WEDNESDAY, 10.15READ THE PARAGRAPH AND CIRCLE THE INCORRECT

WORDS, THEN REPLACE THEM WITH THE CORRECTLY SPELLED WORD.

ONE TYPO…SEE IF YOU CAN FIND IT

In Cambodia, around 55 miles north of Phnom Phen, tarantula spiders our commonly eaten by the locals, but travelers who pass threw often try them, to. (Would you take a bite of one? I don’t know weather I would or not. I’d have too be starving! Maybe their better then worms, though.) The practice began in the days of the Khmer Rouge when food was to scarce and the people where hungry. But apparently the locals developed a taste for the furry eight-legged arachnids, and now their major part of the town’s dietary intake. According too the people who eat spiders, there quiet good! Hundreds of spiders are hunted, cooked, and sold every day in what must be one of the more unusual ‘fast food’ arrangements in the word.

AGE OF REASON (ENLIGHTENMENT)

• 18th Century (1700’s) – challenge the faith and “logic of Puritans

• Began in Europe with philosophers and scientists – called themselves Rationalists.

• Puritans saw God as mysteriously involved in creation of universe.

• Rationalists saw God as a “clockmaker” – perfect mechanism, runs like a clock.

• God’s gift to humanity is “reason” – ability to think in an ordered, logical manner.

• People are no longer predestined – regulate and improve his or her own life.

RHETORICAL APPEALS

TO THE AUDIENCE

ARISTOTLE’S THREE WAYS TO

PERSUADE

LOGOSETHOS

PATHOS

WHO IS ARISTOTLE?

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) is the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

WHAT IS RHETORIC?

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view or to move others to take action.

WHAT IS LOGOS, ETHOS, AND PATHOS?

Logos = Logic

Ethos = Ethics, Image

Pathos = Emotions (Passion)

LOGOS

Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason.

Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

LOGOS EXAMPLE

In the following example, note how Ian Ayres uses evidence from experience (her work environment, Delta Airlines, the University of Chicago). This evidence establishes the precedent that Ayres uses to compare to the current situation that she argues should be changed.

LOGOS EXAMPLE

We don’t have single-sex toilets at home, and we don’t need them at the office. Then there’s also the small question of efficiency. I see my male colleagues waiting in line to use the men’s room, when the women’s toilet is unoccupied. Which is precisely why Delta Airlines doesn’t label those two bathrooms at the back of the plane as being solely for men and women. It just wouldn’t fly.

ETHOS

Ethos is an argument based on character.

Using ethos means the writer or speaker appeals to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.

“I am an ethical expert, so believe what I say.”

ETHOS EXAMPLE

In the following example, note how Nancy Mairs establishes her credibility and trustworthiness and authority to write about this subject by being honest. Mairs admits she is uncertain about her own motives and shows she understands the discomfort others’ have with this subject.

ETHOS EXAMPLES

People—crippled or not—wince at the word “cripple,” as they do not at “handicapped” or “disabled.” Perhaps I want them to wince. I want them to see me as a tough customer, one to whom the fates/gods/viruses have not been kind, but who can face the brutal truth of her existence squarely. As a cripple, I swagger.

—Nancy Mairs, “On Being a Cripple”

PATHOS

Pathos = argument based on feelings

Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

PATHOS EXAMPLE

In the following example from a speech by Winston Churchill, note the use of anaphora (repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of items in a series).

This repetition emphasizes the point and expresses passion and emotion. Moreover, the repetition affects the audience emotionally.

PATHOS EXAMPLE

We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

—Winston Churchill, speech to the House of Commons, June 4, 1940

REVIEW

Logos = logic

Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason.

Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

REVIEW

Ethos = Ethics / Image

Ethos is an argument based on character.

The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the reader as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical.

REVIEW

Pathos = argument based on feelings

Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings.

RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES

USE OF LANGUAGE

WHAT IS RHETORIC?

• “the art of effective expression (speaking & writing) and the persuasive use of language”

• We study rhetoric because:• it helps us to better appreciate appeals to our

ethos, pathos, & logos (more on this to come)• it helps us to become more effective

persuasive speakers and writers

ANALOGY

• Comparison between two things that are alike in certain respects. • Ex: Similes and Metaphors

• Used in persuasion to demonstrate the logic of one idea by showing how it is similar to an accepted idea.

EXAMPLES OF ANALOGIES

• “Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them reveal the riches within.” – Sydney Harris

• Downtown is the like the beating heart of the city.

ALLUSION

• Short, informal reference to a famous person, event, or story. Relies on reader/listener to be familiar with the reference and hidden meaning.

• Used to stimulate ideas, association, and add extra information.

EXAMPLES OF ALLUSION

• If I want to persuade you to wash your hands, I may say “thou shalt wash thy hands.” I am trusting that you respect the commandments and, hence, my statement.

• Can you think of any modern-day songs, movies, or other works that allude to Romeo and Juliet?

ANTITHESIS

• The placing of a sentence or one of its parts against another to which it is opposed in form.• A balanced contrast of ideas, the

direct opposite.• Think about

EXAMPLES OF ANTITHESIS

• “To err is human, to forgive, divine.”• “One small step for man- one giant leap for

mankind.” – Neil Armstrong• “Our government should work for us, not

against us. It should help us, not hurt us.” – Barack Obama

MORE EXAMPLES OF ANTITHESIS

• “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.” - Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities