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Created by Mrs. Sarah L. Beery

Physical Science

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Creating the Periodic Table

Elemental Knowledge

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Creating The Periodic Table

Organization Trends ClassificationTo continue, please choose a topic.To return to this menu, click the RED return arrow.

A slight reviewLet’s recall some vocabulary:

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom of that element.

Atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom.

82

Pb 207.2

Atomic Number

Element

Atomic mass

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Organizationof the Periodic Table

The modern periodic table is organized into 2 ways:

and

To continue, choose a topic.

A row goes across. Rows in the periodic table are called periods. Do you

notice anything unusual? Click continue to find out.

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Vocabulary

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Atomic Number equals the number of protons in an atom of that element.

Atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom.

Period A row in the periodic table.

Group A column in the periodic table.

Trend A pattern in the way something is arranged.

Go Back

RowsRemember, each row on the periodic table is called a

period. Period 1 has two elements. Periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements. Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements. Period 6 has 32 elements. Each row is numbered on the left hand side of the periodic table.

Normally, these two rows, from La to Yb and Ac to No, appear below the periodic table. These are called the Lanthanide series and the Actinide series.

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RowsAs we look at the

periods, notice two things: both

atomic number and atomic mass increase.

ContinueLearn about ColumnsRemember, these are the Lanthanide series and the Actinide series!

Since we know that rows go across,

then columns must go…

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ColumnsEach column on the periodic table is called a group. The elements

within a group have similar properties. Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way when atomic numbers are used to arrange elements into groups.

The columns are often numbered with roman numerals and either an A or a B. The most common columns are usually referred to as Group 1, Group 8, etc., and this stands for the A columns.

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ColumnsThere are 8 special groups on the periodic table that we will learn more about under the “Trends” topic and “Elemental Knowledge”. Click continue to take a quiz on what you have learned so far.

Learn about rows

Before we continue too much further, let’s see what you remember about rows

and columns.

Good Luck!

Review QUIZ

Atomic number tells us how many _________ an element contains.

A. Electrons

B. Protons

C. Neutrons

D. Rows

Question 1

Rows in the periodic table are called

• Groups

• Periods

Question 2

Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way when atomic numbers are used to arrange elements into

A. Groups

B. Periods

Question 3

Not quite the answer we were looking for!

Please try again!

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The atomic number of an element tells us how many protons an element has.

82

Pb 207.2

ATOMIC

NUMBER

Rows in the periodic table are called periods. Columns are called groups.

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Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way when atomic numbers are used to arrange elements into groups.

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TrendsThe periodic table contains many different trends, or patterns

in the way the elements are arranged. The easiest trend to see is atomic number. As we move from left to right across the periodic table, the atomic number increases. The atomic mass (or atomic weight) also increases in this same way.

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LeftRight

For a closeup of this trend, click on the periodic table.

Even though this is only part of the periodic table, it is easy to see that both atomic number and atomic mass are increasing.

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There are many other important trends in the periodic table. Choose one to learn more about it.

Trends

Atomic radius

Effective Nuclear Charge

Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius

The atomic radius is the distance from an atom’s nucleus to the atom’s outer shell. The atomic radius decreases as we go from left to right across the periodic table.

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Effective Nuclear ChargeEffective nuclear charge is the nuclear charge felt by the

electrons in the outer shell.

+

nucleus

e-

outer shell electron

As we go from left to right across the periodic table, effective nuclear charge.

increases.

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Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove

an outer shell electron. As we go across the periodic table, the i.e. increases from left to right.

I n c r e a s e sContinue

There are many other important trends in the periodic table. Choose one to learn more about it.

Trends

Atomic radius

Effective Nuclear Charge

Ionization EnergyQuiz

All right! Time for the second quiz. Click continue to take the quiz, or go back and review a

little bit. Good Luck!

Review

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Question 1

Which periodic trend decreases as we go from left to right across the periodic table?

A. Atomic mass

B. Effective nuclear charge

C. Atomic radius

D. Ionization energy

Atomic mass, effective nuclear charge, and ionization energy all increase as we go across the periodic table. Atomic radius decreases.

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Define effective nuclear charge.

A. A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

B. The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom.

C. The amount of energy required to remove

an outer shell electron.

D. The nuclear charge felt by the electrons in the outer shell.

Question 2

Effective nuclear charge is the nuclear charge felt by the electrons in the outer shell.

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What is a trend?

A. A pattern in how the elements are arranged

B. A formula for an element or compound

C. Another name for ionization energy

D. The right way to look at the periodic table

Question 3

A trend is a pattern in the way the elements are arranged.

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ClassificationWhen we classify the periodic table, we want to sort the elements into several categories. The easiest way to do this is to sort them into

To continue, choose a topic from above.

METALS

Before we get into this too much further, what do you remember about metals? Are they…

a. Okay conductors of heat and electricity?

b. Ductile and malleable?

c. Nonductile and nonmalleable?

d. Always solid at room temperature?

Actually, metals are GREAT conductors of heat and electricity!

METALS

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Metals are both malleable and ductile. Malleable means that metals can be hammered into different shapes or bent without breaking. Ductile means that they can be drawn into wires. GREAT JOB!

METALS

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Actually, nonmetals are nonductile and nonmalleable. Good try!

METALS

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Actually, metals are NOT all solid at room temperature! Mercury (Hg), gallium (Ga), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr) are all liquid at room temp.

