supportcdn.edmentum.comsupportcdn.edmentum.com/instructormaterials/worldreli… · web viewthe...

Assessments & Teacher’s Guide

Unit 1:The Study of World Religions

Unit SummaryWhat is religion? What purposes does religion serve? Throughout history, religion has played an important role in shaping the ways that humans understand the world around them and in the organization of different societies. In this unit, we will examine what religion is and what role it plays in society. We will examine different definitions for religion, and look at some of the explanations offered to explain the development of religion.

What Will You Learn in this Unit?1. Analyze different definitions of the word “religion.”

2. Consider how different groups of people approach religion.

3. Identify characteristics that all religions have in common.

4. Discuss some of the functions of religion for society.

5. Learn about some of the ways to categorize religions.

Questions to Think About1. What is religion?

2. Why did religions begin and why do they exist today?

3. What are some of the common characteristics of religions?

4. What are the purposes or functions of religion for humans?

5. What are some of the categories of religions?

© eDynamic Learning Inc. | All Rights Reserved | 2

Key Vocabulary List

Agnosticism Not the denial of the divine, but the belief that it is impossible for humans to know whether or not the divine or ultimate reality exists.

Atheism The belief that there is no deity or divine being.

Beliefs Simply premises or ideas that a person holds to be true.

Faith perspective States that there is a reality beyond humans that some people experience.

Functionalist perspective Holds that religions are found around the world because these religions are useful to humans.

Henotheistic religions Acknowledge a single god, but leave the possibility open that there may be other gods as well.

Materialistic perspective Argues that the supernatural world doesn’t exist (only the material world does) and that humans invented religion.

Monolatristic religions There are thought to be many gods, but followers only worship one god consistently.

Monotheistic religions Believe that there is one god or supreme being.

Myths Stories based on the symbols and beliefs of the religion.

Myths of cosmology Those that discuss how the world was formed or created.

Nontheistic religion A religion that has no personal divine being, but a “way” or a “unity.”

Panentheism The belief that there is a god, that the god exists in every part of nature, and the god extends beyond nature.

Pantheism The belief that the universe is god.

Polytheistic religions Religions that have multiple deities.

Prayer A religious practice with the purpose of bringing humans into contact or communication with the divine or supernatural.

Religion “Any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and a worldview.”

Rituals Repeated, worshipful actions.

Symbols Images that stand for something or represent some information.

Theism Thought to have a personal connection to a sacred being who is part of (or is) the ultimate reality.


Review Questions1. What is religion?

Students may offer one of the definitions from the unit or they may combine some of the ideas. One definition is “A religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.” (Clifford Geertz)

2. What is the materialist perspective of religion?The materialistic perspective on religion argues that the supernatural world doesn’t exist (only the material world does) and that humans invented religion. A number of scholars have posited this perspective, including the 19th century philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach and Sigmund Freud, in the 20th

century. Feuerbach, for example, argued that deities or gods were just projections of people’s fears, wishes, and desires.

3. What are monotheistic religions? How do they differ from polytheistic religions?Some religions believe that there is one god or supreme being. They are monotheistic religions. Religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are examples of monotheistic religions. In these religions, God is viewed as the creator of the world and the moral codes associated with the religions. In contrast to monotheistic religions, polytheistic religions are those that have multiple deities. The gods and goddesses of ancient Greece are one example of polytheism.

4. What is a myth? Give one example of a myth.Many religions also include myths. Myths are stories based on the symbols and beliefs of the religion. We often hear the word “myth” used to describe stories that are untrue or fanciful, which can make religious followers defensive and offended at the use of this word in relationship to religion. However, it is important to note that when used in the academic fields of comparative religion, sociology, or related disciplines, myths are simply stories that are important to a group. The use of the word does not carry with it any determination of a story’s truth when used in this context.

5. What are some of the functions of myths that Joseph Campbell identified?Joseph Campbell, a mythologist, argued that a religion’s myths and stories serve a number of functions. First, they can give followers a sense of wonder about creation or the divine. By telling stories of improbable events or supernatural intervention, a sense of awe or mysteriousness can elevate the divine and give individuals a reason to worship the divine. Mythos and stories also help to establish an ethical code for followers. As we’ll find when looking at specific world religions, each religion establishes how followers should behave in order to please the divine, reach eternal life or rebirth, and fulfill their purpose in life. Think about some of the religious stories that you may have heard. Do the stories help individuals know how to behave? Finally, Campbell argues that myths and stories help followers pass through the life changing stages of life.

Critical Thinking Questions1. When looking at the different definitions of religion, what are some of the common features? Which

definition do you think best captures what religion is? Why? Why has there been so much debate over what a religion is?


Student answers will vary. They should discuss the common elements in the definition (such as beliefs, rituals, etc.) and identify which definition they think is best. Since religions are so broad and different in some respects, it can be difficult to come up with a definition that really captures religion.

2. What are the three perspectives on religion? Describe each. Which one do you think offers the best explanation for the existence of religion? Why?Students should discuss the materialist, functionalist, and faith perspectives. They should choose one that they think is the best explanation. For example, they may choose the functionalist perspective since it argues that people benefit from religions in various ways.

3. What role does religion play in your community? Are there multiple religions present or does one religion dominate the community?Student answers will vary. They should discuss religion in their communities. They may identify some of the religions present and discuss how religions help or hinder the community in different ways.

4. What are some of the benefits of religion for individuals and communities?Student answers will vary. They may discuss benefits like answering the big questions, reducing fear and anxiety, and encouraging social bonds between individuals.

5. What are some of the disadvantages of religion? How can individuals help reduce disadvantages?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how religions can help create situations of violence or conflict. They may discuss how strict adherence to a religion’s believes may close them off to other ideas or discussions.

Lab QuestionsReligion and Social Media1. How are faith communities using the internet and social media?

Student answers may vary. They may discuss how faith communities may place services online or they may pray online together. They may exchange information or discussion on sites like Facebook or Twitter.

2. What are the concerns about using social media for religious purposes?Some worry that these methods may change the relationships that people have with one another. They may be separated, which could decrease trust and accountability.

3. What are some of the benefits of using social media?It allows people separated by distance to worship with communities that they feel comfortable with. It allows communities to reach out to people all over the world in different ways. People may be more comfortable or enjoy the aspect more. People can ask questions and get information about different religions.

4. Do you agree that social media makes religion more accessible to people, just as the printing press did? Why or why not?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how many people can reach out through social media where they may not have before.

5. Have you ever used the internet or social media to learn more about a religion or participate in a religion? If so, what are some of the ways that you have. If not, why do you think people might do this?


Student answers will vary. They may discuss following a religious institution or figure on a social media site. They may discuss how people can gain information or a sense of community by doing so.

Karen Armstrong: Let’s Revive the Golden Rule1. What do all of the major world faiths have?

They all have a version of the Golden Rule or the idea of compassion.

2. What does Armstrong argue happens when we use this ideal? What happens when they do not?She argues that it allows people to transform themselves. When they do not, she argues that people argue and are in conflict about different things. They want to be right rather than to embrace the compassion.

3. How can we revive the Golden Rule, according to Armstrong?Student answers may vary. She argues that we can revive it by making it happen. We can show compassion in different areas of our lives, such as art, and holding discussions about compassion. She also argues that religious teaching must focus on the action of compassion rather than just the teaching of compassion.

4. What are some ways that you can practice compassion or the Golden Rule in your own life?Student answers will vary. They may discuss treating others with respect or they may mention specific actions that they can take.

Discussion Questions1. Why is the study of world religions important?

Student answers will vary. They may discuss how it helps us learn more about others. They may discuss how it can reduce some conflicts or tensions.

2. Have you ever attended a religious service or function from a religion that was different from your beliefs? What benefits might someone gain from doing this?Student answers will vary. They may have attended a different religion’s events. They may discuss how it can help them learn about another religion and its beliefs


Test Questions (Answers Shown in Bold)

Multiple Choice 1. The word religion may come from the Latin

word meaning what?a. Faithb. To tie backc. To worship d. To love

2. Who began the modern academic study of religion in the nineteenth century?

a. Sigmund Freudb. Max Weberc. Friedrich Max Mullerd. Anthony Augustine

3. Which perspective argues that the supernatural doesn’t exist and that religion is human created?

a. Faithb. Materialistc. Functionalistd. Durkheimian

4. Who is associated with the functional perspective on religion?

a. James Ottob. Friedrich Max Mullerc. Karl Marxd. Emile Durkheim

5. An example of a polytheistic religion is which of the following?

a. Christianityb. Judaismc. Ancient Greeced. Islam

6. In what type of religion are there thought to be many gods, but followers only worship one god consistently?

a. Monotheisticb. Polytheisticc. Pantheismd. Monolatristic

7. What is the belief that the universe is god?a. Henotheistic religionsb. Monolatristic religionsc. Pantheism

d. Polytheism8. Karl Marx is associated with which perspective

on religion?a. Materialistb. Functionalistc. Faithd. Durkheimian

9. What are repeated, worshipful actions?a. Beliefsb. Mythsc. Prayersd. Rituals

10. A myth of cosmology is about what?a. End of timeb. Astrologyc. Creation of the universed. Life after death

11. What is not the denial of the divine, but the belief that it is impossible for humans to know whether or not the divine or ultimate reality exists?

a. Atheismb. Agnosticismc. Theismd. Polytheism

12. Who argued that a religion’s myths and stories serve a number of functions?

a. Joseph Campbellb. Karl Marxc. Sigmund Freudd. Alexander Bell

13. What is one of the oldest religious practices?a. Communionb. Festivalsc. Incensed. Prayer

14. What is a symbol associated with Hinduism?a. Wheel of Dharmab. Yin and Yangc. Lotus Flowerd. The Star and Crescent


Unit 2:Hinduism

15. What is a religion that acknowledges a single god, but leaves the possibility open that there may be other gods as well?

a. Henotheistic religionsb. Agnosticismc. Panentheismd. Monotheism

True/False1. There is only one accepted definition for religion. F

2. Rituals often create distinctions between the sacred and the secular. T

3. Faith, religion, and belief system refer to the same thing and the terms should be used interchangeably. F

4. Some scholars have argued that ancient Israel had monolatristic practices before becoming monotheistic as time passed. T

5. The stories of heroes, saints, and other important figures within a religion are held up as models for how individuals should behave in their own lives. T

6. The materialist perspective on religion holds that religions are found around the world because these religions are useful to humans. F

7. Prayer is carried out in the same way in all religions. F

8. Symbols are images that stand for something or represent some information. T

9. Some studies have shown that individuals who participate in religious services and organizations are more likely to live longer and less likely to have health issues like high blood pressure. T

10. Individuals rarely attach great meaning to a religious symbol. F


Unit SummaryTo many Westerners, the word “Hinduism” conjures up images of exotic art, meditation, and rituals. But what exactly is Hinduism? And what exactly do Hindus believe? In this unit, we will learn more about the beliefs, practices, and cultures of the most ancient of all the world’s major religions.

What Will You Learn in this Unit?1. Understand Hinduism’s ancient origins.

2. Discuss several denominations of Hinduism.

3. Identify the four objectives of Hinduism and the four paths to God.

4. Name important Hindu texts and rituals.

5. Recognize the influence of Hinduism on South Asian culture.

Questions to Think About1. What is Hinduism?

2. What do Hindus believe?

3. How did Hinduism originate?

4. How do Hindus practice their religion?

5. How is Hinduism reflected in the culture of India? Of the rest of the world?


Key Vocabulary List

Annaprashan Ceremony in which a child takes solid food for the first time.

Artha The aspiration of worldly success in the forms of wealth, fame, and power.

Bhakti Yoga A path to God through loving devotion.

Brahmacharya The first of the four stages of Hindu life, in which a young man is principally a student.

Brahmin The caste of priests. Generally the most revered of the castes.

Caste system The system of hereditary social stratification that has traditionally existed in India.

ChandalasThe lowest caste in the Indian system. Sometimes Chandalas are considered beneath the caste system, and therefore not a caste at all.

Dharma The aspiration toward moral and legal correctness.

Epic A long narrative poem.

Ganesha Among the principal Hindu gods, he is easily recognized by his elephant head.

Grihastha The stage in a Hindu man’s life when he raises his family.

Indus Valley Civilization Ancient civilization that flourished in South Asia around 4,000 years ago.

Jnâna yoga A path to God through knowledge.

Kama The aspiration toward comfort and sensual pleasures.

Karma yoga A path to God through work.

Kshatriya The caste of warriors and government leaders.

Moksha The aspiration to liberate the soul.

Puranas Ancient writings that tell mythological tales of the Hindu gods.

Raja yoga A path to God through meditation.

Shaivism Denomination of Hinduism which honors Shiva as the supreme deity.

Shakti The principal female deity in Hindu theology.

Shaktism Denomination of Hinduism that honors Shakti above all other gods.


Shiva One of the principal deities in Hinduism. Shaivist worship is centered upon him.

Shudras The second-lowest caste, shudras have traditionally been peasants and servants.

Smartism Denomination of Hinduism that holds all five of the most prominent Hindu deities in equal regard.

Sunyassa The last of the four stages of Hindu life, when a man withdraws from society entirely.

Sutras Instructional Hindu scriptures. Many are on secular topics.

Upanayana Hindu coming of age ceremony.

Upanishads Ancient philosophical documents.

Vaishnavism Denomination of Hinduism that reveres Vishnu, and his incarnations, over all over deities.

Vaishyas Caste consisting of tradesmen and merchants.

Vanaprastha Third of the four stages of Hindu life, when a man withdraws from public life.

Vedas The oldest known Hindu scriptures, nearly all Hindus recognize their authority.

Vishnu One of the principal gods in Hinduism, Vishnu reveals himself through many different incarnations, or avatars.

Review Questions1. When did Hinduism originate?

Hinduism dates back at least to the Vedic period (500-1500 B.C.) and possibly much earlier.

2. What are the four most popular denominations of Hinduism? Shaivism, Vishnaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism

3. What are the four objectives of human existence, according to Hinduism?Kama, Artha, Dharma, and Maksha

4. What are the four paths to Maksha that are available to Hindus?Jnâna, Bhakti, Karma, Raja

5. Name some of the deities worshiped by Hindus.There are literally thousands of correct answers. However, the only deities mentioned specifically in this lesson were Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, Ganesha, and Surya.


Critical Thinking Questions1. How is Hinduism similar to your own religion? How is it different?

Student answers will vary, depending on the student’s background. Unless the student is Hindu, the theology of his or her belief system will probably be very different. Some people will identify with the values presented by Hinduism more closely than others.

2. Why is it difficult to determine when Hinduism originated?Lack of a founder, development of beliefs over a long period of time, and a wide variety of beliefs and practices make it difficult to determine what is defined by “Hindu.”

3. Think of a famous Hindu person. How does (or did) this person’s beliefs and customs influence his or her actions?Student answers will vary, largely on the Hindu person chosen. A student who chooses Mohandas Gandhi will likely have a very different answer than one who chooses Aldous Huxley or Ravi Shankar. However, the beliefs and values of all three of these people are displayed through their work.

4. To some extent, the “four phases of life” for Hindu men have become obsolete. Many men choose to stay in the Grihastha stage indefinitely. Why do you think this is so?Student answers will vary. Some may credit the increasing length of the human lifespan. With people living longer and enjoying good health at advanced ages, fifty years of age seems like a very young age to retire from public life. Medical advances, along with economic advances, may make care for elders somewhat less of a “burden” for modern people as well.

5. It is said that Hinduism is more of a national religion than most of the other modern religions. Why is this so?Hinduism arose in India. Most residents of India are Hindu. However, outside of India and a few surrounding nations, Hinduism is very rare (and largely confined to Indian immigrant communities).

Lab QuestionsBrahadeeswara (or Brihadisvara) Temple

Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the temple and its shrines. Why has this site been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site?Student answers will vary. The temple includes several shrines within the grounds, including the Brahadeeswara shrine in the middle. Walls surround the temple, with the shrines insides the courtyard area. The shrines feature a stepped pyramid appearance at the top. Almost everywhere are intricate carvings in the stone of Hindu gods, goddesses, and other figures. The site is important because it is one of the oldest Hindu temples in existence. In 2010, it celebrated its 1000 anniversary.

2. Who built the Brahadeeswara Temple? Why was it built?The temple was built by Rajaraja Chola, who founded the Chola Empire in India. The temple was dedicated to Shiva, a Hindu god. The exact reasons for its construction are unknown, but it may be that Rajaraja wanted a religious place for his people.


3. What purposes did the Temple have during the Chola Empire?The Temple had a permanent staff of priests, dancers, and musicians. It also held resources, such as gold, silver, and other precious materials. The possession of these resources allowed the temple to lend money to ship builders and merchants, sometimes at high interest rates. The site also had religious purposes for the community. The monuments and murals help to tell the history of the empire and some of the religious beliefs.

4. What challenges did the workers face in constructing the temple? Given that the temple was dedicated in 1010, workers faced many challenges in constructing the temple. Many of the stones are held together through “bonding and notching” without the use of mortar. The topmost stone weighs about eighty tons and scientists and engineers are still unsure of how the ancient workers were able to place it on top without the use of modern measures. One story says that a ramp was built from miles away and an elephant was used to haul the stone up to the top.

5. How does the Brahadeeswara Temple compare to other religious buildings around the world? For example, what are some of the similarities and differences between this temple and cathedrals? How does this temple differ from the religious settings that you commonly see in your community?Student answers will vary. The temple, like many religious sites, includes spaces to worship gods and gather as a community. It has symbols that are associated with the religion. They may discuss some of the structural similarities to pyramids or Mayan temples. Students may also discuss some of the differences between the temple and what they see around them. The temple is very large, with multiple shrines. It has intricate carvings that may be quite different than what students see around them.

Vishnu

1. Who is Vishnu?Vishnu is one of the most important Hindu gods. He is the maintainer or preserver. He is thought to maintain the balance of the universe. He is associated with the sky and the oceans.

2. What are Avatars?Avatars are the specific forms that Vishnu takes when he comes down to earth to help save it. Krishna is one of the avatars of Vishnu.

Navaratri

1. What is Navaratri?It is a festival of lights, to celebrate Shakti, the divine mother.

2. What happens during the festival?Student answers will vary. Offerings are made, such as fruits. Saris are also offered. The offerings are accompanied by music and singing/chanting.


Kirtan

1. What is Kirtan?It is a call and response type of chanting. It is thought to awaken God within the people participating in the chanting.

2. What role does singing or chanting have? How does this compare to the use of singing/chanting in other religions?Student answers will vary. The video discusses how the chanting is thought to help a person let go and get closer to the Hindu god. Music also plays a role in other religions, where it is used in worship. Many of the purposes for this are the same across religions.

Ganesha Chaturthi

1. Who is Ganesha Chaturthi?Ganesha is a personal god that is very popular among Hindus. Ganesha is presented as a happy, fun-loving god and as a remover of obstacles.

2. What is offered to Ganesha (or other gods)?Typically, hospitality of some sort is offered to the god. This may include a seat, food, flowers, and so on. The idea is that the god is visiting you as a guest would in your home.

Discussion Questions1. Which of the four pathways to God, or yogas, appeal most to you? Why?

Student answers will vary. There are no right or wrong answers, but the answer to this question can reveal a lot about a student’s personality.

2. Find a current article in the newspaper that has something to do with Hinduism. Discuss the article with the class. What does this article say about the current influence of Hinduism on the world?Student answers will vary significantly according to the articles the students bring to class. They may discover that they have a new level of understanding of the current political and economic activities in India, based on their study of Hinduism. Or they may find a new appreciation for the Hindu community in their hometown.



Multiple Choice 1. The Hindu denomination that honors the

goddess Shakti over all other deities is________.

a. Shaivismb. Vishnaivism c. Shaktismd. Smartism

2. The Hindu denomination that gives equal precedence to five different deities is _______.

a. Shaivismb. Vishnaivismc. Shaktismd. Smartism

3. The Hindu denomination that worships the god Vishnu, and his avatars, as the supreme godhead is ________.


4. The branch of Hinduism that worships Shiva as the supreme, all-powerful god is ______


5. Hindus refer to the human desire for worldly achievement as ______.

a. Kamab. Arthac. Dharmad. Moksha

6. Hindus refer to the soul’s salvation as ________.

a. Kama b. Arthac. Dharmad. Moksha

7. A path to God through meditation is________.a. Jnâna yogab. Bhakti yogac. Karma yogad. Raja yoga

8. ______ is a path to God through knowledge.a. Jnâna yogab. Bhakti yogac. Karma yogad. Raja yoga

9. ______is a path to God through work.a. Jnâna yogab. Bhakti yogac. Karma yogad. Raja yoga

10. Which of the following are the oldest known Hindu scriptures?

a. Vedasb. Upanishadsc. Sutrasd. Puranas

11. The stage in life in which a Hindu man raises a family is called _____.

a. Brahmacharyab. Grihastha c. Vanaprastha d. Sunnyasa

12. Which is the caste of Hindu priests?a. Brahminsb. Kshatriyac. Vaishyasd. Shudras

13. Which is the caste of warriors and government leaders?

a. Brahminsb. Kshatriyasc. Vaishyasd. Shudras

14. Which is the caste of peasants and servants?a. Brahminsb. Kshatriyasc. Vaishyasd. Shudras


15. The ceremony performed when a child first takes solid food is called ________.

a. Brahmacharyab. Grihasthac. Annaprashand. Upanayana

True/False1. Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s major religions. T

2. True Hindus worship the god Shakti over all other deities. F

3. Bhakti yoga is a path to God through loving devotion. T

4. Hindus may employ more than one of the four paths to God on their spiritual journey. T

5. The Upanishads are the oldest and most authoritative Hindu scriptures. F

6. Caste discrimination is currently illegal in India. T

7. The Kshatriyas are one of the “twice-born” castes. T

8. Members of the Vaishya caste are sometimes referred to as “Untouchables.” F

9. Many Hindus engage in daily religious rituals in their homes. T

10. In art, the god Ganesha is frequently depicted as a many-armed man with blue skin. F


Unit 3:Buddhism

Unit SummaryThe fourth most commonly observed of the world’s religions is in many ways an oddity. Many Westerners define Buddhists as “Buddha worshippers.” However, the Buddha taught that he was merely a human being. He asked not to be worshipped, but merely revered as a sage and a teacher. Classical Buddhism lacks a concept of god, of ritual, and of a metaphysical realm. In this chapter we will learn what Buddhists believe, and how different kinds of Buddhists throughout the world practice their faith.

What Will You Learn in this Unit?1. Discuss the historical and religious figure of the Great

Buddha.

2. Understand the Buddha’s basic teachings.

3. Describe some of the basic developments that have occurred in Buddhism since the time of the Buddha.

4. Identify the two primary divisions of Buddhism.

5. Recognize the influence of Buddhism on different world cultures.

Questions to Think About1. What is Buddhism?

2. Who was the Buddha?

3. How is Buddhism different from other religions?

4. How has Buddhism developed over the centuries?

5. What are the different divisions of Buddhism?


Key Vocabulary List

Bodhi Tree The tree under which the Buddha meditated when he first attained enlightenment.

Buddha nature According to Mahayana Buddhists, the quality found in all sentient beings that enables them to find enlightenment.

Dharma The teachings of the Great Buddha

Eightfold Path Eight-step set of instructions for freeing oneself from earthly desires and achieving Nirvana.

Four Noble TruthsThe pillars of the Buddhist belief system. Tradition tells us that the Great Buddha realized the Four Noble Truths during his enlightenment.

the Great Buddha Title commonly given to Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.

Mahayana Buddhism The branch of Buddhism with the greatest number of adherents.

Middle Way The lifestyle embraced by the Buddha, which avoids extremes in self-indulgence and self-denial.

Nirvana Freedom from the cycle of life, suffering, and death.

Theravada Buddhism One of the two primary factions of Buddhism.

Sangha The community of enlightened Buddhists.

Stupas Decorative mounds of earth, which typically house sacred Buddhist relics.

Three Jewels of BuddhismCollective term referring to the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. A Buddhist is often defined as one who seeks refuge in the Three Jewels.

Review Questions1. When did Buddhism originate?

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in approximately 500 B.C.

2. What are the components of the Eightfold Path of Buddhism? Right views, right intent, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

3. What behaviors are Buddhists advised to abstain from in pursuit of right conduct?Murder, theft, deceit, illicit sex, and the drinking of intoxicants.


4. What are the three jewels of Buddhism?The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha

5. What are the two primary divisions of Buddhism?Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

Critical Thinking Questions1. How is Buddhism similar to your own religion? How is it different?

Student answers will vary, depending on the student’s background. Unless the student is Buddhist, the theology of his or her belief system will probably be very different. Some people will identify with the values presented by Buddhism more closely than others. Some students might find the nontheistic elements of Buddhism compatible with their own religious belief system, while others likely will not.

2. What is the role of the Buddha himself in Buddhism?According to the Buddha’s original teachings, he claims to have been merely a human being who attained a level of enlightenment that is attainable by others. Some schools of Mahayana Buddhism revere the Buddha as a spirit with supernatural qualities or even as a godlike being.

3. Research a predominantly Buddhist country. How has Buddhism affected the culture of this society?Student answers will vary considerably with the country chosen. All Buddhist nations have temples to Buddha and artwork that heavily features the Buddha’s image (although these vary somewhat with the regional “flavor”). If the student chooses a country such as Thailand, they may notice the Theravada principals that are largely built into that country’s system of government. On the other hand, if Tibet is chosen, the student will likely make note of the strife that is brought on by Tibetan Buddhism’s incompatibility with the Chinese government.

4. Why is the number of practicing Buddhists in the world frequently underestimated?This probably results from the difficulty of definitively stating who is and is not considered “Buddhist” and the fact that Buddhism is a popular religion in several countries with governments that suppress religion in general.

5. Buddhism is sometimes practiced in conjunction with other religions. For example, in Japan it is common for a person to be both Buddhist and Shinto. What aspects of Buddhism seem compatible with additional religions? What aspects do not?Answers will vary. Western religion tends to be intolerant of people practicing more than one religion, and this is likely to influence student answers. Some students may cite elements of Buddhist philosophy and teaching that can be incorporated into their secular lives.

Lab QuestionsThe Buddha1. What dream did the queen have before the Buddha was born? How was the dream interpreted?

She dreamed about a white elephant, who gave her a lotus flower. The elephant then entered the side of her body. The interpretations were that the queen would give birth to a son who would either be a great ruler or a holy man.


2. What was the Buddha’s childhood like? What changes the Buddha’s life?Student answers may vary. He was born to a king and his life was privileged. His father wants him to rule and conquer the rest of India. So his father tried to direct the Buddha in this direction. He was protected from pain and suffering. He was given everything that he wanted. Musicians and dancing girls entertained him. He was married to his cousin when he was sixteen. One day, the Buddha ventures out from the palace. On a series of trips, he sees aging people, sick people, dead people and so on. He realizes that these things happen to everyone. On the fourth trip outside, he sees the spiritual seeker and is influenced by this to change his path.

3. How did his life change?Student answers may vary. He embraced poverty and left his home and family. He renounces everything that he had. He began seeking spiritual rebirth and understanding. He apprenticed himself to a spiritual guru.

4. What was the significance of the Buddha accepting the bowl of riceStudent answers may vary. He had been trying to erase all craving and needs for six years. He was on the verge of death. He remembered times from his childhood and how everything in the world is connected. A woman appears and offers him a bowl of rice. His decision to accept it was a move toward life. It is recognition that we cannot do it all on our own. We have compassion for others and help each other.

5. Why is the Bodhi tree a sacred place?It ties into the story above. The Buddha meditated under this type of tree. This particular sacred space is said to be from the time of the Buddha. The Buddha stayed under such a tree, even as he as attacked.

6. What was enlightenment for the Buddha?Student answers may vary. It is an awakening to what is already around you. It is embracing the world. Enlightenment and the capacity for this already exist within; it is just a matter of accepting it. It is the quality of the moment that the person is in.

7. What is the Middle Way?The Middle Way is the balance in life. It is the balance between excess and sacrifice. Like a string on a musical instrument where the music dies if the string is too loose or taunt, life is best when following a balance between the two.

8. How was the initial sangha different from the society around it?Student answers may vary. The initial sangha was one based on equality and openness. Women were a part of it whereas their place in society was lower. The sangha did not pay attention to caste or other societal distinctions as the other parts of society were.

9. What is a miracle in Buddhism? What is one of the most storied miracles in this religion?Miracles are unexpected. They are happenings that we may not understand, but they are all around us. One of the miracles in Buddhism is the Buddha replicating himself in the sky, filling it with Buddhas for all to see.

10. How did the Buddha die?He was offered food that was spoiled. He ate the food anyway as he didn’t want to offend the person who offered it to him and he knew it was his time. He asked to be laid near some trees. His disciples were with him. He told his disciples that this was a part of life, a change.


Discussion Questions1. Some people have argued that Buddhism is a philosophy rather than a religion. Why do you think this is?

How do you define “religion”? Do you believe that Buddhism is indeed a religion?Students will probably cite the historical lack of theism, tradition, ritual, and supernatural elements as reasons Buddhism might not be considered a religion. They might mention that these elements exist in many forms of modern Buddhism. A student’s own religious beliefs are likely to play somewhat of a role in how he or she defines “religion” and if he or she believes that Buddhism qualifies as one.

2. Find a current article in the newspaper that has something to do with Buddhism. Discuss the article with the class. What does this article say about the current influence of Buddhism on the world?Student answers will vary significantly according to the articles the students bring to class. They may discover that they have a new level of understanding of the current political and economic activities in areas of the world that are predominantly Buddhist. They may also learn about Western Buddhism, which has gained in popularity in recent years.


