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Evalua&ng Dispersed Genera&on Resources Dr. Joseph B. Baugh Senior Compliance Auditor, Cyber Security Michael Dalebout Manager of Registra&on WECC Compliance Workshop – Portland OR – November 14, 2017 W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL

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Page 1: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Evalua&ng  Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources  

Dr.  Joseph  B.  Baugh  Senior  Compliance  Auditor,  Cyber  Security  

Michael  Dalebout    Manager  of  Registra&on  

WECC  Compliance  Workshop  –    Portland  OR  –  November  14,  2017  

 W ESTERN   E LECTRICITY   C OORDINATING   C OUNCIL  

Page 2: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Impact  to  Reliability  

Ensure  dispersed  genera&on  units  are  evaluated  correctly  to  provide  the  full  protec&ons  of  the  CIPv5  

Standards,  as  applicable.  

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W ESTERN   E LECTRICITY   C OORDINATING   C OUNCIL  

Page 3: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Iden&fying  the  Aggrega&on  Point  

Michael  Dalebout  Manager  of  Registra&ons  

W ESTERN   E LECTRICITY   C OORDINATING   C OUNCIL  

Page 4: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusions  

BES  Inclusions:    I1  -­‐  Transformers  with  the  primary  terminal  and  at  least  one  secondary  terminal  operated  at  100  kV  or  higher  unless  excluded  by  applica&on  of  Exclusion  E1  or  E3.    I2  –  Genera&ng  resource(s)  including  the  generator  terminals  through  the  high-­‐side  of  the  step-­‐up  transformer(s)  connected  at  a  voltage  of  100  kV  or  above  with:  •  Gross  individual  nameplate  ra&ng  greater  than  20  MVA.  Or,  •  Gross  plant/facility  aggregate  nameplate  ra&ng  greater  than  75  MVA.    I3  -­‐  Blackstart  Resources  iden&fied  in  the  Transmission  Operator’s  restora&on  plan.    I4  -­‐  Dispersed  power  producing  resources  that  aggregate  to  a  total  capacity  greater  than  75  MVA  (gross  nameplate  ra&ng),  and  that  are  connected  through  a  system  designed  primarily  for  delivering  such  capacity  to  a  common  point  of  connec&on  at  a  voltage  of  100  kV  or  above.  Thus,  the  facili&es  designated  as  BES  are:  •  The  individual  resources,  and  •  The  system  designed  primarily  for  delivering  capacity  from  the  point  where  those  resources  aggregate  to  

greater  than  75  MVA  to  a  common  point  of  connec&on  at  a  voltage  of  100  kV  or  above.    I5  –Sta&c  or  dynamic  devices  (excluding  generators)  dedicated  to  supplying  or  absorbing  Reac&ve  Power  that  are  connected  at  100  kV  or  higher,  or  through  a  dedicated  transformer  with  a  high-­‐side  voltage  of  100  kV  or  higher,  or  through  a  transformer  that  is  designated  in  Inclusion  I1  unless  excluded  by  applica&on  of  Exclusion  E4.  

4  

Page 5: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  

I4.  Dispersed  power  producing  resources  that  aggregate  to  a  total  capacity  greater  than  75  MVA  (gross  nameplate  ra&ng),  and  that  are  connected  through  a  system  designed  primarily  for  delivering  such  capacity  to  a  common  point  of  connec&on  at  a  voltage  of  100  kV  or  above.  Thus,  the  facili&es  designated  as  BES  are:  •  The  individual  resources,  and  •  The  system  designed  primarily  for  delivering  capacity  from  the  point  where  those  resources  aggregate  to  greater  than  75  MVA  to  a  common  point  of  connec&on  at  a  voltage  of  100  kV  or  above.    

 (NERC,  2014  April,  BES  Defini7on  Guidance  Document  [v2],  p.  19)  

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Page 6: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  6  

The  point  of  aggrega&on  is  where  the  individual  generator  name  plate  ra&ngs  of  the  dispersed  genera&on  total  >  75  MVA  Capacity  or  greater  to  the  BES  (actual  MVA  ra&ng  =  80  MVA  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on).  

The  common  point  of  connec&on  is  where  the  individual  transmission  Element(s)  of  the  collector  system  is  connected  to  the  100  kV  or  higher  Transmission  system.    

Inclusions  |  NERC  |  Bulk  Electric  System  Defini@on  Reference  Document    Figure  I4-­‐1:  Dispersed  Genera&on  Site  (Single  Voltage  Transforma&on)  –  Wind  Farm  

Individual  Generator  Ra@ng:  2  MVA.  

Page 7: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  7  

The  common  point  of  connec&on  is  where  the  individual  transmission  Element(s)  of  the  collector  system  is  connected  to  the  100  kV  or  higher  Transmission  system.    

The  point  of  aggrega&on  is  where  the  individual  generator  name  plate  ra&ngs  of  the  dispersed  genera&on  total  >  75  MVA  Capacity  or  greater  to  the  BES  (actual  MVA  ra&ng  =  80  MVA  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on).  

Individual  Generator  Ra@ng:  2  MVA.  

Page 8: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  8  

The  common  point  of  connec&on  is  where  the  individual  transmission  Element(s)  of  the  collector  system  is  connected  to  the  100  kV  or  higher  Transmission  system.    

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

In  this  diagram,  the  system  DOES  NOT  aggregate  to  a  dispersed  genera&on  totaling  more  than  75  MVA  Capacity  or  greater  to  the  BES  (actual  MVA  Ra&ng  =  60  MVA  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on).    

Individual  Photovoltaic  Bank  Ra@ng:  15  MVA.  

Page 9: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  9  

The  common  point  of  connec&on  is  where  the  individual  transmission  Element(s)  of  the  collector  system  is  connected  to  the  100  kV  or  higher  Transmission  system.    

The  point  of  aggrega&on  is  where  the  individual  generator  name  plate  ra&ngs  of  the  dispersed  genera&on  total  >  75  MVA  Capacity  or  greater  to  the  BES  (actual  MVA  Ra&ng  =  80  MVA  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on).  

20 MVA

Individual  Photovoltaic  Bank  Ra@ng:  20  MVA.  

20 MVA

20 MVA

20 MVA

Page 10: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  10  

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

In  this  diagram,  the  original  system  does  not  qualify  as  a  BES  facility,  because  it  totals  60  MVA  

Proposed 15 MVA

Proposed 15 MVA

PV  Farm  

The  common  point  of  connec&on.  

The  en&ty    is  proposing  2  new  15  MVA  set  of  PV  Arrays  for  a  total  of  90  MVA  at  the  aggrega&on  point  

           

Page 11: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  Resources:    Inclusion  4  11  

The  common  point  of  connec&on.  

Once  the  two  new  generators  are  interconnected  and  producing  power,  the  genera&on  &e  line  now  aggregates  at  greater  than  75  MVA  Capacity,  bringing  much  of  this  system  and  genera&on  into  the  BES  by  applica&on  of  I4.  

PV  Farm  

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

15 MVA

Proposed 15 MVA

Proposed 15 MVA

Page 12: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Solar  Inverters  and  MVAR  Support  

Dr.  Joseph  B.  Baugh  WECC  Senior  Compliance  Auditor,  Cyber  Security  

W ESTERN   E LECTRICITY   C OORDINATING   C OUNCIL  

Page 13: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Repor&ng  by  MW  Ra&ng  •  Many  en&&es  with  renewable  genera&on  resources  are  repor&ng  individual  or  aggregated  MW  nameplate  ra&ngs,  but  may  not  be  calcula&ng  the  MVA  ra&ng.  

•  One  recent  en&ty  submifed  a  ques&on  about  a  dispersed  solar  genera&on  resource  with  a  74.8  MW  aggregated  nameplate  ra&ng  aggregated  at  92  kV  and  declared  it  as  a  non-­‐BES  Asset.  

•  My  ques&on  back  to  the  en&ty  was  “Do  the  inverters  associated  with  this  dispersed  genera7on  resource  provide  any  Reac7ve  Power  to  the  BES?”    

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Page 14: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  &  Reac&ve  Power  

Why  would  a  CIP  Auditor  care  about  Reac7ve  

Power?    

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Image  Source:  Google  Images  

Page 15: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Dispersed  Genera&on  &  Reac&ve  Power  •  As  dispersed  genera&on  technology  advances,  “some  inverters  …  have  an  apparent  power  ra7ng  that  exceeds  the  real  power  ra7ng”  (Brucke,  2014,  para.  1).  

•  If  our  dispersed  genera&on  example  provides  Reac&ve  Power  to  the  BES,  it  is  possible  this  asset  is  actually  over  the  75  MVA  threshold  and  should  be  classified  as  a  BES  Asset.  