METALS

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METALSSome general facts…

About 85% of the known elements are metals

Metals are generally shiny, opaque, and good condcutors of heat and electricity

Metals are malleable and ductile

Most metals are solid at room temp. Exceptions: Hg, Ga, Cs, Fr

Found on the left hand side of the periodic table. VIEW

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

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NonmetalsSome general facts…

Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Usually transparent

Neither malleable nor ductile

Some are solid, some are liquid, some are gas at room

temperature

Found on the right hand side of the periodic table VIEW

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Metalloids

Some general facts…

Six elements are considered metalloids: boron (B), silicon

(Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and

tellerium (Te)

Have both metallic and nonmetallic properties

Weak conductors of electricity – used as semiconductors

Found on the right hand side of the periodic table VIEW

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ClassificationWhen we classify the periodic table, we want to sort the elements into several categories. The easiest way to do this is to sort them into

To continue, choose a topic from above.Quiz

Which elements are semiconductors?

A. Metals

B. Nonmetals

C. Metalloids

Question 1

Metalloids are weak conductors (or semiconductors) of electricity. Metals are good conductors, and nonmetals are poor conductors.

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Which elements are ductile and malleable?

A. Metals

B. Nonmetals

C. Metalloids

Question 2

Metals are malleable and ductile, while nonmetals aren’t and metalloids can only be shaped a little.

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How many elements are classified as “metalloids”?

A. Four

B. Seven

C. Six

Question 3

The six elements that are classified as metalloids are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te.

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Elemental Knowledge

Let’s look into some detail about the elements. First let’s recall: Elements are arranged into groups and periods. Periods go

A. AcrossB. Up and Down.

Please try again!

Elemental KnowledgeElemental Knowledge

Hey, good job! Periods go across. Each new period adds another electron shell

around the nucleus. Groups, however, go up and down. Each group has very similar chemical and physical properties. On the next slide we are going to learn about a

couple of these different groups.

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To continue, please select a group that has an To continue, please select a group that has an arrow pointing at it.arrow pointing at it.

The periodic table.

Done learning about groups

Group 1: The Alkali MetalsGroup 1: The Alkali Metals

Group 1 gets its name, alkali metals, from the Arab word for ashes, al-qali. These elements are extremely reactive, and the reactivity increases from top to bottom. Because they are so reactive, these elements are found in nature as part of a compound, not by themselves. All of these elements react explosively with water.

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Group 2: The Alkaline-Earth MetalsGroup 2: The Alkaline-Earth Metals

As a group, these metals are also fairly reactive (except Be). However, two of these elements are very important to the human body and other parts of nature.

Magnesium: used in plants to help sunlight produce sugar.

Calcium: needed in the body to keep bones and teeth strong.

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Group 3: The Boron FamilyGroup 3: The Boron Family

Boron is a metalloid, but the rest of the elements in group 3 are metals. In fact, aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. Glass containing boron is used in laboratory glassware, and in cookware that can go directly from the oven to the fridge.

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Group 4: The Carbon FamilyGroup 4: The Carbon Family

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This group contains a nonmetal (carbon), two metalloids (silicon and germanium) and two metals (tin and lead). Life on earth would not exist without carbon-except for water, most of the compounds in your body contain carbon. Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in Earth’s crust, and is used in glass and computer chips.

Group 5: The Nitrogen FamilyGroup 5: The Nitrogen Family

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This group contains 2 nonmetals: nitrogen and phosphorus, 2 metalloids: Arsenic and Antimony, and 1 metal: bismuth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important elements used in fertilizers. Your body uses compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus to control reactions and release energy from food.

Group 6: The Oxygen FamilyGroup 6: The Oxygen Family

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Three nonmetals (oxygen, sulfur, and selenium), one metalloid (tellurium), and one metal (polonium) make up group 6. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. We need oxygen to stay alive because it is used to release the energy stored in food. Ozone, made up of oxygen, blocks harmful radiation emitted by the sun. Sulfur is used to produce sulfuric acid, which is mainly used in fertilizers.

Group 7: The HalogensGroup 7: The Halogens

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The halogens, though all are nonmetals, are different physically: Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine and astatine are solids. However, they are all very reactive. Fluorine is used to keep teeth white and in teflon, chlorine is added to bleach and swimming pools to kill bacteria, and your body needs iodine to keep you thyroid gland working properly.

Group 8: The Noble GasesGroup 8: The Noble Gases

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The noble gases are colorless, odorless, and all very unreactive. When electric current passes through noble gases, they emit different colors. Thus, all the noble gases except radon are used in “neon” lights.

Question 1:Question 1:

Which group of elements contains an Which group of elements contains an element used to keep your teeth and bones element used to keep your teeth and bones strong?strong?

A.A. Group 1: The Alkali MetalsGroup 1: The Alkali Metals

B.B. Group 5: The Nitrogen FamilyGroup 5: The Nitrogen Family

C.C. Group 2: The Alkaline-Earth MetalsGroup 2: The Alkaline-Earth Metals

D.D. Group 8: The Noble GasesGroup 8: The Noble Gases

Group 2, the Alkaline-Earth Group 2, the Alkaline-Earth Metals, contains calcium, an Metals, contains calcium, an element that your body needs element that your body needs to keep bones and teeth to keep bones and teeth healthy and strong.healthy and strong.

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This element is not a member of the This element is not a member of the Halogens:Halogens:

A.A. IodineIodine

B.B. ChlorineChlorine

C.C. FluorineFluorine

D.D. ArsenicArsenic

Question 2:Question 2:

Arsenic, As, is a member of the nitrogen family.

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Which group of elements is the least Which group of elements is the least reactive?reactive?

A.A. The Oxygen FamilyThe Oxygen Family

B.B. The Noble GasesThe Noble Gases

C.C. The Boron FamilyThe Boron Family

D.D. The Alkaline-Earth MetalsThe Alkaline-Earth Metals

Question 3:Question 3:

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The noble gases are the least reactive of all the groups-Great Job!

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