Multiple Choice 1. The Great Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, began

his life as a ________.a. Brahminb. prince c. asceticd. All of the above

2. The Buddha referred to the path through life that avoids the extremes of self-indulgence and self-denial as _______.

a. the Middle Wayb. the Four Noble Truthsc. the Eightfold Pathd. the Three Jewels

3. _______ are the pillars of Buddhist teaching that came to the great Buddha as he was meditating under the Bodhi tree.

a. The Middle Wayb. The Four Noble Truthsc. The Eightfold Pathd. The Three Jewels

4. ______ is a series of steps that a Buddhist takes to free him- or herself of worldly desires and achieve Nirvana.

a. The Middle Wayb. The Fourth Noble Truthsc. The Eightfold Pathd. The Three Jewels

5. All of the following are components of the Eightfold Path EXCEPT _______.

a. Right speechb. Right sustenancec. Right livelihoodd. Right mindfulness

6. At his birth, it was prophesied that Siddhartha Gautama would grow up to be ________.

a. a great emperor b. a wise sagec. either a political leader or a spiritual

leaderd. free from human suffering

7. The state of liberation from the cycle of human suffering is________.

a. Buddha natureb. Nirvanac. stupad. right mindfulness

8. How old was the Buddha when he experienced his enlightenment?

a. 29b. 35c. 45d. 80


9. Theravada Buddhism ________.a. is the most popular form of Buddhismb. reveres the Buddha as a supernatural

beingc. is the predominant religion of Sri

Lankad. All of the above

10. Mahayana Buddhism _________.a. is the principal form of Buddhism in

Chinab. includes Zen and Tibetan Buddhismc. teaches that all sentient beings possess

Buddha nature.d. All of the above

11. Decorative earthen mounds which contain Buddhist relics are called ______.

a. stupasb. Kshatryasc. monasteries d. Pure Land

12. Buddhism is the predominant religion in all of the following countries EXCEPT _______.

a. Sri Lankab. Thailandc. Cambodiad. India

13. Buddhism was founded in the land which comprises the modern-day countries of _______.

a. India and Sri Lankab. India and Nepalc. Myanmar and Cambodiad. Myanmar and China

14. The traditional way in which one first becomes a Buddhist is by ________?

a. renouncing the traditions of Hinduismb. taking refuge in the Three Jewels of

Buddhismc. mastering the Eightfold Pathd. entering a monastic order

15. All of the following are among the Four Noble Truths EXCEPT ________.

a. suffering is inherent to lifeb. desire is the cause of sufferingc. humans are powerless to control

desire or sufferingd. the Eightfold Path will lead a person

toward Nirvana


True/False1. According to tradition, Siddhartha Gautama was encouraged from childhood to become a great religious

leader. F

2. The Great Buddha taught that submission to an all-powerful god was an important component to obtaining Nirvana. F

3. According to tradition, the Four Noble Truths were revealed to the Buddha as he meditated under the Bodhi tree. T

4. The Eightfold Path outlines specific paths for Buddhists to attain Nirvana. T

5. The Buddha encouraged beer brewing and pig farming as spiritually enlightening forms of employment. F

6. Enlightenment through meditation is the final step of the Eightfold Path. T

7. The Buddha encouraged his followers to pray to him. F

8. The earliest existing sculptural depictions of the Buddha were carved in his lifetime and therefore probably accurate likenesses. F

9. Mahayana Buddhists reject tradition, ritual, and the supernatural. F

10. Pagodas are the East Asian equivalents of stupas. T

Unit 4:Judaism

Unit SummaryDespite its humble origins as the belief system of a small, nomadic tribe, Judaism is arguably the most influential religion in world history. While less than one percent of the earth’s population is Jewish, roughly half of the people in the world practice a religion that is based upon the Jewish monotheism founded by Abraham and Moses. In this chapter, we’ll learn about the origins of Judaism, the mark the Jewish people have made on world history, and Jewish life in the twenty-first century.

What Will You Learn in This Unit?1. Identify the origins of Judaism.

2. Briefly summarize the 3,500 year history of the Jewish people.

3. Identify the sacred texts of Judaism.

4. Distinguish among the major divisions of modern Judaism.

5. Understand the beliefs and practices of modern-day Jews.

Questions to Think About1. What is Judaism?

2. How did Judaism originate?

3. What does it mean to be Jewish?

4. What are the different types of Judaism in common practice?

5. How are the beliefs of the Jewish people expressed in other major world religions?


Key Vocabulary List

Bar Mitzvah/Bat MitzvahCeremony in which a child becomes an adult. A Bar Mitzvah is a ceremony in which a boy becomes a man and a Bat Mitzvah is a ceremony in which a girl becomes a woman.

Chupah A canopy under which a Jewish couple is married.

Conservative JudaismA denomination of modern Judaism which is more socially liberal than Orthodox Judaism, but more traditionally Jewish than Reform Judaism

Covenant A conditional promise made to humanity by God.

Hanukkah Eight day “festival of lights” commemorating the rededication of the temple by the Maccabbees.

Hazzan Also called a cantor, a professional vocalist who leads a Jewish congregation in the singing of traditional songs.

High Holidays Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and the days that fall between them.

Ketuvim“Writings” section of the Tanakh. Includes everything in the Hebrew Bible that is not included in the five books of the Torah, and the writings of the prophets.

Monotheism The religious belief that there is one, and only one, god.

Nevi’im The component of the Tanakh that is dedicated to the prophets.

Orthodox Judaism An approach to Judaism which strictly adheres to traditional Jewish beliefs and customs.

Passover Jewish festival that commemorates the exodus of the Jews from Egypt

Purim Jewish festival that commemorates the events that are retold in the book of Esther.

Rabbi A Jewish scholar and religious official

Reconstructionist Judaism An extremely liberal branch of Judaism that is most prominent in the United States

Reform Judaism A Jewish movement that began in nineteenth century Germany, and strove to accommodate Judaism to modern life.

Rosh Hashanah Festival that commemorates the Jewish New Year.

Seder A ceremonial dinner that is held during Passover.


Shabbat The Jewish day of rest and prayer, lasts from sunset on Friday until sunset on Saturday.

Shavuot Festival commemorating Moses receiving the Torah from God.

Sukkot Festival that commemorates the forty-year span of time when Moses and his followers wandered through the desert.

Synagogue A Jewish house of prayer and study.

Talmud A collection of Jewish law and tradition produced in late antiquity.

Tanakh The Hebrew Bible, consisting of the Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim.

Torah The first five books of the Hebrew Bible. They are attributed to Moses.

Yom Kippur The day of atonement, when Jews ask for forgiveness from those they have wronged.

Review Questions1. What are the five books of the Torah?

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

2. What are the three major components of the Tanakh? The Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim.

3. Name four major divisions of Judaism? Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism.

4. What are the two most prominent types of professional Jewish leader, in modern Jewish practice?Rabbis and Hazzans.

5. What are some significant Jewish holidays?Possible answers include, but are not limited to: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot, Hanukkah, and Purim.

Critical Thinking Questions1. How is Judaism similar to your own religion? How is it different?

Student answers will vary, depending on the student’s background.

2. Who is the founder of Judaism? Is it Abraham or is it Moses?Student answers will vary. Those who choose Abraham are likely to cite his covenant with God and his role as ancestor to the Jewish people. (People in this camp are likely to argue that the Hebrew religion existed before Moses.) Those who claim Moses to be the founder of Judaism will likely argue


that Moses was responsible for organizing the Hebrews into a nation and for developing Hebrew theology into a proper religion.

3. Think of a famous Jewish person. How does (or did) this person’s beliefs and customs influence his or her actions?Student answers will vary widely based on the Jewish person chosen. A student who chooses Anne Frank will likely have a very different answer than one who chooses Adam Sandler or Moses.

4. How does the concept of being a “chosen people” influence Jewish customs and beliefs? Student answers will vary. Possible topics include Israel, dietary codes, personal responsibility, etc.

5. Although it is considered to be of little religious significance, Hanukkah has become a popular Jewish holiday in recent years. Why do you think this is? Possible answers include its proximity to Christmas and its theme of protecting the Jewish homeland.

Lab QuestionsJudaism

1. Describe three of the basic beliefs of Judaism.Responses will vary. For example, students might describe the belief that there is one God and that the Jewish people have a covenant with this God.

2. What is the position on conversion to Judaism within this religion? How does this position compare to other religions?Responses will vary. Judaism does not encourage conversion in the same way that some other religions do. Conversion can take some time and effort on the part of the individual and conversions are governed by religious law. Not all conversions are accepted within all Jewish groups.

3. Describe one important figure in the history of Judaism. Why is this person important to the religion?Responses will vary. Figures such as Abraham, David, Moses, or Joshua may be discussed. The responses should indicate why the figure is important to the history of the religion, such as Moses leading the Jews to the Promised Land.

4. Describe one of the holy days of Judaism. What are the customs for this holy day? Why is this holy day important within the religion?Responses will vary. A holy day such as Purim, Passover, and Yom Kippur might be discussed. Students should identify the significance of the day and what customs or rituals are part of the day.

5. What are the two sacred texts of Judaism? Describe each of the texts and what it contains.Responses will vary. The two texts are the Torah and the Talmud. The Talmud contains the Jewish oral laws. The Torah is the first part of the Jewish Bible and it contains the five books of Moses.

6. What are three different subdivisions within the Judaism? Write at least three paragraphs comparing and contrasting the three subdivisions that you chose.


Responses will vary. Three subdivisions of Judaism, such as Orthodox Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Conservative Judaism, should be compared and contrasted.

Discussion Questions1. It has been said that Judaism is the most historical of the world’s major religions. In what ways is the

history of the Hebrew people reflected in their beliefs and customs?Student answers will vary. Students should be able to list numerous ways in which Judaism is influenced by its four-thousand-year history.

2. Find a current article in the newspaper that has something to do with Judaism. Discuss the article with the class. What does this article say about the current influence of Judaism on the world?Student answers will vary significantly according to the articles that the students bring to class. Any article on Judaism is acceptable. (This includes everything from stories about the ongoing conflict in Israel to notices about local events in the Jewish community.)



Multiple Choice 1. _______ is considered to be the ancestor to all

of the Hebrew people.a. Abrahamb. Noah c. Mosesd. Aaron

2. God created the heavens and the earth in _______.

a. One dayb. Six daysc. Seven daysd. Six thousand years

3. ________ were kings of all of the tribes of Israel.

a. Abraham and Isaacb. Moses and Joshuac. David and Solomond. Ahab and Jezebel

4. All of the following are parts of the Tanakh EXCEPT _________.

a. The Torahb. The Talmudc. The Nevi’imd. The Ketuvim

5. The book in the Torah that gives an account of the creation and the story of Adam and Eve is ______.

a. Genesisb. Exodusc. Leviticusd. Deuteronomy

6. The book in the Torah that tells how Moses led his people out of Egypt is ________.

a. Genesisb. Exodusc. Leviticusd. Deuteronomy

7. The most important prophet in Judaism is generally considered to be ________.

a. Abrahamb. Mosesc. Isaiahd. Jesus of Nazareth

8. ________ is the Jewish New Year festival.a. Rosh Hashanahb. Yom Kippurc. Passoverd. Purim

9. ______ is the festival which commemorates Moses’ flight from Egypt.

a. Rosh Hashanahb. Yom Kippurc. Passoverd. Purim

10. The festival of Purim commemorates the events in the Biblical book of ________.

a. Exodusb. Isaiahc. Estherd. Maccabbees

11. Which Jewish festival falls roughly the same time of year as Christmas?

a. Shavuotb. Sukkotc. Purimd. Hanukah

12. Which is a trained vocalist who leads a congregation in the singing of traditional songs?

a. Synagogueb. Rabbi c. Hazzand. Chupah

13. Which is a Jewish scholar who provides leadership to a congregation?

a. Synagogueb. Rabbic. Hazzand. Chupah


14. Which is a Jewish house of prayer and study?a. Synagogueb. Rabbic. Hazzand. Chupah

15. Which is canopy under which weddings are performed?

a. Synagogueb. Rabbic. Hazzan.d. Chupah

True/False1. Judaism is practiced by more than half of the world’s people. F

2. Moses named Joshua his successor. T

3. The Talmud is considered more authoritative than the Tanakh by all divisions of Judaism. F

4. Reconstructionist Jews reject supernaturalism and promote social equality. T

5. Shabbat is typically observed from sunrise on Saturday until sunrise on Sunday. F

6. Many Jews embrace polytheism. F

7. Conservative Judaism is so named because its adherents are staunchly conservative on political and social issues. F

8. Hanukah is the most important holiday of the Jewish year. F

9. Formal naming ceremonies for infant daughters are more common than their equivalents for infant sons. F

10. Jewish law forbids cremation or embalming of the dead. T


Unit 5:Christianity

Unit SummaryIn terms of the sheer number of adherents, Christianity is the largest of the world’s religions. Between one-quarter and one-third of the world’s people profess to be Christian. If you live in North America, you are undoubtedly familiar with many Christian beliefs and customs, whether or not you are a practicing Christian yourself. In this unit, we will learn about the origins of Christianity and how the Christian faith spread throughout the globe. We will also study the core beliefs of the Christian religion and examine the similarities and differences among its major divisions.

What Will You Learn in This Unit?1. Discuss Jesus of Nazareth and other key figures in the

origin of Christianity.

2. Understand the basic teachings of Jesus.

3. Map the spread of the Christian faith throughout Europe and the world.

4. Distinguish between Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.

5. Identify Christian influences in world art and culture.

Questions to Think About1. Who was Jesus of Nazareth?

2. How has Christianity developed and changed over the past two thousand years?

3. In what parts of the world is Christianity prevalent?

4. What do Christians believe?

5. How do different denominations of Christians differ from each other?

© eDynamic Learning Inc. | All Rights Reserved |

Unit 5:EarlyBeliefSystems

31

Key Vocabulary List

Baptism Christian ritual in which the soul is symbolically washed clean with water.

Bible The collection of writings sacred to Christians.

Christmas The festival, observed on December 25, in which the birth of Jesus Christ is celebrated.

CommunionRitual which recognizes Jesus’ last meal, as well as the sacrifice of his life. It is generally observed by eating bread and drinking wine (or grape juice).

Cross The most prominent symbol in Christianity, representing the structure on which Jesus died.

Crucifixion A method of execution, popular in Ancient Rome, where the victim’s hands and feet are bound to a wooden cross.

Easter Sunday Christian festival which celebrates Jesus’ victory over death. Usually considered the most important day in the Christian year.

Eastern Orthodox ChurchOne of the two branches of Christianity that resulted from the Great Schism of 1054. Christian Orthodoxy is most prominent in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Holy WeekThe week beginning with Palm Sunday and concluding with Easter Sunday. Many Christians observe Holy Week to recognize the events of the final week of Jesus’ life.

Joseph Husband to Jesus’ mother, Mary. Joseph was not the biological father of Jesus, but he raised Jesus as his own son.

Lent A forty-day fast period concluding on Easter Sunday.

Mary Mother of Jesus.

New TestamentThe most authoritative scripture to Christianity. The New Testament teaches about the life of Jesus Christ and the activities of the early Christian Church.

Old Testament Also known as the Jewish Bible. Sacred in Christianity but considered less authoritative than the New Testament.

Original Sin The Christian belief that human beings are inherently flawed and sinful, and must seek forgiveness for their shortcomings.

Paul of Tarsus Pivotal leader in the early Christian church.

Protestantism Collectively refers to the Western churches that have separated from Catholicism.


Roman Catholic Church

The Church headed by the Archbishop of Rome (also known as the Pope). The religion of all Western Europeans before the Reformation, The Roman Catholic Church remains the largest Christian denomination in the world.

TrinityA popular model that many Christians use to describe the nature of God. In the Trinity, God consists of three parts—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (sometimes called the Holy Ghost).

Review Questions1. When did Christianity originate?

Approximately 2000 years ago.

2. What are the three components of the Holy Trinity? The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

3. What are the three major divisions of Christianity?Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.

4. What are some festivals associated with Christianity?Christmas, Easter, and Holy Week are festivals mentioned in the lesson; however, the students are likely to know of others.

5. Name the two major divisions of the Christian Bible.The Old Testament and the New Testament.

Critical Thinking Questions1. Over the course of two millennia, Christianity has grown to be the most widely practiced religion on earth.

What factors might have contributed to the widespread practice of Christianity?Student answers will vary. Some students may discuss the worldwide dominance of Western culture, and cite colonization, etc., as a reason behind this phenomenon. Other students may focus their answers on Christian beliefs that have a wide appeal to people in all walks of life and all cultures.

2. Not all Christians share the same beliefs. What, in your opinion, are the most important beliefs in Christianity? What defines a person as Christian or not Christian?Student answers will vary significantly. Students who are practicing Christians are likely to have very firm opinions on this subject.

3. Think of a famous Christian. How does (or did) this person’s beliefs and customs influence his or her actions?Student answers will vary, largely on the Christian person chosen. A student who chooses Mother Teresa will likely have a very different answer than one who chooses Martin Luther King or Joan of Arc. However, the beliefs and values of all three of these people are displayed through their work.


4. Christianity is found in nearly every country in the world. Christian practice varies considerably from country to country, and tends to take on the “flavor” of the local culture. What are some ways in which Christianity is practiced differently in different parts of the world?Student answers will vary. Students may mention language, music, art and architecture, dress/formality, church leadership structure, etc.

5. Some people have claimed that the Apostle Paul, rather than Jesus, is the founder of the Christian religion. Why has this claim been made? To what extent is it true? To what extent is it false?Student answers will vary. Most will point out that Christians do not revere Paul as a god and that his words are authoritative only in that they are in the direct service of Jesus. Others will point out that the Christian church as it currently exists was not formed in Jesus’ lifetime.

Lab QuestionsPeter & Paul and the Christian Revolution Part 2

1. What was life like for those in the early Christian church?Answers will vary. Rome had conquered the area before this time and the early church existed within this environment. Anyone who was seen as a threat to the state could be crucified, and this included those within the early church. The early followers took their message to various parts of the Roman Empire by traveling to those locations.

2. How did Agrippa affect the early Christian church and Jesus Movement?Answers will vary. Agrippa became the ruler, under Caligula, over the Jewish people. He had little tolerance for the claims of the Jesus Movement and its leaders. He cracked down on the early church, killing some members and persecuting others. He arrested the early Christian leaders and put the movement on the brink of failure.

3. Why did the Roman Empire see the Jesus Movement as a threat?Answers will vary. The early Christian followers talked about Christ as king, lord, and other terms that challenged the authority of Caligula and Agrippa.

4. What happened to Peter in prison? What changes did this have for the early Jesus Movement?Answers will vary. The story relates that an angel helped Peter escape from prison. The result of this was that Peter lived and that the movement continued. Peter left the area and James took over as the leader of the early Jesus Movement.

5. Who was Paul? Why was he important in the early Christian church?Answers will vary. Paul was a Gentile convert. There were many in the early church who didn’t believe non-Jews should be included in the movement. Paul spread the movement to non-Jewish people and cultures. This created controversy in the early church.

6. Why was the inclusion of Gentiles or non-Jews in the early Christian church controversial?Answers will vary. Some Jewish leaders were concerned about what would happen to the church if non-Jews out-numbered them in the Christian church. They felt that the Gentiles were challenging the Jewish identity, practices, and sacrifice. For many Jews, it was unacceptable that Gentiles be accepted in the early church.

7. What happened to Paul in Ephesus? Why?


Answers will vary. Paul was imprisoned in Ephesus. He spent two years in jail. It is not entirely certain why he was jailed, but it was likely due to his message. It may be that the political climate caught up with him or that he stepped over some of the boundaries with his message. He was eventually set free.

8. Why was the collection brought by Paul important?Answers will vary. It represented the possibility of a united Jesus Movement. It would have brought together the Jewish and Gentile parts of the movement into one. It is believed, however, that the collection was rejected by James and some of the other Jewish leaders. In the days that followed, some of the Jews tried to kill Paul. He was later arrested by the Romans and sent to Rome.

9. What happened in the year 64 AD? How did this affect the early Christian church?Answers will vary. A fire broke out in this year. The early Christian church was blamed for the fire and a purge occurred in Rome. Christians were executed by Nero.

10. Why are Peter and Paul important to Christianity?Answers will vary. The video argues that without these two, we would not have Christianity as we do today. They took a movement that expected immediate change and turned it into a long-term movement/religion. They spread the religion from a small group of Jews to peoples of various cultures and eventually around the world.

Discussion Questions1. In election years, it is clear that Christianity plays a big role in U.S. politics. What are some ways that

Christianity figures into political discourse?Topics that are likely to be mentioned here include, but are not limited to, abortion, gay issues, welfare, diplomacy/war, social class issues, and race and gender issues.

2. Find a current article in the newspaper that has something to do with Christianity. Discuss the article with the class. What does this article say about the current influence of Christianity on the world?The discussion will vary considerably depending on the articles that are collected. Christianity has far-reaching effects on American society. An article on the Salavation Army’s holiday collections would qualify, as would one about mega-church ministry, international diplomacy, the prayer in schools debate, etc.



Multiple Choice 1. The founder of Christianity is usually

considered to be __________.a. John the Baptistb. Jesus of Nazareth c. the Poped. Peter the Apostle

2. According to Christian tradition, young Jesus was raised as a __________.

a. princeb. priestc. carpenterd. merchant

3. During the fourth century, Christianity became the official state religion of __________.

a. the Roman Empireb. the United Statesc. Israeld. Scandinavia

4. During the Middle Ages, Christianity __________.

a. spread throughout Europeb. spread throughout North and South

Americac. remained confined to Romed. went into decline

5. All of the following are components of the Holy Trinity EXCEPT __________.

a. the Fatherb. the Holy Spiritc. the Bibled. the Son

6. According to tradition, Jesus did all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. teach b. perform miraclesc. raise the deadd. build an army

7. All of the following people worked with Jesus of Nazareth during his ministry EXCEPT __________.

a. the apostle Peter b. Paul of Tarsusc. Mary Magdalened. John the Baptist

8. The following books are in the New Testament EXCEPT__________.

a. The Gospel of Markb. Actsc. Genesisd. The letters of Paul

9. The three major divisions of Christianity are __________.

a. Roman Catholicism, Greek Orthodoxy, Russian Orthodoxy

b. Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism

c. Baptists, Methodists, Episcopaliansd. Lutheranism, Calvinism, Roman

Catholicism

10. Most Protestant churches __________.a. encourage individuals to read

scriptureb. have celibate priestsc. perform services in Latind. reject a literal interpretation of scriptures

11. Most Christians observe __________as their day of worship.

a. Wednesdayb. Fridayc. Saturdayd. Sunday

12. The ritual in which Christians acknowledge Jesus’ last supper is called __________.

a. Communionb. Baptism c. Easter d. Christmas


13. The ritual in which sins are washed away with water is called __________.

a. Communionb. Baptismc. Easterd. Christmas

14. The most important festival in Christianity is __________.

a. Christmasb. Easterc. Holy Weekd. Communion

15. The most common and recognizable symbol of Christianity is __________.

a. the Cathedralb. figuresc. an organ fugued. the cross

True/False1. Christianity was founded around 3300 years ago. F

2. According to tradition, Jesus was immaculately conceived. T

3. Early in life, Paul of Tarsus was a persecutor of Christians. T

4. Christians tend to value good deeds over faith and belief. F

5. Most Christians believe that the soul is mortal and ceases to exist when a person dies. F

6. The Old Testament is the highest authority in Christian scripture. F

7. All Protestant churches answer to a single central authority. F

8. The Great Schism of 1054 separated Protestantism from Roman Catholicism. F

9. Christmas is the most important holiday of the Christian year. T

10. For a church to be considered sacred, it must adhere to a specific architectural model. F


Unit 6:Islam

Unit SummaryDespite its historical (and in many ways theological) connection to Christianity and Judaism, Islam is among the most controversial religions in the West—where this faith is too often linked with associations of war, terrorism, and female oppression. In this chapter we will try to get past the stereotypes and gain a more thorough understanding of the world’s second most widely followed religion.

What Will You Learn in this Unit?1. Identify the origins of Islam.

2. Discuss the life of the prophet Muhammad.

3. List the Five Pillars of Islam.

4. Distinguish among the major divisions of modern-day Islam.

5. Understand the role of Islam in current affairs.

Questions to Think About1. How did Islam originate?

2. How did Muhammad found his new religion?

3. What is the role of the Quran in Islam?

4. What are the differences between Shia and Sunni Islam?

5. Describe the role of women throughout the Islamic world.


Key Vocabulary List

Allah The Arabic word for God, literally meaning “the God,” indicating the belief in only one god.

HajjThe pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. The Hajj is considered one of the five Pillars of Islam, and all Muslims who are able are expected to make the journey at some point in their lives.

Hijra Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in the year 622.

Ishmael The son of Abraham and Hagar; Muslims revere Ishmael as the ancient ancestor of the Arabs.

Jihad The Muslim concept of a holy, or justified, war or conflict.

Mecca The hometown of the Prophet Muhammad, and the place in which the Quran was first revealed to him; Mecca is the most sacred site in Islam.

Medina City to which Muhammad fled to avoid persecution in Mecca; now the second most sacred city to Muslims.

MuhammadConsidered to be the founder of Islam. Muslims regard Muhammad as the last, and most important, of a series of prophets through which God revealed himself to humanity.

Prophet In Muslim tradition, prophets are human beings who are utilized by God to reveal truth to humanity.

QuranThe central document of Islam. Muslims believe that the Quran is the word of God as it was directly spoken to the Prophet Muhammad.

Ramadan Holy month in Islam, in which Muslims fast.

Salat Muslim ritual of prayer; one of the five Pillars of Islam.

Sawm The fast that is observed during the month of Ramadan; one of the five Pillars of Islam.

Shahada A Muslim statement of belief in God; one of the five Pillars of Islam.

Shia One of the two major denominations of Islam; dominant in Iran and Iraq.

Sufi A mystical branch of Islam.

Sunni The largest denomination of Islam, consisting of 80-90% of Muslims.

Zakat The Muslim requirement of giving generously to the needy; one of © eDynamic Learning Inc. | All Rights Reserved | 39

the five Pillars of Islam.

Review Questions1. Who is recognized as the founder of Islam?

The Prophet Muhammad.

2. Name some of the prophets who are recognized by Muslims. Aside from Muhammad, Muslims recognize Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, and many others as prophets.

3. What are the Five Pillars of Islam?Statement of Creed, Prayer, Charity, Fast of Ramadan, and the Pilgrimage to Mecca.

4. What are the two major denominations of Islam?Sunni Islam and Shia Islam.

5. In what parts of the world do Muslims live?Muslims are found in nearly every country on earth. However, they are most heavily represented in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa, South and Central Asia, and Indonesia.

Critical Thinking Questions1. Some say Islam is likely to become the largest religion in the world during the twenty-first century. What

are some factors that contributed to Islam’s rapid growth over the centuries?Student answers will vary. Some students may discuss the military campaigns that spread Islam over much of the world—particularly in the Middle Ages. Other students may mention that birth rates are higher in the Islamic world than they are in the West. Other students may talk about specific Muslim teachings, such as the universality of God and concern for the poor and oppressed, that are likely to appeal to a large number of people.

2. What are some of the core beliefs that all Muslims, regardless of denomination, are likely to share?Student answers may vary some. Core tenets of Islam that students might mention include, but are not limited to monotheism, belief in the authority of the Quran, and adherence to the Five Pillars.

3. Think of a famous Muslim person. How does (or did) this person’s beliefs and customs influence his or her actions?Student answers will vary, largely on the Muslim person chosen. A student who chooses Benazir Bhutto will likely have a very different answer than one who chooses Muhammad Ali.


4. The Quran, and its role in Islam, is often compared to the Bible and its role in Christianity. How are the two documents similar? How are they different?Both the Christian Bible and the Quran are the foundational documents of their respective religions. Muslims usually accept their founding scripture as directly spoken by God (Christians disagree among themselves on this particular issue). The Bible is taken from several different sources that were written down over a period of centuries, while the entirety of the Quran was composed by (or rather, revealed to) one person over a period of only a few years. Most Christians study scripture in their native language, while Muslims grant much higher authority to the Quran in it’s original, Arabic, form.

5. Discuss the role of women in the Muslim world. How is the position of Muslim women problematic in the West? To what extent is this an inherent part of Islam?Student answers will vary. Some will point out apparent gender inequities that are found within the teachings of the Quran (such as the right of men to take more than one wife or the smaller portion of inherited wealth afforded to daughters than to sons). Some students may point out the limitations placed on the freedom of women in many predominantly Muslim countries (such as the forced wearing of veils, social isolation, and political and economic limitations). Other students will point out that these restrictions are absent in much of the Muslim world, and may cite examples of influential Muslim women (for example, Benazir Bhutto).

Lab QuestionsMuhammad1. What is the Hajj?

It is an annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims are encourage to take this journey at least once during their lifetime.

2. Identify and describe the five steps of the Hajj.The first step is the “arrival and change.” This takes place at a border station on the edge of Mecca’s sacred area. Identity and the clothing worn before are left behind and the person puts on uniform garments to show the commonalities between people.

The second step takes place in Mecca. Rites are performed at the mosque, including Turning, which is a form of prayer. The person also sips water from the well at the mosque, which is the well that saved Ishmael and Hagar.

The third step takes the pilgrim to the Mina Valley and the Plain of Arafat. The pilgrim travels through the desert to these spots. A group vigil takes place at the Plain of Arafat.

The fourth step takes place a Muzdallifah. At sundown, pilgrims engage in a vigil for the night. They may pray, read, and have a quiet period.

The fifth step is the return to the Mina Valley. Pilgrims throw pebbles at the three pillars there, which represents Satan. They have a three day feast and return to Mecca. They “perform the seven turns around the Kabah one last time.”

3. What did Muhammad teach about women?Student answers may vary. Women played an important role in Muhammad’s life. He sought to end female infanticide and create more rights for women in society. He taught that men and women are equal to God.


4. What did Muhammad teach about other religions?Student answers will vary. He believed that each community is sent its own prophets. He believed that his teaching was continuing the teaching that others had done. He does criticize some Christians and Jews for rejecting prophets such as Mary.

5. When was Muhammad born? He was born in the year 570 in Mecca.

6. What were Muhammad’s teen years like?He worked as a shepherd while living with his uncle. Sometimes, he traveled with a merchant, possibly as far away as Syria.

7. When did Muhammad receive his first revelation? What happened?He received his first revelation in 610. He was taking a retreat at a mountain cave when he was visited by “an overpowering presence.” It took him several years before he told anyone else about what happened.

8. When did Muhammad make his message public? What happened?He brought the message to others in 613. He revealed the messages that he had been receiving. At first, he was ridiculed, attacked, and persecuted. Some groups placed a ban on trade with his people. Someone also tried to kill him.

Discussion Questions1. Islam often carries a bad reputation in the United States. What are some reasons that this might be so?

Student answers will vary. Students may mention war, terrorism, oil, the role of women, etc.

2. Find a current article in the newspaper that has something to do with Islam. Discuss the article with the class. What does this article say about the current influence of Islam on the world?The discussion will vary considerably depending on the articles that are collected. An article on political instability in Egypt would qualify, as would one about Osama bin Laden, pilgrims in Mecca, controversy concerning the President’s middle name, or a fund-raiser performed by a local Muslim organization.


Test Questions (Answers Shown in Bold)Multiple Choice 1. The founder of Islam is usually considered to be

________.a. Adamb. Jesus c. Abrahamd. Muhammad

2. _______ is recognized as the ancestor of the Arab people.

a. Isaacb. Ishmaelc. Jesusd. Muhammad

3. What position did Muhammad hold during his early adult life?

a. Carpenterb. Merchantc. Princed. Monk

4. How old was Muhammad when be began to receive messages from God?

a. 6b. 25c. 40d. 62

5. In 622, Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca and resettled in the city of _______.

a. Medinab. Jerusalemc. Damascusd. Ninevah

6. _______ is the Pillar of Islam that instructs all who are able to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at some point in his or her life.

a. Shahada b. Salatc. Sawmd. Hajj

7. ________ is the Pillar of Islam that prescribes the Muslim’s daily prayer ritual.

a. Shahadab. Salatc. Sawmd. Hajj

8. _______ is the Pillar of Islam that instructs Muslims to fast during Ramadan.

a. Shahadab. Salatc. Sawmd. Hajj

9. _______ is the Pillar of Islam that commands Muslims to live charitably.

a. Shahadab. Salatc. Zakatd. Hajj

10. __________ is the Pillar of Islam in which Muslims make a statement of their belief in God.

a. Shahadab. Salatc. Zakatd. Hajj

11. The largest denomination of Islam is _________.

a. Sunnib. Shiitec. Sufid. Abu Bakr

12. The majority of Muslims in Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain are _______.

a. Sunnib. Shiite c. Sufid. Abu Bakr

13. _________is a branch of Muslim mystics.a. Sunnib. Shiitec. Sufid. Abu Bakr


14. Islamic law limits a woman’s opportunity to _________.

a. work and earn wagesb. inherit as much as her brotherc. buy and sell propertyd. All of the above

15. The Muslim concept of “jihad” refers to _________.

a. a just war that adheres to a reasonable moral code

b. unjust and morally depraved violencec. violently purging the world of non-

believersd. the holy month of fasting

True/False1. Muslims expect that many great prophets will follow Muhammad. F

2. Muhammad remained in a monogamous relationship with Khadijah for as long as she lived. T

3. Muslims worship Muhammad as though he were an incarnation of God. F

4. Muslims regard the Quran as the direct word of God. T

5. The Arabic version of the Bible is considered no more or less important than the English translation of it. F

6. All are required to fast during Ramadan, regardless of age or level of health. F

7. Muslims are asked to pray, in the direction of Mecca, five times every day. T

8. Sunnis are, by far, the largest group of Muslims in terms of the number of adherents. T

9. Most Muslim men in the United States have more than one wife. F

10. Islam is the largest religion, in terms of number of adherents, in the entire world. F


Unit 7:Confucianism

Unit SummaryThe ancient philosopher Kung Fu-tzu (known as Confucius in the West) had the greatest influence on Chinese culture of any one individual. The culture, rituals, social structure, and government of the world’s largest civilization are largely based on the teachings and writings of this individual. In this unit, we will learn about the man Confucius, his teachings, and the imprint his philosophy has had on history.

What Will You Learn in this Unit?1. Outline the basics principles of Confucian thought.

2. Recognize the influence of Confucian thought in Chinese culture.

3. Learn about the sacred texts of Confucianism.

4. Discuss the influence of Confucius and Mencius.

5. Consider some of the rites and rituals of Confucianism.

Questions to Think About1. What is Confucianism?

2. What are the themes or virtues included in Confucianism?

3. Who was Confucius? Who was Mencius?

4. What are some of the important texts in Confucianism?

5. What are some of the rites or practices in Confucianism?


Key Vocabulary List

Analects This work includes the guidance and wisdom that Confucius was thought to have given to his followers.

Book of ChangesAlso known as Yijing, was thought to help individuals understand more about their existence and world, as well as help them predict the future.

Book of History

Also known as Shujing and as the Book of Documents. This work contains some of the oldest-known Chinese history and mythology, including information about early dynasties like the Xia, Shang, and Zhou.

Book of Poetry The oldest known collection of Chinese poetry.

Book of Rites

Has three parts: Zhou Li, Yi Li, and Liji. Zhou Li, also known as the Rites of Zhou, deals with the bureaucracy of the government under the Zhou dynasty. Yi Li, which is known as Ceremonial, describes the etiquette rules for the upper classes.

Confucianism A philosophical, moral, and social system of thought that emphasizes the self-cultivation of virtue and harmony.

ConfuciusHe stressed that a good individual would have certain virtues, and that individuals should strive to find these virtues in their own lives.

Doctrine of the Mean or Zhong Yong.

This work emphasizes the Confucian philosophy of harmony, balance, and moderation in life.

Filial piety

One of the most important virtues in Confucian thought. “Filial” refers to the respect that sons have for their parents, but it also extends from that to other relationships, such as between ruler and ruled, friend to friend, husband to wife, and so on.

Great LearningA section of the Book of Rites. It is believed to have been written by the grandson of Confucius, who carried on the message after Confucius’ death.

Humanism The philosophy that the happiness and welfare of humans in this life is most important.

Li Often translated as ritual or rules for behavior.

Mencius He was born in the fourth century B.C.E., during the Zhou dynasty in China. He may have studied under Confucius’ grandson.

Meng Zi or Mencius. Collects the teachings of Mencius in the same way that the Analects records the teachings of Confucius.

Naturalism The belief that only what exists in the natural world is real and of © eDynamic Learning Inc. | All Rights Reserved | 46

importance.

Ren What we might call humanity or humaneness; it is the bedrock of Confucianism.

Spring and Autumn Annals This work was a record of yearly events in the state of Lu.

Supernaturalism Argues that there is a greater power (god) that is above both nature and humans.

Yi The virtue of righteousness or a moral sense.

Review Questions1. What are naturalism, supernaturalism, and humanism? How do these concepts relate to Confucianism?

Naturalism is the belief that only what exists in the natural world is real and of importance. This belief sees the world and nature as self-operating and self-explanatory. There is no purpose beyond what exists in nature. Supernaturalism argues that there is a greater power (god) above both nature and humans. This supernatural power regulates and guides nature and humans. Humanism is the philosophy that the happiness and welfare of humans in this life is most important. People achieve goodness or happiness by acting in humane ways towards others.

2. What is Ren?Ren, or what we might call humanity or humaneness, is the bedrock of Confucianism. This virtue is perhaps best understood as an ethic of reciprocity, which means people should treat others as they want to be treated and avoid treating others in a way that they would not want to be treated. This is the aspect that creates humanity in an individual. This virtue is about giving dignity and respect to each person, showing benevolence, being faithful about a person’s duties, and being honest and sincere with others.

3. What are the Analects?The Analects are an important work for Confucianism. This work includes the guidance and wisdom that Confucius was thought to have given to his followers. Scholars believe that the Analects was composed by Confucius’ followers after his death, perhaps as much as two generations afterward. The work includes 497 verses which discuss specific situations and Confucius’ advice on the correct reaction to the situation or problem. For over 2,500 years, followers of Confucianism have used the Analects as a guide for their lives.

4. What is filial piety in Confucianism? Filial piety is one of the most important virtues in Confucian thought. “Filial” refers to the respect that sons have for their parents, but it also extends from that to other relationships, such as between ruler and ruled, friend to friend, husband to wife, and so on. Filial piety was fundamental for Confucius. He argued that “Filial piety is the root of all virtue” and “Of all the actions of man there are none greater than those of filial piety.” In Confucianism, filial piety is about reverence and respect. Children revere and respect their parents because parents are the source of life, and because they sacrifice for their children. When someone sacrifices him- or herself in some way, that person is owed reverence and respect by the person for whom the sacrifice is made. Thus, rulers who sacrifice themselves for their citizens are owed respect and reverence by those citizens.

5. What is one important book in Confucianism? What is this book about?


Student answers may vary. The Book of Changes, also known as Yijing, was thought to help individuals understand more about their existence and world, as well as help them predict the future. Although Confucius was said to have written part of the work, scholars believe that this is probably not the case. The Book of Changes contains 26 “hexagrams”; each one of these “hexagrams” is a combination of six lines. An individual would throw coins or use some other method to choose one of the hexagrams. The text with the chosen hexagram gives guidance on whatever questions that the person may have. Scholars have noted that the Book of Changes offered individuals a way of making sense of the universe, and a way of trying to understand how things happen.

Critical Thinking Questions 1. Compare and contrast the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius.

Student answers may vary. Mencius was different from Confucius in many ways. He came from an aristocratic background, and he had a strong education. Whereas Confucius would admit when he was wrong, Mencius was more confident in his teaching and believed that what he said was true. Mencius was also more optimistic about human nature. He argued that the virtues at the heart of Confucianism were already a part of each individual, not something that the person needed to find in the outside world. Like Confucius, Mencius believed that countries needed to have good rulers, and he spent time traveling to different parts of Asia to try and convert rulers and leaders. He stated that it was a ruler’s duty and responsibility to look after the welfare of his people. When a ruler failed to do this, Mencius argued that he would lose the divine right to rule and that the citizens of the country had the right to overthrow the ruler.

2. What is ancestor worship? What role does it play in Confucianism? What are the practices associated with it?Student answers may vary. One of the oldest practices or rituals that is part of Confucianism (with links to past religions and beliefs) is ancestor worship or veneration. Ancestor worship has a long history in China, and it is practiced as a way to remember and communicate with one’s deceased relatives. This practice is not a new form of worship or belief that originated with Confucius, but another of the traditions that he built on in his teachings. His teachings indicated that ancestor worship was one way of showing filial piety. In order to help ensure positive influences, followers of Confucius may keep tablets with their ancestors’ names in their home shrines. This site is visited regularly, and devotions are given to the ancestors. Reports are given to the ancestors about what is happening in the family, including weddings and births. During the year, special offerings are given to the ancestors on holidays and during each of the four seasons. Before these special offerings, the offering hall is purified and cleansed, and the table is set. Then, the family sets out drinks and food for the ancestors, and the ancestral tablets are set out. The family greets the ancestral spirits, encourages them to eat, and closes the door. Afterward, the sacrificial food is taken away and the spirits are given a farewell.

3. Why is ren important for Confucius? Do you think this value has importance in the world today?Student answers may vary. Confucius argued that ren should be the foundation for each person and their relationships with other people. He suggested that individuals should be willing to sacrifice themselves in order to seek this virtue, and that this willingness is what gives life meaning. Confucius also extended this virtue beyond the ordinary individual, arguing that rulers needed to have humaneness in order for their subjects to also possess it. In other words, he believed that it was important for those in positions of authority to lead by example, and to treat those under their rule as respected humans.

4. Is Confucianism a philosophy or religion? What are the arguments on each side of this debate?


While we often tend to label Confucianism as a religion, some argue that it is more of a philosophy than a religion. These scholars argue that Confucianism is a way of life or a system of thought that fits within an overall umbrella of humanism. Confucius himself didn’t talk much about religion, focusing instead on people’s duties and responsibilities to other humans. In addition, Confucianism has no priesthood and no doctrine of an afterlife. Others argue that Confucianism has some aspects of religion. They suggest that some of the controversy over whether Confucianism is a religion is due to differing conceptions of what religion is. The Chinese culture tends to think of religion as a form of education and learning, which is different from how many in the West see religion. Some aspects of Confucianism relate to the ideas of spirit, heaven, and religious rites. So, while Confucianism may not have all of the formal aspects of many Western religions, it does play an important role in the lives of many individuals.

5. Describe one ritual or rite of passage that takes place in Confucianism.Student answers may vary. When a person died, rice was placed in the person’s mouth and the body was washed and dressed. A soul cloth, which was to hold the person’s soul while the body remained in the house, was placed by the deceased. Food and drink were placed on this cloth for a predetermined amount of time. After three months, the body was buried, with a procession accompanying the body to the cemetery. Gifts were buried with the body, and the person’s name was added to the ancestors’ tablet.

Lab Questions1. What was Chinese society like when Confucius was born?

Student answers may vary. The civilization had been advanced, creating language and a calendar. However, the social and political stability weakened and feudal lords began to compete with each other for power. It created almost constant warfare and chaos.

2. What was Confucius’ childhood like?Student answers may vary. He was an ugly, shy child. His father died when he was quite young and his father’s family abandoned Confucius and his mother.

3. What challenges did Confucius face as a youth?Student answers may vary. He was an illegitimate child and his mother died when he has a youth. He was poor and had none of the connections that would give him an advantage. He was also taller than average.

4. What job was Confucius given? Why was this important?He was placed in charge of a granary. This job was important because grain was a system of money so it carried importance. He was able to support his family through the job and lift himself out of poverty.

5. What radical ideas did Confucius begin to develop?He believed that education could help wipe out social class and the distinctions between these different economic classes. His school accepted students from all social classes, including the poor.

6. What were some of the ideas or theories that Confucius had during governing of Lu?Student answers will vary. They may discuss the idea of treating others as you wished to be treated, making sure children and the elderly were cared for, and so on. He was interested in solving the social problems behind crime.

7. What plot did the three families come up with? How did this affect Confucius?


They sent beautiful women to Duke Ding of Lu. He spent his time with them and his attention wandered from Confucius and the ways that he wanted to change society. Confucius became disillusioned and he wandered around China looking for a ruler who would listen to him.

8. How did China’s ruling elite react to Confucius after he left Lu?Student answers will vary. For example, they may describe how many of the ruling elite simply ignored Confucius and his teaching.