•  Let’s  check  our  example  using  our  old  friend  from  5th  grade  algebra,  the  Pythagorean  Theorem  (a2+b2=c2),  in  its  Power  Equa&on  format,  to  iden&fy  the  MVAR  value  that  would  equal  75  MVA.    

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Page 16: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Applying  the  Power  Equa&on  16  

•  MW2  +  MVAR2  =  MVA2    

•  MVAR2  =  MVA2  –  MW2  

•  MVAR2  =  (75)2  –  (74.8)2    

•  MVAR2  =  5625  –  5595.04    

•  MVAR2  =  29.96  •  MVAR  =  5.47  •  Thus,  5.5  MVAR  or  more  provided  to  the  BES  by  this  dispersed  genera&on  resource  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on  increases  the  MVA  ra&ng  >  75  MVA.  

Solve  for  MVAR:  Let  MVA  =  75,  MW  =  74.8    

W ESTERN   E LECTRICITY   C OORDINATING   C OUNCIL  

c = MVA(Apparent Power)

a = MW (Real Power)

b = MVAR(Reactive Power)

Θ

(a2  +  b2  =  c2)  

Page 17: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

What  About  Wind  Farms?  •  Wind  farms  using  induc&on  generators  typically  implement    internal  capacitor  banks  (IEEE,  Wind  Farm  Electrical  Systems)  and  obtain  VARs  from  the  cap  banks  and  generator  power  electronics  to  run  the  induc&on  generators  at  an  op&mal  power  factor  

•  Some  wind  farms  may  also  pull  MVARs  from  the  transmission  system  to  operate  

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Page 18: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Calcula&ng  Wind  Farm  MVA  Ra&ngs  • Whether  your  wind  farm  provides  MVARs  to  the  BES  to  support  transmission  line  voltages  (Chen,  2005)  or  pulls  MVARs  from  the  BES  to  operate  at  an  op&mal  power  factor,  calculate  those  values  into  the  power  equa&on  to  determine  the  overall  MVA  ra&ng  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on  through  the  point  of  interconnec&on.  

 

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Page 19: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

Calcula&ng  Wind  Farm  MVA  Ra&ngs  • Wind  farm  provides  net  MVARs  to  the  BES                              MVA2  =  MW2  +  MVAR2  

• Wind  farm  absorbs  net  MVARs  from  the  BES                        MVA2  =  MW2  +  (-­‐MVAR)2  

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Page 20: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

FERC  Order  827  •  Effec&ve  on  September  21,  2016,  Order  827  (FERC,  2016  June  23)  eliminated  the  Reac&ve  Power  exemp&on  for  new  wind  farms:    “…  newly  interconnec7ng  non-­‐synchronous  generators  that  have  not  yet  executed  a  Facili7es  Study  Agreement  as  of  the  effec7ve  date  of  this  Final  Rule  will  be  required  to  provide  dynamic  reac7ve  power  within  the  range  of  0.95  leading  to  0.95  lagging  at  the  high-­‐side  of  the  generator  substa7on”  (P.  1,  pp.  40794).  

 

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Page 21: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

FERC  Order  827  •  CAISO  filed  a  clarifica&on  for  Order  827  to  include  substan&al  wind  farm  equipment  upgrades  that  included  modern  inverters  

•  FERC  (2016  Oct  3)  provided  some  relief  for  TOPs  for  upgrades  to  exis&ng  non-­‐synchronous  genera&on  resources  through  the  tariff  process  

•  This  decision  may  extend  Order  827  provisions  to  older  dispersed  genera&on  resources  

 

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Page 22: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

What  Does  the  MVA  Ra&ng  Mean?  •  The  WECC  CIP-­‐002-­‐5.1a  team  is  always  curious  about  BES  Assets  reported  just  below  IRC  threshold  values.  

•  An  aggregated  MVA  ra&ng  >  75  MVA  indicates  this  dispersed  genera&on  resource  is  a  BES  Asset  (Inclusion  I4).  

•  Protect  the  dispersed  genera&on  resource  through  the  point  of  interconnec&on  to  the  BES,  as  applicable  under  Inclusion  I4  and  IRC  3.3.  

•  If  your  en&ty  has  one  or  more  dispersed  genera&on  resources  reported  with  MW  ra&ngs,  expect  a  data  request.  

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WECC  CIP-­‐002-­‐5.1a  R1  Data  Request  •  Iden7fy  the  types  of  inverters  or  other  Reac7ve  Power  resources  in  use  at  each  of  <En7ty>’s  dispersed  genera7on  assets?    

•  Do  any  of  the  inverters  provide  Reac7ve  Power  support?  If  so,  – What  are  the  individual  and  aggregated  MVAR  nameplate  ra7ngs  of  such  inverters?    

– Where  are  they  located  (provide  a  diagram)?  •  Provide  the  MVAR  ra7ngs  of  any  other  associated  Reac7ve  Power  resources.  

•  What  is  the  total  MVA  ra7ng  of  such  dispersed  genera7on  Facili7es  at  the  point  of  aggrega7on  and/or  point  of  interconnec7on  to  the  BES  when  MVARs  are  calculated  into  the  power  equa7on?  

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Dispersed  Genera&on  MVA  Summary  •  Calculate  MVA  Ra&ngs  for  your  dispersed  genera&on  resources  at  the  point  of  aggrega&on,    

•  Declare  applicable  dispersed  genera&on  resources  as  BES  Assets,  and    

•  Provide  MVAR  support,  as  applicable,  at  the  high  side  of  the  genera&on  substa&ons.  

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Image  Source:  Google  Images  

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Speaker  Contact  Informa&on  25  

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Joseph  B.  Baugh,  Ph.D.,  MBA,    PMP,  CISA,  CISSP,  CRISC,  CISM,  PSP  

Senior  Compliance  Auditor  -­‐  Cyber  Security  

Western  Electricity  Coordina&ng  Council  (WECC)  

jbaugh  (at)  wecc  (dot)  biz    (C)  520.331.6351    (O)  360.600.6631  

Page 26: WECC Portland CoW JBBMD DispersedGeneration 2017Nov14...Nov 14, 2017  · Evaluang)Dispersed)Generaon) Resources) Dr.)Joseph)B.)Baugh) Senior)Compliance)Auditor,)Cyber)Security) Michael)Dalebout))

References  •  Brucke,  P.  (2014,  June/July).  Reac7ve  Power  Control  in  U7lity-­‐

Scale  PV:  Page  6  of  11.  Solar  Pro,  7(4).  Retrieved  from  hfp://solarprofessional.com/ar&cles/design-­‐installa&on/reac&ve-­‐power-­‐control-­‐in-­‐u&lity-­‐scale-­‐pv/page/0/5#.Wfohwa2ZOgQ    

•  Chen,  Z.  (2005).  Issues  of  Connec7ng  Wind  Farms  into  Power  Systems.  Paper  presented  at  IEEE/PES  Transmission  and  Distribu&on  Conference  and  Exhibi&on:  Asia  and  Pacific.  Dalian,  China.  Retrieved  from  hfp://www.science.smith.edu/~jcardell/Readings/Wind/Chen%20-­‐%20issues.pdf    

•  FERC.  (2016  June  23).  Order  No.  827:  Reac7ve  Power  Requirements  for  Non-­‐Synchronous  Genera7on.  18  CFR  Part  35:  155  FERC  ¶  61,277:  Docket  No.  RM16-­‐1-­‐000.  Published  in  Federal  Register,  81(121)  [pp.  40793-­‐40809].  Retrieved  from  hfps://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-­‐2016-­‐06-­‐23/pdf/2016-­‐14764.pdf    

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References  •  FERC.  (2016  October  3).  Order  827:  Order  on  Clarifica7on  and  Rehearing  –  Reac7ve  Power  Requirements  for  Non-­‐Synchronous  Genera7on.  18  CFR  Part  35:  157  FERC  ¶  61,003:  Docket  No.  RM16-­‐1-­‐001.  Retrieved  from  hfp://www.nerc.com/FilingsOrders/us/FERCOrdersRules/Order_827_Clarif_Rehear_20161003_RM16-­‐1.pdf    

•  IEEE.  (n.d.).  Wind  Farm  Electrical  Systems.  Presenta&on  from  IEEE  Region  3,  Atlanta  GA.  Retrieved  from  hfps://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf    

•  NERC.  (2014,  April).  Bulk  Electric  System  Defini7on  Reference  Document  [v2].  Retrieved  from  hfp://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/BES%20DL/bes_phase2_reference_document_20140325_final_clean.pdf    

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