while; when)........................................ 188

Vocabulary Enhancement 189 ...........................................توسيع المفردات

a. بما أن (since; because)................................................................. 187

192 ........................................................................................ املفردات

196 ........................................................................................... الدرس التاسع

199 ....................................................................... مايكل براون يزور دمشق

Prepositional Phrases Containing 206 ................................................ما

Prepositions that Collocate with Certain Verbs................................. 207

Expressing Reason with ـ، كي، وحتى 209 .................................................ل

Nouns with Verbal Force 209 ....................................................اسم الفعل

Terms Used to Refer to Prophets of Islam ........................................ 210

211 ............................................................................دور املقهى االجتامعي

211 .........................................................................................احلكوايت

212 ..........................................................................دور املرأة العربية تارخييا

213 ......................................................................................خيال الظل

Folk Heros and Tales .................................................................... 215

215 .......................................................................................سرية عنرتة



xi xiنامذج األفعال

216 ............................................................................سرية أبو زيد اهلاليل

216 ..............................................................................سرية الظاهر بيبس

217 ........................................................................................ املفردات

222 ........................................................................................... الدرسالعاشر

225 ................................................................. مايكل براون يزور تدمر وحلب

231 ............................................................................................البدل

232 ....................................................................................كان وأخواتها

232 .....................................................................................إن وأخواتها

233 ..........................................................................الفعل المبني للمجهول

233 ................................................................................ اإلضافة الوصفية

236 ........................................................................................ املفردات

238 .................................................................................... الدرس الحادي عشر

241 ..................................................................... أخبار من الصحف العربية

The Waw of Manner or Circumstance 248 .................................. واو الحال

The Expression البد must; necessary; inevitable ................................. 249

Verbs in the Passive Voice 250 ..............................................مبني للمجهول

The Particle قد and its Variations.................................................... 251

The Negative Particle 252 ................................................................ لم

255 ........................................................................................ املفردات

258 ...................................................................................... الدرس الثاني عشر

261 ................................................................................. دعوة منحوسة

Pronunciation Tip Concerning 269 .............................................من وعن

The Verb of Hope 270 ................................................................. عسى

Verbs of Beginning 271 ........................................................أفعال الشروع



xiiنماذج األفعال xii

The Disappearing نون of Dual and Plural 272 ..................................مضاف

The Verb 273 ............................................................................ أعجب

The Case Marking of the Sound Feminine Plural.............................. 273

The Use of Restrictive Relative Pronouns ........................................ 274

274 ......................................................................................إذا الفجائية

Forming the Superlative out of Adjectives with Doubled Consonants .. 274

Passive Participles 275 ..........................................................اسم المفعول

The Five Nouns 276 ......................................................... األسماء الخمسة

Describing Circumstance with 280 .................................................... بـVerbs of Beginning, Hope, and Approximation

281 ................................................................ أفعال الشروع والرجاء والمقاربة

Assimilation................................................................................ 282

Doubled Verbs Negated with 282 ......................................................لم

285 ........................................................................................ املفردات

290 ..................................................................................... الدرس الثالث عشر

293 ................................................................................... حلم وحقيقة

Verbs Only Used in the Passive 299 ...............................................أضطر

Feminine Superlative Nouns ......................................................... 300

Doubly Transitive Verbs ية لمفعولين 300 ....................................األفعال المتعد

Moods of the Present Tense (Imperfect) 301 المضارع المرفوع والمنصوب والمجزوم

Conditional Sentences 301 .................................................... جمل الشرط

Relative Pronouns 301 ...................................................... االسم الموصول

The Verb of Approximation 302 ......................................................كاد

304 ................................................................................... إذا الفجائية

307 ........................................................................................ املفردات



xiii xiiiنامذج األفعال

310 ..................................................................................... الدرس الرابع عشر

313 ................................................................................ قصتان قصيرتان

313 ................................................................................ السيارة الملعونة

316 ................................................................................. الحالق الثرثار

Similes 320 ............................................................................... التشبيه

Expressing Humor....................................................................... 321

a. Exaggeration ........................................................................... 321

b. Action Verbs........................................................................... 321

c. Dramatic Actions ...................................................................... 321

d. Imagery .................................................................................. 322

Cause and Effect ......................................................................... 322

Describing Circumstance Using ـ 323 ................................... المصدر and ب

Connectors and Indicating Transition............................................. 325

Phrasal Verbs 326 .......................................................... انقطع لـ، انقطع عن

Multiple 326 .............................................................إضافة - مضاف إليه

The Assimilated Verb 327 ..............................................................مثال

327 ............................................................................اإلضافة غير الحقيقية

Verbs of Beginning 328 ........................................................ أفعال الشروع

The Use of Plural Superlatives ....................................................... 328

The Passive Form of Hollow Verbs 329 ................................. الفعل األجوف

331 ........................................................................................ املفردات

336 .................................................................................... الدرس الخامس عشر

339 ................................................................................... جنة األطفال

Terms Children Use to Address Their Parents .................................. 351

Childrens Nicknames .................................................................. 352



xivنماذج األفعال xiv

Ellipsis 352 .............................................................................. الحذف

Compound Question Words .......................................................... 353

Colloquialisms............................................................................ 355

357 ........................................................................................ املفردات

362 .................................................................................... الدرس السادس عشر