9. How did the death of his disciple affect Confucius?He fell into a deep depression and retreated from society. He died not long after, feeling that he had made little effect on China.

10. What influence did Confucius have?He influenced people to believe in the capacity of all humans and the power of education. His thoughts have influenced people to fight against oppression and conflict. His philosophy inspires people to improve themselves.

Discussion Questions1. A passage of the Analects states, “Shall I tell you what knowledge is? It is to know both what one knows

and what one does not know.” What do you think Confucius meant by this?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how knowledge is being able to distinguish between what one knows and what is not known. Someone who is ignorant may not be able to know what they don’t know or assume that they know it all.

2. Why do you think Confucianism has had the influence that it has? What aspects would make it influential?Student answers will vary. They may discuss the emphasis on tradition and on treating each other well. They may discuss the connections with Chinese culture and the spread of the religion through Asia.



Multiple Choice 1. Ren is a virtue that means what?

a. Loveb. Humanenessc. Faithfulnessd. Intelligence

2. Li is often translated as what?a. Ritualb. Faithfulnessc. Honestyd. Worship

3. Confucius was born in about what year?a. 20,600 B.C.E.b. 551 B.C.E.c. 3 B.C.E.d. 759 B.C.E.

4. What book gives details about the life and discussions of Confucius?

a. Analectsb. Book of Luc. Doctrine of the Meand. Book of Rites

5. The Book of Rites has how many parts?a. Twob. Tenc. Threed. Twenty

6. Who is thought to have studied with the grandson of Confucius?

a. Lub. Duke Dingc. Menciusd. All of the above

7. Which book was to help individuals predict the future?

a. Book of Ritesb. Great Learningc. Analectsd. Book of Changes

8. What did Mencius argue would happen to a ruler who didn’t look after the welfare of his people?

a. He would lose the right to ruleb. He would be killed by Godc. He would lose respect from the ancestorsd. Nothing, as it is not the ruler’s

responsibility

9. After a person’s death, what is used to hold a person’s soul?

a. Soul cupb. Soul clothc. Soul bookd. Soul icon

10. Which of the following happens during the rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood in Confucianism?

a. The ears are piercedb. The girl moves into a new homec. A new name is givend. All of the above

11. The Book of History is also known as which of the following?

a. The Book of Documentsb. The Book of Poetryc. The Book of Ritesd. The Book of Weapons

12. The Great Learning is said to have been written by whom?

a. Menciusb. Confuciusc. The grandson of Confuciusd. Duke Ding of Lu

13. The Analects contains about how many verses?a. 25b. 497c. 5,349d. 8,258


14. The book of Meng Zi contains the teaching of whom?

a. Confuciusb. The grandson of Confuciusc. Menciusd. Duke Ding of Lu

15. The Spring and Autumn Annals contain information about what?

a. Events throughout in the year in the state of Lu

b. The history of Chinac. Planting and harvest informationd. None of the above

True/False1. Confucianism is always considered to be a religion. F

2. Confucianism has only influenced the culture of China, and not other Asian countries. F

3. Ancestor worship began with Confucius in China. F

4. Confucianism is a philosophical, moral, and social system of thought that emphasizes the self-cultivation of virtue and harmony. T

5. Confucius argued that individuals need to understand their position in society and be willing to sacrifice themselves for others. T

6. The Book of History was destroyed at one point and then rewritten from memory. T

7. The Book of Rites helped individuals predict the future. F

8. One of the unique things about Confucius’ school was that he taught individuals of all social classes, including those of the lower classes. T

9. Confucianism holds that if we create habits that are positive, they will contribute to the social order and harmony that is sought. T

10. Some believe that Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annuals. T


Unit 8:Shintoism

Unit SummaryShinto, the indigenous belief system of Japan, descends from a collection of beliefs and practices that date back to prehistoric times. Over the years, a number of global religious movements, most notably Buddhism, have made their way to Japan. To a large extent, Shinto has endured alongside these additional religions. In this chapter, we will learn more about the practice of Shinto and how Shinto has shaped the culture of Japan.

What Will You Learn in This Unit?1. Outline the basic principles of Shintoism.

2. Learn about some of the different types of Shinto.

3. Examine the common elements of Shinto shrines.

4. Discuss some of the practices and rituals of Shinto.

5. Consider some of the Shinto festivals and their role in the religion.

Questions to Think About1. What is Shinto? What are its similarities and

differences in relation to other religions?

2. What are some of the different types of Shinto?

3. What are Shinto shrines like? What are they used for?

4. What are some of the practices and rituals of Shinto?

5. How is Shinto influencing modern life?


Key Vocabulary List

Association of Shinto Shrines Founded to help support existing shrines, rebuild those that were ruined, and encourage Shinto’s religious rituals and practices.

Folk Shinto The practice of Shinto at small, local shrines and within the home.

Great Purification A ritual to remove all of the impurities a person has gathered since the last purification.

New Year Festival This festival generally lasts for seven days, and is considered both a Shinto festival and a national holiday.

Kami Spirits or natural forces that exist everywhere in the world.

Norito Prayers that are spoken in ancient Japanese and directed to the kami.

Peace Constitution of 1946 After WWII, this prohibited the use of governmental support for religious matters.

Polytheism The belief in more than one deity or god.

Sect ShintoThis type of Shinto rose from a number of charismatic leaders who drew from the traditions of Shinto, Buddhism, and other religions in Japan.

Shinto A religion generally associated with Japanese culture, and considered to be Japan’s native religion.

Shrines The places where kami live and where individuals go to worship the kami.

Shrine Shinto After World War II, this rose in popularity as individuals were given greater religious freedom.

State Shinto Developed during the Meiji reform in the late 1800s and lasted through World War II.

Tenrikyo Founded by Nakayama Miki, who received healing and prophetic gifts from the god Tenri-o-no-mikoto

Torii “Open gateways” that worshipers use to enter a shrine.


Review Questions1. What is polytheism? How does this concept relate to Shinto?

Polytheism is a belief in more than one deity or god. This makes Shinto different from religions like Christianity, where there is only one deity. In some ways, however, saying that Shinto includes more than one deity or god is a bit problematic since these terms tend to assume a division between humans and the deity or sacred, and Shinto does not have this distinction. Rather, the deities of the Shinto religion are better thought of as spirits that inhabit the world around us. Followers believe that all things, including rocks, trees, and waterfalls, may have spirits and have their own voices. Although not every object may be kami, followers of Shinto are taught to respect every object just in case the object does turn out to have a spirit.

2. What is State Shinto?State Shinto developed during the Meiji reform in the late 1800s and lasted through World War II. Before this period, Shintoism had almost disappeared into Buddhism, but Emperor Meiji sought to reform or bring back some of the traditional aspects of Japan, including Shintoism. This form of Shintoism stressed and emphasized obedience to the emperor as well as patriotism. The idea behind this was that the emperor was not only a descendent of the gods, but a representative to them as well. This was not an entirely new idea, as the emperor has long been viewed as the keeper of the faith and religion in Japan. The emperor’s household grounds have three special shrines, and the emperor’s family is viewed as having a special relationship with some of the holiest shrines in Japan, including those of the sun goddess.

3. What are kami? What are Shinto shrines and how are they related to kami?Kami are spirits or natural forces that exist everywhere in the world. In Shinto, shrines are places where kami live and where individuals go to worship the kami. Most towns and villages have at least one shrine dedicated to the local kami. Many individuals also have shrines in their homes for the kami that live within objects in the home.

4. What are Torii? Describe this feature.Another common element at shrines is torii. Torii are “open gateways” that worshipers use to enter a shrine. These gateways serve to distinguish between the outside world and the sacred space of the kami. Generally, torii consist of two beams or pillars of wood that stand on both sides of the gateway and two crossbeams across the tops of the pillars. The torii may be quite simple, with just the four pillars/crossbeams, or they may be more elaborate with extra beams of wood added to the design. In the past, the wood of the torii was left unfinished, but it has become common in modern times to paint it red. Some larger shrines have a row of torii that worshippers walk through in order to reach the shrine.

5. What is Folk Shinto?Folk Shinto is the practice of Shinto at small, local shrines and within the home. Individuals may follow the customs common to their ancestors or other locals. They may worship the local kami around them. Folk Shinto is perhaps the closest type of Shinto to that which was practiced for centuries, with individuals practicing the religion at an individual level and not belonging to any organized shrine. Folk Shinto, perhaps because it is not organized, tends to be centered on the family. Many families have shrines in their homes, and they may use simple prayers at these home shrines.


Critical Thinking Questions1. What are some of the similarities and differences between Shinto and other religions?

Shinto is a polytheistic religion. Polytheism is a belief in more than one deity or god. This makes Shinto different from religions like Christianity, where there is only one deity. In some ways, however, saying that Shinto includes more than one deity or god is a bit problematic since these terms tend to assume a division between humans and the deity or sacred, and Shinto does not have this distinction. Rather, the deities of the Shinto religion are better thought of as spirits that inhabit the world around us. Followers believe that all things, including rocks, trees, and waterfalls, may have spirits and have their own voices. Although not every object may be kami, followers of Shinto are taught to respect every object just in case the object does turn out to have a spirit. Another difference between Shinto and many other religions is that Shinto does not have a known founder. The origins of Shinto date back to ancient times, and like many other prehistoric groups around the world, it is likely that ancient people in Japan were animists. The spirits in the natural world and objects around would come to be termed kami. Followers of Shinto believe that kami are interested in humans and want them to be happy. When humans treat the kami in proper, respectful ways, the kami may intervene in the lives of humans to improve their lives by bringing better health or success.

2. What is the New Year Festival? Describe what happens during this festival. What benefits does the festival have for individuals and society?Student answers may vary. The first and most important festival of the year is the New Year Festival. This event generally lasts for seven days, and is considered both a Shinto festival and a national holiday. Like New Year’s celebrations in other parts of the world , this festival is a time to celebrate and start anew. Individuals spend the days before the festival cleaning their homes, which holds the symbolic meaning of getting rid of the old and “making room for the new.” They may hang pine branches around their homes, which is a symbol for the renewal of life. Rice-straw ropes are also put up, symbolizing a sacred place, to ward off evil from the area. The festival starts with people visiting their local shrine, beginning at midnight on New Year’s Eve. They may pass by a rice-straw rope as they enter the shrine, symbolizing the act of leaving their impurities and mistakes behind. They may make resolutions for the new year, and pray that the kami will help them achieve these resolutions. Another ceremonial aspect of the festival is the ancient Shinto prayers chanted by the priests. Kami may be entertained by the performance of the shrine’s maiden dances and they are also given gifts from local businesses. Individuals can buy new charms and fortune slips for their home altars. An important part of the New Year Festival is the Great Purification. The Great Purification is a ritual to remove all of the impurities that a person has gathered since the last purification. This ritual happens twice a year: at the New Year Festival, and again in late June or early July. The ritual is symbolic of the Shinto god Izanagi’s washing after returning from the underworld. From this myth, it is believed that purification carries the power of life over death, and that it pleases the kami. In the ritual, the priest recites the Great Purification prayer. A purification wand is waved in a specific pattern in front of the people gathered at the shrine. Individuals may also rub paper cut in a human form over their bodies to represent rubbing off impurities, and the priest destroys the paper afterward.


3. How do individuals prepare for worship in Shinto? Is this similar or different to how followers of other religions prepare for worship or rituals?Generally, before someone visits a shrine, he or she will prepare for worship. Since purity is important in Shinto worship, individuals will often wash and put on clean clothing. They will often wash their hands and mouth when arriving at a shrine. This purification is called harai and its purpose is to remove any evil or pollution that might keep the person from being able to communicate with the kami. A stone basin or other water source is generally provided at a shrine in order for worshipers to cleanse and purify themselves.

4. How did the Peace Constitution of 1946 change Shintoism?Japanese society changed dramatically after WWII. Occupation forces ordered that the government cut ties with Shinto, believing that this would dissipate the nationalism present in Japan and that it would lessen the emperor’s power. The government was prohibited from using public funds to support shrines. The government did get around some of the restrictions by claiming that State Shinto was cultural, and not religious. The effects of these prohibitions were that the practice of Shinto waned. Fewer people visited local shrines or participated in festivals. Some people chose to participate more in Buddhism, while others chose to participate in some of the Shinto sects that rose. As more people moved to urban areas, they often lost contact with their former, rural shrines. Even so, many people continued to support and use their local shrines. The Association of Shinto Shrines was founded to help support existing shrines, rebuild those that were ruined, and encourage Shinto’s religious rituals and practices. Today, more than 80,000 shrines exist in Japan. Some of these have become tourist attractions, and have a more secular character as a result. Since the Peace Constitution of 1946 prohibited the use of governmental support for religious matters, one way that the government continued some of the traditional festivals and celebrations was to turn them into more cultural events as opposed to religious ones. Along with traditional religious aspects of Shinto, many of the festivals now include nonreligious elements that may draw in tourists and those who do not follow Shinto.

5. What is the Great Purification? Do any other religions have similar rituals or beliefs? Student answers will vary. The Great Purification is a ritual to remove all of the impurities that a person has gathered since the last purification. This ritual happens twice a year: at the New Year Festival, and again in late June or early July. The ritual is symbolic of the Shinto god Izanagi’s washing after returning from the underworld. From this myth, it is believed that purification carries the power of life over death, and that it pleases the kami. In the ritual, the priest recites the Great Purification prayer. A purification wand is waved in a specific pattern in front of the people gathered at the shrine. Individuals may also rub paper cut in a human form over their bodies to represent rubbing off impurities, and the priest destroys the paper afterward.

Lab QuestionsShinto1. What are Shinto beliefs about the universe?

Student answers may vary. Followers of Shinto do not have a separation between the natural and supernatural worlds. They are viewed as part of the same universe. The invisible and visible worlds are also treated as one.

2. Is the emperor regarded as a divinity in Shinto? Explain your answer.Student answers may vary. Shinto followers believe that the emperor is descended from the kami and could communicate with them, but the emperor was not really regarded as a god himself.


3. How is Shinto linked to Nationalism?Student answers will vary. Part of the link is the association between emperor and the kami. The emperor is thought to be descended from the kami, giving him the right to rule. This connection creates the idea that Japan is governed as it should be. In many ways, Shinto is a fundamental aspect of Japanese life and culture.

4. How are Shinto and Buddhism connected?With the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, aspects of Buddhism were incorporated into Shinto and vice versa. Some of the Shinto shrines became Buddhist shrines, for example, and kami were incorporated into some of the Buddhist practice. Although there has been a movement for a pure Shinto, the two are very connected.

5. What is the Adult’s Day festival?This is the day when everyone who has turned 20 in the last year visits a shrine to give thanks.

6. In addition to the Adult’s Day festival, Shinto includes a number of other festivals. Describe one of the other festivals.Student answers will vary depending on the festival chosen. For example, the autumn festivals are held to thank the kami for the harvest each year.

7. What is the Yasukuni shrine? Why is it controversial?This shrine honors the leaders and soldiers of WWII. It was founded in 1869, long before this war, to honor those who had been killed during their service to Japan. Part of the controversy is that the Prime Minister from 2001 to 2006 visited each year without explanation, which created tensions with nations such as China and South Korea.

8. What are some of the purification rituals that are used in Shinto?Student answers may vary. One example is Haraigushi. This purification ritual involves the priest waving a purification wand over an object or person. Water and salt are also used by individuals to purify themselves.

9. What is the position of followers of Shinto on organ donation?Many followers of Shinto refuse to donate organs of those who have died and refuse to receive organs. This is because the body is considered impure after death.

10. Describe the story that discusses the power of purification.Izanagi was contaminated after he comes into contact with death. He bathed in the ocean and this is the first example of the purification ritual that Shinto followers use. This also created a number of new kami.

Discussion Questions1. Many businesses throughout the world have been studying the use of Shinto values and how they may help

businesses become more productive. Why are corporations examining the use of Shinto values in their business models? Do you think these values can make businesses more effective or productive?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how values like loyalty and cooperation can be beneficial for many companies. They may discuss whether they think values like this can help provide more productive work or happier employees.


2. Shinto includes some rites of passage. What are some rites of passage that you may find in your culture or religion? Describe a rite of passage that happens in your nation, culture, or religion.Student answers may vary. They may discuss rites of passage like weddings, funerals, and so on. They should provide a description of what generally happens during this rite of passage.


Multiple Choice 1. Shintoism is generally associated with what

culture?a. Canadianb. Russianc. Japanesed. Kenyan

2. Shintoism is sometimes described as what type of religion?

a. Happyb. Guiltyc. Angryd. Repressed

3. Polytheism is the belief in what?a. Spiritsb. Life after deathc. More than one godd. All of the above

4. Who was the founder of Shinto?a. Confuciusb. Sidhartha Gautamac. Mahavirad. There is no known founder

5. In Shinto, spirits are known as which of the following?

a. Lib. Toriic. Kamid. Ren

6. “Open gateways” that worshipers use to enter a shrine are which of the following?

a. Lib. Toriic. Kamid. Ren

7. State Shinto was developed by which emperor?a. Jimmub. Sujinc. Keitaid. Meiji

8. About how often are shrines rebuilt?a. Every five yearsb. Every twenty yearsc. Every fifty yearsd. Every one hundred years

9. How does someone prepare for worship at a Shinto shrine?

a. Sacrifice an animalb. Burn prayer paperc. Chantd. Wash and put on clean clothes

10. What color are torii commonly painted today?a. Redb. Yellowc. Blued. White

11. What activity originally began as festival entertainment for the kami?

a. Tai Chib. Yogac. Sumo wrestingd. Karate

12. About how many shrines are there in Japan?a. 1,000b. 16,000c. 39,000d. 80,000


Unit 9:Taoism

13. Norito are which of the following?a. Prayersb. Festivalsc. Dancesd. Shrines

14. When did Shintoism begin?a. Ancient timesb. 3-5 B.C.E.c. 225-245 C.E.d. 1535-1600 C.E.

15. The Japanese government was prohibited from using public funds to support religious activities like Shinto festivals after what event?

a. WWIb. Meiji Restorationc. Peace Constitution of 1946d. Russo-Japanese War

True/False1. Kami are spirits or natural forces that exist everywhere in the world. T

2. Shrines are places where kami are thought to live. T

3. Followers of Shinto are required to follow only the beliefs and rituals of Shinto. F

4. An important virtue in Shinto is purity. T

5. Folk Shinto is the practice of Shinto at small, local shrines and within the home. T

6. Shinto is unique in that it does not have any rites of passage associated with it. F

7. Shrines are generally constructed of natural materials, such as cypress wood. T

8. Followers of Shinto believe that children receive their souls at birth from their birth kami. T

9. The Great Purification is a ritual to remove all of the impurities that a person has gathered since the last purification. T

10. Shinto is a monotheistic religion. F


Unit SummaryIn an earlier unit, we learned how Chinese culture has been shaped through the centuries by the structure, regulations, and respect for authority that comes from Confucian thought. Taoism, with its reverence of nature, acceptance, and complacency (while discouraging power and ambition), is in many ways a stark contrast to the other major Chinese belief system, but it has had a great influence on China’s culture and traditions as well. In this unit, we will learn about the history, beliefs, and practices of Taoists.

What Will You Learn in This Unit?1. Examine the ancient origins of Taoism.

2. Identify the historic/religious figure of Lao Tzu.

3. Understand the basic principles of Taoist thought.

4. Learn about the different types of Taoism.

5. Have a basic understanding of the rituals and customs common to Taoist practice.

Questions to Think About1. What is Taoism? What is the Tao or Dao?

2. Who was Lao Tzu? What contributions did he make to Taoism?

3. What do Taoists believe?

4. What are some of the different types of Taoism?

5. How is Taoism observed in the modern world?


Key Vocabulary List

Chuang TzuAlso called Zhuangzi. He lived in China from about 369 to 286 BCE. His work, the Zhuangzi, was one of the first Taoist writings that regular people could follow themselves.

Eight Immortals

A group in the Taoist pantheon of gods. These eight gods are believed to be able to fly, disappear, and use magic. They are thought to help individuals with things like illnesses, money issues, and desires for long life.

Jiao Means “offering” and at a basic level, the ritual involves offering food and wine at the altar in a family’s home.

Laozi (Lao Tzu). One of the founding fathers of Taoism.

Libationer A priest who oversees the rituals and worship.

Oratory Taoist place of worship.

Personal godsThese gods are thought to once have been individuals who did great deeds while they lived and their spirits are thought to remain, gaining the status of gods.

Pinyin system

Adopted by the Chinese government in the 1970s as the system that most closely matched the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese. Since then, the system has gained greater acceptance around the world.

Posterior heavens

These gods are a little lower than the Three Pure Ones, but these heavens and gods are still important to Taoists. They are ruled by Jade Emperor and the heavens are organized in a way that is similar to the imperial courts of ancient China.

Tao Also called Dao; means “the way” or road.

Taoism Or Daoism; it is a “philosophical and religious tradition that originated in China.”

Tao Te Ching or DaodejingThe principle text of Taoism. The title translates to “The Classic of the Way and Its Power or Virtue” and it has been referred to as a “wisdom book.”

Three Pure Ones

The gods of humans, heaven and earth. These three gods are sometimes referred to as Heavenly Worthy of Primordial Being (for all existence), Heavenly Worthy of Numinous Treasure (representing the mysterious Dao), and Heavenly Worthy of the Way and Its Power.

Wade-Giles systemOriginated in the mid-nineteenth century by Thomas Wade and was completed by Herbert Giles in 1892. This system has been the most widely used transcription system of Mandarin Chinese through the


years.

Yin and Yang

Two contrary or opposite forces that are interconnected. They exist only in relation to each other. Yin is characterized as cool, night, feminine, slow and quiet. Yang is characterized as warm, day, male, fast, and aggressive.

Zhuangzi The work consists of stories, parables and essays taught by Zhuangzi about Laozi’s teachings.

Review Questions1. What is Tao?

The Chinese word Tao or Dao from which Taoism takes its name means “the way” or road. It is the way of nature, with constant change illustrating a greater force. Taoism includes the idea of letting go of the worldly aspect of one’s life so that the Tao or Dao can enter. The phrase wei wuwei is sometimes used, which translates as “to do without doing” or “to act without action.” Religious scholars of Taoism suggest that a better way of thinking about this is as existing like nature, without a conscious effort. In other words, like water, humans should bend or adapt to the forces of nature; their will should be in harmony with the natural forces around them.

2. What is jiao?Jiao means “offering” and at a basic level, the ritual involves offering food and wine at the altar in a family’s home. Yet jiao can also be more elaborate and when this occurs, it is really a ritual program, with many smaller actions, than a single ritual. Jiao, in this sense, can include a community festival, where priests participate in the rituals. Typically, the priests and community leaders engage in the ritual, while community members enjoy the festival.

3. Who are the Eight Immortals?The Eight Immortals are another group in the Taoist pantheon of gods. These eight gods are believed to be able to fly, disappear, and use magic. They are thought to help individuals with things like illnesses, money issues, and desires for long life. The images of these Eight Immortals are found throughout China, including in Taoist temples and painted on walls.

4. What are the Wade-Giles system and the Pinyin system? How are they different?The Wade-Giles system originated in the mid-nineteenth century by Thomas Wade and was completed by Herbert Giles in 1892. This system has been the most widely used transcription system of Mandarin Chinese through the years. The Pinyin system was adopted by the Chinese government in the 1970s as the system that most closely matched the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese. Since then, the system has gained greater acceptance around the world. One example of a difference in the transcriptions is that the Chinese capital is called “Peking” in the Wade-Giles system and “Beijing” in the Pinyin system.


5. What are yin and yang?Another aspect of balance and harmony that you may have heard about is yin and yang. In Chinese thought, yin and yang are two contrary or opposite forces that are interconnected. They exist only in relation to each other. So, the “shady side of the hill” cannot exist without “the sunny side.” Although these have sometimes been characterized as good and evil in Western thought, Taoism does not really include these ideas. Rather, yin and yang form the balance of life. Yin is characterized as cool, night, feminine, slow and quiet. Yang is characterized as warm, day, male, fast, and aggressive. From the One come the forces of yin and yang. In other words, Tao is the force that created everything else.

Critical Thinking Questions1. Choose one other religion and compare and contrast the religion to Taoism. What are the differences

between Taoism and the religion you chose? What are the similarities?Student answers will vary. They should compare Taoism to another religion. Their answers will depend on which religion they choose to compare to Taoism, but they should identify at least one difference and one similarity.

2. What is the controversy over the use of the terms Taoism or Daoism? The controversy over the transcription is not so much which is wrong, but which one most approximates the Chinese language. The pronunciation in Chinese of the word is very difficult for most English speakers who are not familiar with the Chinese language. Both Tao and Dao result in a mispronunciation to some degree. Linguists have noted that English speakers do think the Chinese word sounds more like a “d” than a “t” when they hear it spoken in Chinese. Yet, while Daoism may be a closer pronunciation, scholars note that the controversy is not quite as simple as that. Since the Wade-Giles system was so widely used for such a long period of time, most people are more familiar with the term Taoism than they are with Daoism. Currently, there are more published books using the word Taoism than Daoism. The term for the religion can also be considered a form of loanword, or a word that comes from one language and is incorporated into another. There are many examples of words in the English language that blend together a word from another language with one from the English language. In this sense, the word Taoism could be considered a blended form of loanword.

3. Laozi wrote in the Tao Te Ching, “The Wise are guided by their belly rather than their eyes.” What did he mean by this? How does the quote fit in with Taoist thought?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how individuals who are guided by their needs rather than what they want may be better off. They may discuss how people may want things that are not good for them. They may discuss how this can fit in with the idea of living in the moment and not getting caught up in society.

4. What is the jiao ritual? What functions might this ritual have for individuals and society?Student answers may vary. One of the basic rituals of Taoism is the jiao. Jiao means “offering” and at a basic level, the ritual involves offering food and wine at the altar in a family’s home. Yet jiao can also be more elaborate and when this occurs, it is really a ritual program, with many smaller actions, than a single ritual. Jiao, in this sense, can include a community festival, where priests participate in the rituals. Typically, the priests and community leaders engage in the ritual, while community members enjoy the festival.


5. What factors influenced the development of religious Taoism?However, as time passed, some Taoist followers began to attract followers. Some of these individuals were looking for alternatives to Confucianism or were looking for alternatives to the current government in place. The movement of Taoism from a philosophy to also a religion was helped along by the influx of Buddhist missionaries to China as well. By the second century CE, Buddhism was gaining a greater foothold in China and many people were growing dissatisfied with aspects of Confucianism. However, not everyone was comfortable with adopting a non-Chinese religion, even if they were dissatisfied with Confucianism. This meant that some people were open to the idea of Taoism and molding this philosophy into a religion as well.

Lab QuestionsTaoism1. What is Tao? How does it differ from a god?

Student answers will vary. Tao or Dao cannot be fully described with words and it is perceived in different ways. It can be thought of as a system or guideline for life. Tao differs from the idea of a god in that it is not worshipped and is not a metaphysical being.

2. What are Wu and Yu?Wu and Yu are the concepts meaning being and non-being. They are sometimes also conceptualized as having and not-having.

3. What is Ch’i?Student answers may vary. Ch’I or Qi is a vital energy that allows humans to live. It also links us with the rest of the universe. It is seen as a root of humans.

4. What are some of the ethics of Taoism?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how Taoism ethics stress becoming a good person, living in harmony with everything. They may do what is required of them by the circumstance, but they tend not to initiate action. Some of the usual moral aspects are included in Taoism ethics such as altruism, not killing, and so on.

5. What is the history of Taoism?Student answers may vary. Taoism grew out of ancient philosophies and religions and does not have a real founder or founding date. Taoism was first recognized as a religion between the third and fourth centuries BCE and it became a semi-official religion during the Tang dynasty.

6. What is alchemy? How is it related to Taoism?Student answers may vary. Alchemy is about transforming something into something more valuable. In Taoism, this idea is applied to the human being. A person transforming themselves spiritually, mentally, and physically is thought to be bringing themselves a longer life and closer to the Tao.

7. What are talismans? How are they used in Taoism?Talismans are objects that are thought to have good luck. People may use them to bring them good luck or to ward off bad luck. In Taoism, talismans are pieces of paper with written words or symbols on them. They can only be created by people trained to do so.

8. What is at the heart of the Taoist rituals?Taoist rituals are centered on order and harmony. Each ritual is done to produce harmony or order in the universe or in humans.


9. What are southern and northern Taoism?Southern Taoism is generally practiced in Taiwan and south China. It focuses on liturgies. Northern Taoism is practiced in mainland China and it emphasizes moral and spiritual discipline.

10. What is one of the key texts in Taoism? Describe the text.Student answers will vary. They may identify the Tao Te Ching. This text has about 81 short chapters with advice on life.

Discussion Questions1. What is the focus of life for Taoists? Is this similar or different from other religions?

The focus of life for the Taoist is the present moment. Unlike religions such as Christianity or Buddhism, there is no rebirth or life after death. The goal of the Taoist is to live their life as happily and as consciously as they can. To live as long as possible, Taoists often focus on taking care of their health and bodies. Self-discipline and self-control are practiced in order to avoid any desires or behaviors that may take away their health or long life.

2. In Zhuangzi, Chuang Tzu argued that people forgot Dao when they lived within a society because they became too concerned with things like tasks and success. Do you agree or disagree with Chuang Tzu that society can be a negative thing for people? Why or why not?Student answers may vary. They may say that they do agree that some aspects of society can be negative for individuals if they get caught up in the excesses. Other individuals may argue that society is necessary for humans so that they can have social interactions and relationships with others.



