week 1 - lecture slides - pep 3100

7/27/2019 Week 1 - Lecture Slides - PEP 3100

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Medical Terminology


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General Anatomical Terms

When describing a structure, we refer to theanatomic position of the body.

Anatomic position refers to the body,

standing upright,

eyes facing forward,

arms to the sides with the palms facing

forward, the legs parallel with the toes point forward.


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Anatomic Position


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Anatomic position

From this frame ofreference, we aim tobe more and more

specific in ourterminology.


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Anatomic position

The front of the body,shown to the left, isANTERIOR.

If the image werereversed and wecould see backside ofthe image that would

be POSTERIOR.


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Anatomic position

With the line drawn,we refer to thingswhich are closer to

that line as MEDIAL. Parts of the body that

are further away fromthat line are

LATERAL.


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Relational Terminology

Structures on thetrunk which are closerto the head than

another areSUPERIOR

Structures on thetrunk which are closer

to the legs thananother areINFERIOR.


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Relational Terminology

Two examples:

The head isSUPERIOR to the

lungs. The stomach is

INFERIOR to thelungs.


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Relational Terms

With respect to thepoint of attachment tothe trunk, structures

which attach closerare PROXIMAL.

Those which attachfurther are DISTAL.


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Relational Terms

For example

The ulna isPROXIMAL to the

carpals and DISTALto the humerus.

The metacarpals areDISTAL to the carpalsand PROXIMAL tothe phalanges.


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Term Usage

We can use these terms to describe the relativelocation of one structure or location to another.

Sometimes, we will use two separate words to

describe the relationships. For example, in the lower leg the fibula is both

lateral to the tibia, proximal to the talus, anddistal to the femur.


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Term Usage

Sometimes we combine the words into a singleword in order to describe a position orrelationship.

For example, there are two menisci in the knee,a medial and lateral one. For these structuresthere are more anteromedial (front-side andtoward the midline) and posterolateral (back-

side and away from the midline) regions.


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Suffixes and Prefixes

There are a plethora of suffixes and prefixes to beaware of which help to identify structures.


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Element Meaning

cost- ribs

joint

cartilage

bone

inflammation

softening

muscle

tendon

arthr-

chondr-

os- or oste-

-itis

-malacia

my-/myo-

ten-/tend-/tendin-


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Costal

Costochondral

Ossify

Osteitis

Chondritis

Chondromalacia Arthritis

Myotome


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Body Tissues

There are numerous tissues in the body whichhelp to hold various structures together, togenerate motion, and to protect the joints and

other structures.


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Body Tissues

Bones are thestructural componentof the body

They are composedlargely of calcium andare rigid.

Bones give shape tothe body and serve asthe attachment pointsfor other tissues


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Body Tissues

Ligaments are fibroustissues which connectone bone to another.

They have elasticproperties whichallows them to deformand stretch to allow

motion.


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Body Tissues

Muscles are thecontractile unit of thebody.

Muscles' function is togenerate motion at ajoint.


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Body Tissues

Tendons connectmuscles to bones.

The action of muscles

pulling on the tendonis the mechanism ofjoint motion.


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Body Tissues

Nerves are electricalconductors.

They transmit sensory

information from theextremities to thebrain

They also transmit

instructions from thebrain to the variousmuscles and internalorgans


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Body Tissues

Cartilage lines theends of long bonesand exists within thejoints.

Cartilage providesnutrients to thebones, protects the

ends of bones, andabsorbs shock duringmotion.


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Muscle Actions

Flexion: Decreasingthe measure of a jointangle

Extension: Increasingthe measure of a jointangle


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Muscle Actions

Adduction: Drawing alimb toward themidline

Abduction: Drawing alimb away from themidline


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Muscle Actions

Rotation: Circularmovement around anaxis


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Muscle Actions

Pronation: Turning thepalm down (awayfrom anatomicposition)

Supination: Turningthe palm upward (intoanatomic position)


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Muscle Actions

Eversion: movementof the sole of the footoutward

Inverstion: movementof the sole of the footinward


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Muscle Actions

Dorsiflexion: Drawingthe foot and toestoward the nose

Plantarflexion:Pointing the toesdownward (action ofstepping on the gas

pedal)


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Look for a quiz on this materiallater in the week.

week 1 - lecture slides - pep 3100

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