welcome! please find a seat. principles of biology, bi 212 dr. kristin latham
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Welcome! Please find a seat.
Principles of Biology, BI 212Dr. Kristin Latham
![Page 2: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
Lecture Website:
http://www.wou.edu/~lathamk/BI212_Summer_2015/Latham.htm
Dr. Kristin Latham
503.838.8868
My office hours: M, T, W, R; 9 - 9 50 am
BI 212: Principles of Biology is 4 credits, lecture and lab. Per week, 8 hours of lecture and 6 hours of lab for four weeks.
![Page 3: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
Who do I ask…….
BI212 has a lecture professor, a course coordinator, and three TAs.
If you question/concern is aboutLab content, assignments and grades: contact your TA. Also see this person first for help understanding lecture material.
Laboratory issues, class enrollment, registration, grading, scheduling and final grades: contact the course coordinator, Lori Kayes.
Basically, if it is not content/lecture material related, or lab assignment related it should go to Dr. Kayes.
Lecture content and exam content: talk to me (Dr. Latham)! To send email, please be sure to put BI212 in the subject line
![Page 4: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tentative Schedule
DatesLecture 1Monday
Lecture 2Tuesday
Lecture 3Wednesday
Lecture 4Thursday Readings
July 20-23
Introduction; Course Tips
BiomoleculesCell Structure and Function
Cell Membrane and Transport
Cell Energy and Enzymes
M: Ch. 2,5T: Ch. 6W: Ch. 7R: Ch. 8Lab: Scientific Investigation Lab: Diffusion & Osmosis
July 27-30
Exam #1(Ch. 2, 5-8)
Metabolism and Cell Respiration
Respiration & Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Cell Communication
M: Ch. 9T: Ch. 9,10W: Ch.10R: Ch. 11
Lab: Enzymes Lab: Photosynthesis
August 3-6
Exam #2(Ch. 9-11)
Plant Structure, Growth, Development
Plant Transport & Nutrition
Plant Response to Signals
Animal Form & Function
M: Ch. 35T: Ch. 36,37W: Ch. 39R: Ch. 40
Lab: Plant Anatomy Lab: Plant Growth
August 10-13
Exam #3(Ch. 35-37,39-40)
Nutrition & Digestion
Circulation & Gas Exchange
Osmoregulation & Excretion
Final Exam(Ch. 41-42,44) +
Cumulative
M: Ch. 41T: Ch. 42 W: Ch.44R: ---
Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections
![Page 5: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lecture 1 Outline (Ch. 2, 5)
I. Atoms and bonds
II. Biomolecules/Macromolecules
III. Carbohydrates
IV. Lipids
VI. Proteins
VII. Nucleic Acids
VIII. Summary
![Page 6: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ProtonsNeutrons
Basic Chemistry
Atoms
Diagram the general structure of an atom.
![Page 7: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Strongest bond
• e- attracted to (+) in nucleus
• e- attracted to nearby nucleus
• bond = e- pair shared
Chemical Bonds - Covalent
What if one atom attracts the electrons more highly?Why might this situation occur?
![Page 8: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• electronegativity: attraction of e- by atom
• non-polar = e- shared equally
• polar = e- unequal
• bonds can differ in polarity
Chemical Bonds - Covalent
![Page 9: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• electronegativity so unequal, e- stripped
• Example: sodium chloride
Chemical Bonds - Ionic
![Page 10: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• H atom (covalent bond), attracted to electronegative atom
• between like or unlike molecules
Chemical Bonds - Hydrogen
![Page 11: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carbon isomers
• Isomers = same molecular formula, different shape
C4H10 C4H10
butane isobutane
• Organic compounds all contain carbon- vary atoms with which carbon bonds- vary shape/structure of molecules
![Page 12: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functional groups
1. Hydroxyl (-OH)
2. Carboxyl (-COOH)
4. Amino (-NH2)
5. Sulfhydryl (-SH)
-
-
3. Phosphate (-PO42-)
• functional groups – common atom combinations, reactions
6. Methyl (-CH3)
![Page 13: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Images
PenicillinCysteine
ATP
![Page 14: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Macromolecules
Macromolecules = giant molecules
Four biological classes/groups
Synthesis –
Monomers (single units) joined into polymers (multi-unit)
![Page 15: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dehydration synthesis = remove H2O, new bond
Hydrolysis = add H2O, break bond
Macromolecules
![Page 16: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Macromolecules
Which stores more energy – polymer or monomer?