Multiple Choice 1. The word Dao or Tao means which of the

following?a. Godb. The Wayc. Goodnessd. The Peace

2. Taoism originated in which country?a. Japanb. Indiac. Indonesiad. China

3. Taoism began about the same time as what other religion?

a. Christianityb. Hinduismc. Confucianismd. Islam

4. Taoists strive to find what in all areas of their lives?

a. Harmony and balanceb. Enlightenment and joyc. Wisdom and moralityd. Love and happiness

5. Which of the following is a characteristic of yin?

a. Warmb. Quietc. Maled. Fast

6. What is an oratory in Taoism?a. A poemb. A ritual festivalc. A place of worshipd. A form of offering

7. Which of the following was adopted by the Chinese government in the 1970s as the transcription system that most closely matched the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese?

a. Wade-Giles systemb. Ren-Daniels systemc. Pinyin systemd. Dao system

8. Who do Taoists believe wrote the Tao Te Ching?

a. Chuang Tzub. Laozic. Zhuangzid. Lu Van

9. Taoism started as what?a. A philosophyb. A religionc. A legal coded. None of the above

10. Who appeared to Zhang Daoling and gave him authority to create a beliefs and rituals based on Taoism?

a. Chuang Tzub. Lu Vanc. Zhuangzid. Laozi

11. Which of the following is an example of a personal god?

a. Chuang Tzub. Zhuangzic. Lu Vand. None of the above

12. In Taoism, a libationer is which of the following?

a. A priestb. An offeringc. A place of worshipd. A ritual festival

13. Taoists believe that demons may be which of the following?

a. Gods who have fallen from the heavensb. Orphaned soulsc. Supernatural beings created by Daod. All of the above

14. What question does Tao Te Ching begin with?a. Who is Laozi?b. How is it possible to achieve peace?c. What is Dao?


Unit 10:Religion in the 21st Century

d. What is the meaning of life?

15. Who are the gods of humans, heaven and earth?a. The Eight Immortalsb. Posterior Heavensc. Personal Godsd. Three Pure Ones

True/False1. Taoists believe that personal success is the most important aspect in life. F

2. Taoists believe that emulating nature in its simple existence is more important than achievement or worldly success. T

3. Taoism began about the same time in China as Confucianism. T

4. Taoism does not have any sacred or religious texts. F

5. Religious Taoism includes both gods and demons. T

6. The Tao Te Ching or Daodejing translates to “The Classic of the Way and Its Power or Virtue.” T

7. The Tao Te Ching consists of over 80 relatively long stories and essays. F

8. Zhang Daoling became the first celestial master. T

9. One of the libationer’s duties was to listen to the problems or wishes of individuals and determine which god should be petitioned to help with the problem or wish. T

10. The Eight Immortals are the highest gods in the Taoism pantheon. F


Unit SummaryThe modern world is a rapidly changing place, and this can be particularly disconcerting in the field of religion. Technological advances make our lives more convenient, but they also impose on our day-to-day lives and make many of our customs and practices obsolete. Modern science has challenged many long-held religious convictions. Rapid transportation and communication has made the world smaller—and made interactions with individuals whose beliefs are markedly different from our own almost inevitable. What do these changes mean to the practice of religion in the twenty-first century?

What Will You Learn in This Unit?1. Define challenges that the modern world presents to religion.

2. Identify the role of religion in global politics and social policies.

3. Recognize reasons why religious tolerance is more important than ever.

4. Learn about the Interfaith Movement.

5. Theorize about the future of religious practice.

Questions to Think About1. What are some challenges to religion in the twenty-first century?

2. Are some religions more susceptible to these challenges than others?

3. To what extent can (and should) religions adapt to meet the spiritual needs of a changing world?

4. What role does religion play in the modern world?

5. Which human needs have changed with modern technological and social advances? Which have remained the same?


Key Vocabulary List

Exclusivism The rejection of other religions, as the member feels that his or her religion is the only true religion.

Fundamentalists They hold strictly to particular doctrines in response to modernity.

The Golden RuleAn ethic of reciprocity which says that we should treat people how we want to be treated and we should not treat people in ways that we don’t want to be treated.

Inclusivism The belief that one’s religion encompasses all other religions, such that members do not feel threatened by other religions.

Interfaith movementThe trend of people from different religions meeting, discussing the differences in beliefs, and finding enrichment or appreciation for the beliefs and practices of other religions.

New Age movement A spiritual movement that began during the second half of the twentieth century.

Pluralism

A situation where members of a religion practice their own religion, but open a dialogue with members of other religions and show respect to those members as they seek to understand other religions.

Religious pluralism No single religion dominates globally.

Secularization The process or transformation of a society from a religiously based society to one that uses non-religious values and moral codes.

Exclusivism The rejection of other religions, as the member feels that his or her religion is the only true religion.

Fundamentalists They hold strictly to particular doctrines in response to modernity.

The Golden RuleAn ethic of reciprocity which says that we should treat people how we want to be treated and we should not treat people in ways that we don’t want to be treated.

Inclusivism The belief that one’s religion encompasses all other religions, such that members do not feel threatened by other religions.

Interfaith movementThe trend of people from different religions meeting, discussing the differences in beliefs, and finding enrichment or appreciation for the beliefs and practices of other religions.

New Age movement A spiritual movement that began during the second half of the twentieth century.

PluralismA situation where members of a religion practice their own religion, but open a dialogue with members of other religions and show respect to those members as they seek to understand other


religions.

Religious pluralism No single religion dominates globally.

Secularization The process or transformation of a society from a religiously based society to one that uses non-religious values and moral codes.

Review Questions1. What is fundamentalism?

Fundamentalists hold strictly to particular doctrines in response to modernity. They may believe that modernization has created a loss of values, beliefs, and morals. They may try to withdraw from the larger culture in an effort to protect their traditional beliefs and values or they may actively try to create changes in the society around them to bring back these traditional beliefs. In most cases, these active attempts to change society are non-violent, such as trying to enact political change or educating the society about the perceived wrongs of modernity or secularization.

2. What is pluralism?Finally, pluralism is a situation where members of a religion practice their own religion, but open a dialogue with members of other religions and show respect to those members as they seek to understand other religions. The goal of pluralism is not a since religion or worldview, but a recognition that each religion has its own strengths.

3. What is the interfaith movement?The interfaith movement refers to the trend of people from different religions meeting, discussing the differences in beliefs, and finding enrichment or appreciation for the beliefs and practices of other religions.

4. What is the New Age movement?The New Age movement is a spiritual movement that began during the second half of the twentieth century. The movement features a blend of both Western and Eastern philosophical and religious traditions. As such, there is no unified or organized base for this movement. Rather, we might think of it as networks or groups of individuals who have a variety of different approaches to life.

5. What is exclusivism and inclusivism?Exclusivism is the rejection of other religions, as the member feels that his or her religion is the only true religion. Inclusivism is the belief that one’s religion encompasses all other religions, such that members do not feel threatened by other religions. Members generally feel that the differences in other religions are already included in their own religion.


Critical Thinking Questions1. Why has the spread of religions created greater tensions and conflicts in some areas of the world? What

might increase the likelihood of conflict between religions?At the same time, this global spread of religions has sometimes created tensions and a hardening of boundaries between religions. Problems have developed most often in countries where religion is closely linked to ethnic or national identities and where followers of other religions are trying to convert the individuals of the area. When this happens, the individuals of the native or ethnic religion see these conversion efforts as threats to their traditional customs, beliefs, identity, and way of life. Individuals may push back against what they see as an unwelcome intrusion by members of another religion, sometimes reacting with violence. This tension can be exacerbated by other factors, such as political tensions, financial concerns, past colonial relationships or oppression, and competition over resources like land.

2. Choose one major change that has taken place in the last 200 years. How has this change affected religions? Has the change been a positive or negative factor for the world’s religions? Why?Student answers will vary. They should identify a change that has occurred and discuss how it has affected religion. For example, they might discuss the greater ease of communication through the internet and discuss how it has allowed people of different religions to learn more about other religions and converse with people around the world about religious topics.

3. Since the 1960s, the interfaith movement has grown. What factors do you think have contributed to this growth? What are some examples of activities or institutions in this movement?Increasingly, the world began to see larger groupings of interfaith dialogue. Multiple religions would be invited to discuss common elements or to dialogue about issues facing the world. Religious organizations increased the number of interfaith gatherings and interfaith foundations and think tanks were formed in a number of countries, bringing together religious leaders and members. For example, in 1993 the Parliament of the World’s Religions gathered in Chicago, bringing together thousands of religious leaders and other participants. One of the results of the gathering was an attempt to come up with a global ethic that took into consideration all religions.

4. Look at some of the examples of the Golden Rule that appear in religious texts. What commonalities do you see in these quotes? Why do you think so many religions contain a variation of the Golden Rule?Student answers will vary. They may discuss aspects such as treating people well and not treating people badly. They may discuss how this idea helps people get along better and society operate better.

5. What are some of the beliefs and practices of the New Age movement? Do you participate in any elements of the New Age movement? Why or why not?While it is hard to generalize given the various aspects of the movements, one of the central beliefs of the New Age movement is that everything in the world and universe exist together and are interconnected. Followers of the movement often stress a love for all living things and the equality of all people. Some New Age movement participants believe that crystals can be used to promote healing and some participants use aromatherapy for various therapeutic purposes.


Lab QuestionsJudgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial1. What was the controversy in Dover over?

Student answers will vary. The school board of the school mandated that the theory of Intelligent Design be included in scientific courses along with Darwin’s theory of evolution. Some individuals did not want intelligent design included and they sued to keep it out of the classroom.

2. What do Creationists believe?Creationists believe the Biblical story of creation. They believe that God created the world in seven days, about 4000 years ago. They reject the theory of evolution.

3. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, what is natural selection?Student answers may vary. Natural selection is the process whereby a living thing adapts to its environment. The particular animals that have a characteristic that allow them to live better within an environment are more likely to survive and pass their genes for that characteristic on to the next generation.

4. What is the theory of intelligent design?Student answers will vary. This theory argues that life is too complex to happen at random. It suggests that there is some “designer” or intelligent cause/agent that creates aspects in the universe. It does not necessarily mention God, but refers to the intelligent agent. It suggests that evolution can produce small scale changes but that large changes are caused by the intelligent agent.

5. What effect did the controversy have on the town of Dover?Student answers may vary. They may discuss how the controversy pitted families and friends against each other on the issue. Some of the individuals started to receive hate mail. Members of the community were attacking those who had brought the lawsuit to stop the inclusion of intelligent design.

6. Why was a mouse trap brought into the trial?Student answers may vary. Intelligent design proponents sometimes use the mouse trap to argue for the idea of irreducible complexity, where all parts have to be working in order for the overall aspect to work.

7. What was the issue surrounding the book “Pandas and Peoples”?Student answers will vary. The main issue is whether it introduces religion or is based on a religious argument versus a scientific theory of intelligent design. If creationism is the basis for the book, it would violate the mandate for the separation of church and state.

8. What was the verdict of the trial?Student answers will vary. The judge decided that it was unconstitutional to teach Intelligent Design, as it is not a scientific theory.

9. Do you agree or disagree with the judge’s decision? Should intelligent design be taught in the classroom?Student answers will vary. Some students will disagree and say that it should be allowed as an alternative explanation. Others will agree and say that intelligent design is a religious explanation and should be kept out of the classroom.


10. What does this situation illustrate about some of the tensions between religion and science in the 21st century?Student answers will vary. They may discuss how scientific evidence conflicts with some of the religious explanations for events and aspects of the universe. It illustrates how issues like this can tear communities apart because of the differing beliefs.

Discussion Questions1. Some scholars have argued that the world is becoming more secular. Do you agree or disagree with this

assessment? Why?Student answers may vary. They may agree that the world is becoming more secular and argue that religion has a less central role in the lives of individuals today. Others may argue that they don’t think the world is becoming more secular since people still follow religions.

2. Have you participated in any interfaith activities? Why or why not? Student answers may vary. Some students may have attended other religious services or events. They may have discussed the beliefs or practices of religions with people of other faiths.



Multiple Choice 1. What refers to the trend of people from different

religions meeting, discussing the differences in beliefs, and finding enrichment or appreciation for the beliefs and practices of other religions?

a. New Age movementb. Religious movementc. Interfaith movementd. Modernization movement

2. Fundamentalists hold strictly to particular doctrines in response to what?

a. Modernityb. Violencec. Scienced. None of the above

3. What is essentially an ethic of reciprocity which says that we should treat people how we want to be treated and we should not treat people in ways that we don’t want to be treated?

a. The Rule of Thirdsb. The Golden Rulec. The Rule of Religiond. The Kindness Rule

4. What has allowed individuals of different religions an easier way to communicate?

a. Televisionb. Moviesc. The internetd. eBooks

5. Religious pluralism is a situation characterized by what?

a. No single religion dominates globallyb. Two or more religions exist in the worldc. A religious that has multiple sectsd. All of the above

6. Which scientist’s work has created a great deal of controversy in some religions during the last century?

a. Isaac Newtonb. Galileoc. Marie Curied. Charles Darwin

7. What is the rejection of other religions?a. Inclusivismb. Pluralismc. Monopolizationd. Exclusivism

8. What is a central belief of the New Age movement?

a. Everything in the world in interconnected.

b. Religious doctrines should be abandoned.

c. People need to embrace traditional ways.d. All of the above

9. Which of the following is a characteristic of secular societies?

a. Open to multiple views of humans’ roles in the universe.

b. Pluralisticc. Tolerant of multiple worldviews and

beliefs.d. All of the above

10. Max Weber wrote about which change that is occurring globally?

a. New Age movementb. Interreligious movementc. Secularizationd. All of the above

11. In 1993 the Parliament of the World’s Religions gathered in Chicago and created what document?

a. Declaration toward a Global Ethicb. Declaration of Human Rightsc. Declaration of Religious Freedomd. Declaration of World Religions

12. Some New Age movement participants believe that crystals can be used for what?

a. Hearing betterb. Healingc. Creating loved. Increasing understanding


13. Secularization is often associated with the loss of what?

a. Religious freedomb. Religious pluralismc. Religious authorityd. All of the above

14. Which of the following mean that no single religion dominates globally?

a. Religious pluralismb. Religious inclusivismc. Religious exclusivismd. Religious secularism

15. Islam, Christianity, and Judaism share what?a. The same moral codeb. All of the same sacred textsc. The same creation storyd. All of the above

True/False1. Religious violence has only occurred in the last decade. F

2. The New Age movement has had a range of influences, including Native American rituals and beliefs, Western psychology, and Eastern religions and philosophies, such as Buddhism. T

3. The interfaith movement has grown since the 1960s. T

4. The goal of pluralism is not a since religion or worldview, but a recognition that each religion has its own strengths. T

5. The new age movement seeks to return to traditional values and beliefs. F

6. The interfaith movement has included only Abrahamic religions such as Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. F

7. Science and religion have always existed in a relationship of conflict. F

8. Most of the world’s major religions are found in more than one country. T

9. Some religions have also been distrustful of scientific advances or have created a separation between science and religion. T

10. All religions have reacted in the same way to the changes of the last century. F
