week 4-summarizing_paraphrasing.pdf

7/25/2019 Week 4-Summarizing_Paraphrasing.pdf

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Summarising and

Paraphrasing

TWO SIDES OF THE SAMECOIN


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Learning outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you should be able

to :

Understand the techniques of summarising

Apply the techniques of summarising

Understand the techniques of paraphrasing

Apply the techniques of paraphrasing

Understand the importance of paraphrasing

Introduce an outside source


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What is a summary?

A shorter version of a piece ofinformation which

Presents the main ideas or most importantinformation

Demonstrates understanding of the material in a

condensed form Reports without personal interpretation or opinion

Involves Writing, Reading and Critical Thinking


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Summary example 1

Source:

Amphibians, which is the animal class or frogs and

toads, were the first creatures to crawl from the sea

and inhabit the earth.

Summary:The first animals to leave the sea and live

on dry land were amphibian.


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Summary example 2

Source:

People whose professional activity lies in the field of

politics are not, on the whole, conspicuous for their

respect for factual accuracy.

Summary : Politicians often lie.


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Summary example 3

Source:

Failure to assimilate an adequate quantity of food over

an extended period of time is absolutely certain to

lead, in due course, to a fatal conclusion.

Summary: Lack of food causes death.


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Summary example 4

Source:

The climatic conditions prevailing in the British Isles

show a pattern of alternating and unpredictable

periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by asimilarly irregular cycle of temperature change

Summary: British weather is changeable.


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Language use

Write in the present tense and omit personal

pronouns e.g. I and me

Use verbs to indicate summarized information e.g.

suggests, states, writes, argues, etc. Use transitional words for a smooth, logical flow of

ideas.

Paraphrase using your own vocabulary and

sentence structure. Make the tone and style yourown.

If quotations are used, remember quotation marks


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Getting started

Read until you understand the text and feel you canexplain in your own words

Recall the information using the 6 question words:Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?

Remember to cite the writer of the text e.g.

Hanlon ( 1984) states or

According to Hanlon (1984)

As successful summarizing depends on paraphrase,lets take a look at this technique:


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Paraphrasing


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Learning outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you should be

able to


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Defining paraphrase

Restate what has been said, or written,

in a different way.

Use your own words to express another

writers words or ideas.


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The importance of paraphrasing

To avoid plagiarism

To report ideas and informationwhich belong to someone else

As an alternative to quoting


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Attributes of a good paraphrase

The use of different words to convey the same ideas

and information as the original writing.

The grammar and vocabulary are not the same withthe exception of technical terms.

The use of multiple paraphrasing techniques

simultaneously.


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Techniques in paraphrasing

Use synonymsUse variedsentence

patterns

Change the

order of ideas

Break long

sentences intoshorter ones

Simplify

abstract ideas


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Technique 1 Use of synonyms

Original

Stress

Primary application

At least 600

Paraphrased

Anxiety

Main use

About six hundred


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Technique 2 Varying sentence structure

Original

Although at least 600

of the devices are

used in the US, there

are apparently only

three in Britain.

Paraphrased

Britain has just three

devices, whereas

America uses around

600.


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Technique 3 changing the order of ideas

Original

Dektor claims that the

muscle tightening occurs

very quickly, and canchange from one word to

the next, so that it is

possible to pick out a

word or phrase thatcauses stress.

Paraphrased

An anxiety-inducing word

or phrase may be

obvious, as the musclescan tighten between

words, according to

Dektor


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Technique 4 Breaking long sentences into shorter ones

Original

In the US, the PSE device isused for pre-employmentinterviews, with questions

such as Have you ever usedmarijuana? and for monthlychecks with branchmanagers, asking questionslike, Do you suspect anypresent employees ofcheating the company? which at least prevents amanager from setting his ownpace to investigate possiblesuspicious behavior.

Paraphrased

The PSE device is used inAmerica to ask prospectiveemployees if they have aver

taken narcotics and toquestion financial managersabout possible fraud in thecompany. This is a preventionagainst branch managersconducting their owninvestigations.


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Technique 5 : simplifying abstract ideas

Original

Normally, but not under

stress, these voluntary

muscles vibrate at 8-12Hz, and this adds a

clearly noticeable

frequency-modulated

component to the voice.The PSE works by

analyzing this infrasonic

FM component.

Paraphrased

The PSE analyses

vibrations of muscles in

the mouth and throatwhich usually vibrate at

8-12Hz. However, under

stress, these muscles

tighten and the PSE canidentify the change in the

voice.


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Introducing an outside source

Always acknowledge thewriter of the text e.g.

Hanlon (2000) states /writes / maintains /

According to Hanlon

(2000) the PSE

Or

The introduction of the

PSE (Dektor) to Britain is

a cause for concern as

no law exists to prohibit

its use. (Hanlon, 2000)


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On a final note:

Use a variety of paraphrasing

techniques.

Always ensure informationparaphrased is true to the

original.


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Conclusion

THIS IS THE ENDOF TODAYS

LECTURE

week 4-summarizing_paraphrasing.pdf

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