Which is more “orderly” – polymer or monomer?
What does this say about order and energy?
![Page 17: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide – simplest sugar molecule
- multiple of CH2O
for fuel/energy & building materials
See also - Fig. 5.3
- C @ each corner
![Page 18: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carbohydrates - disaccharides
• How are carbohydrate monomers joined (name of process)?
glycosidic bond
![Page 19: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Carbohydrates - disaccharides
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
![Page 20: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Polysaccharide – 100s – 1000s of monosaccharides
Carbohydrates - polysaccahrides
Two purposes:
Storage:
- plants – starch
- animals – glycogen
Structure:
- plants – cellulose
- (animals – chitin)
![Page 21: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Carbohydrates - storage
Animal storage - glycogen
Plant storage - starch
![Page 22: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
α glucose β glucose
starch cellulosedigestible (humans) indigestible (humans)
Carbohydrates
![Page 23: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
lipids – fats, phospholipids, steroids
• not made of monomers
i. fats – glycerol + fatty acid – process?
Lipids
fat molecule (aka triglyceride):
one glycerol, plus 3 fatty acids
– ester bond
Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?Functional groups present?
![Page 24: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• saturated fats – all Carbon bonded to as many Hydrogen as possible
• unsaturated fats – one or more Carbons with fewer Hydrogens (1 instead of 2)
Lipids - Fats
![Page 25: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• trans fats – type of unsaturated fat
- synthetically hydrogenated oils
- for texture and preservation
• difference is in the orientation of unsaturated bonds
Lipids - Fats
![Page 26: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ii. phospholipids – glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
Lipids - phospholipids
![Page 27: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• lipid bilayer
Lipids - phospholipids
Why does it make sense for a membrane to be a phospholipid bilayer?
![Page 28: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
iii. Steroids – C skeleton 4 fused rings
cholesterolestradiol
testosterone
Lipids - steroids
cortisol
How might steroids interact with phospholipids?
![Page 29: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Protein monomer unit – amino acid
![Page 30: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
R-group
Proteins
• peptide bond
![Page 31: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Proteins
Proteins have various structures
Many are large & globular
Have “nooks” for different functions
![Page 32: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
N
C
i. Primary – unique sequence of a.a.
*determined by peptide bonds
Proteins - structure
MET TYR CYS
![Page 33: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ii. Secondary – coiled and folded (sheet or helix)
*determined by H-bonds
Proteins - structure
![Page 34: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
iv. Quaternary: two or more protein subunits
*determined by protein-protein interaction
Proteins - structure
iii. Tertiary – regions linked
*determined by R-group bonds
![Page 35: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Nucleic Acids - Intro
DNA: polymer
nucleotide: monomer
![Page 36: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Relationship of DNA to RNA, Proteins?
DNA
RNA
Proteins
![Page 37: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nucleic acids
OH
• Monomers – linked by ???
• Bond formed – phosphodiester bond
Nucleic acid - Polymers
H
![Page 38: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Nitrogenous bases:
- different between nucleotides
Pentose sugars:
Nucleic acid - components
Be able to RECOGNIZE/ID purines vs pyrimidines
![Page 39: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
DNA Structure
![Page 40: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DNA Structure
Hydrogen bonds link paired nucleotide bases across the DNA double helix.
![Page 41: Welcome! Please find a seat. Principles of Biology, BI 212 Dr. Kristin Latham](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e2a5503460f94b1772f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
DNA Structure
• double helix
• Hydrogen bonds
– base to paired base
• Covalent bonds
- sugars to phosphates
- bases to sugars