365 ............................................................... أول جامعية وطبيبة ومرشحة نيابية

371 ........................................................................... األمبراطورية العثمانيةConnectors 373 .................................................................. أدوات الربط

The Elative ................................................................................. 375

Relative Pronouns 376 ...................................................... االسم الموصول

a. Restrictive Relative Pronouns ..................................................... 376

b. Non-Restrictive Relative Pronouns ............................................. 377

Forming Similes with 378 ............................................................... كـ

380 ........................................................................................ املفردات

384 ..................................................................................... الدرس السابع عشر

387 ........................................................................ األندلس: لمحة تاريخية

389 .............................................................................. التراث األندلسي

Diminutive Nouns 397 ...............................................................التصغير

a. Triliteral ................................................................................ 397

b. Quadriliteral ........................................................................... 397

c. Five-Letter Root ...................................................................... 398

Collocation 398 ................................................................. التالزم اللفظي

Synonyms 400 ...................................................................... المترادفات

The Elative 401 ....................................................................اسم التفضيل



xv xvنامذج األفعال

The Passive 401 ................................................................. مبني للمجهول

404 ........................................................................................ املفردات

411 ...................................................................................... الدرس الثامن عشر

413 ........................................................................................ ابن رشد

Independent Accusative Pronouns 420 ....................... ضمائر النصب المنفصلة

Defective Nouns 421 ......................................................... االسم المقصور

423 ........................................................................................ املفردات

426 ..................................................................................... الدرس التاسع عشر

429 ............................................................................. هكذا قالت العرب

The Preposition رب ‘many a’ ......................................................... 436

Compound particles 436 ..................................................... إنما، مما، عما

Types of 437 ................................................................................ ما

The Elative 438 ............................................................................ خير

Types of 438 .................................................................................. ال

a. Negative Particle....................................................................... 438

b. Negative ‘not’ Construction ....................................................... 439

c. The Negative Response to a Question: 439 .......................................ال

d. 439 ..............................................................................ال نافية للجنس

e. Negation of the Imperative 439 ............................................... ال الناهية

441 ........................................................................................ املفردات

446 ........................................................................................ الدرس العشرون

449 .......................................................................... نبذة عن الشعر العربي

449 ................................................................................ محمود درويش



xviنماذج األفعال xvi

457 ...................................................................................... نزار قبانيExpressing “one of s.th” ................................................................ 469470 .............................................................................. ما الزائدة في إذا ماSometimes a Word is a Sentence in Arabic Types of 470 ....................... ما472 ........................................................................................ املفردات

478 ......................................................................................... مراجعة القواعدCases of the Noun 480 ........................................................ حاالت االسمa. The Nominative Case 480 ....................................................حالة الرفعb. The Genitive Case 481 ..........................................................حالة الجرc. The Accusative Case 481 .....................................................حالة النصبThe Nominal Sentence 482 ................................................. الجملة االسميةa. Nominative Sentences with 483 ......................................... كان وأخواتهاb. Nominative Sentences with 484 ........................................... إن وأخواتهاThe Verbal Sentence 485 ..................................................... الجملة الفعليةPronouns 488 ...........................................................................الضمائرa. Separate (Independent) Pronouns 488 ........................... الضمائر المنفصلةb. Attached Pronouns 489 ................................................. الضمائر المتصلةThe Permutative 490 ................................................................... البدل491 ........................................................................................ اإلضافةDiptotes 493 ............................................................... الممنوع من الصرفHow to Identify a Diptote ............................................................. 494Comparative Adjectives (the Elative) 495 ................................ اسم التفضيلa. Superlative .............................................................................. 496b. Comparative ........................................................................... 496c. Adjectives and colors in superlative / comparative ......................... 496Number-Noun Agreement 498 .............................. تطابق العدد واالسم المعدود



xvii xviiنامذج األفعال

Adverbials 501 .......................................................................... الظرفa. Declinable Adverbs of Time ...................................................... 501b. Indeclinable Adverbs of Time .................................................... 502Relative Pronouns 502 .................................................... األسماء الموصولةa. Restrictive Relative Pronouns .................................................... 503b. Non-Restrictive Relative Pronouns ............................................. 503The Verb 504 ..............................................................................الفعلa. Form (Basic and Augmented Verbs) ........................................... 505b. Kind (Sound and Defective Verbs) 506 ......................... الفعل التام والناقصc. Conjugation: 506 ................................................................. التصريفd. Tense: 507 .............................................................................. الزمنe. Function ي 508 ............................................................... الالزم والمتعدf. Structure 509 .................................................................السالم والمعتلg. Voice 510 ................................................................................ البناءActive Participle 513 ............................................................. اسم الفاعلPassive Participle 514 .........................................................اسم المفعولAdjective 516 ....................................................................الصفة المشبهةNouns of Place and Time 516 ...................................... اسم المكان والزمانNouns of Instrument 519 ......................................................... اسم اآللةNegation 521 ..............................................................................النفي 525 ..................................................................... معجم مصطلحات القواعد

530 ................................................................................................. المعجم598 ................................................................................... أقوال العرب وأمثالهمAppendix A: Answer Key ...................................................................... 602Appendix B: Verb Charts ...................................................................... 658

664 ................................................................................................. فرهرس

Index................................................................................................. 670



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