Unit 1 ndash PSYB1

Introducing Psychology ndash Miss Earlrsquos sections

311 Key Approaches in Psychology

312 Biopsychology

What we learn will cover section A of the examination (the exam is split into 3 components ndash Part A which Miss Earl will teach Part B Gender Development (taught by Mr Bennett) and Part C Research Methods (taught by Mr Bennett)

Past paper questions from section A

Below are all of the past paper questions which are relevant to your revision for PSYB 1 Approaches and Biopsychology Note that from 2003-2009 Biopsychology used to be a separate component whereas from 2009 it was combined with the approaches

Wherever methods of studying cortical specialisation is mentioned note that several have been taken off the specification now (eg neurosurgery electrical stimulation) The questions themselves remain relevant

January 2003

1 (a) Outline one assumption of the psychoanalytic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(b) Identify three features of the humanistic approach (3 marks)

2 (a) Identify two changes which take place in the body during the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(c) Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Illustrate your answer with an example of each (5 marks)

June 2003

1 (a) Outline one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(c) Hannah has an illness which means that she must go to hospital once a month for drug treatment The drugs which she is given always make her sick afterwards She has been going to hospital for six months Hannah now finds that when she arrives at the hospital for her treatment she is sick before she has the drugsWith reference to the behaviourist approach in psychology give one explanation as to whyHannah is now sick before she takes the drugs (5 marks)

2 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by localisation of cortical function (3 marks)

(c) In your answer book name the parts of the neuron labelled A B C and D in Figure 1below Clearly identify your answers as A B C and D (4 marks)

(d) Gary gets very nervous on the day of his examination In the morning he cannot eat If he tries to read his notes he finds that he cannot concentrate Just before he goes into the examination room his hands become sticky as he begins to sweat After the examination he feels hungry and sleepy

Describe the function of the adrenal glands and autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stressful situations Use this knowledge to explain each of Garyrsquos symptoms before and after the examination (10 marks)

January 2004

(c) Harry is 8 years old and has always enjoyed going to school This term however his parents have noticed a change in his behaviour Harry has become very withdrawn and displays great fear and anxiety every time he has to go to school When his parents question why he no longer wants to go to school Harry says that he was bullied last termReferring to features of the behaviourist approach suggest why Harry has developed a fear of school (4 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two techniques used to investigate cortical specialisation (2 marks)

(b) Each of the descriptions below gives a function of a part of the nervous systemA supports and restores normal body activity by conserving and storing energyB carries messages from the brain or spinal cord to the musclesC prepares the body for action in threatening situations

In your answer book write down which function (A B or C) is a description of the activity of(i) a motor neuron(ii) the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic branch)(iii) the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic branch) (3 marks)

(d) Discuss how knowledge about localisation of function has contributed to our understanding of behaviour Refer in your answer to at least two examples of cortical localisation of function (10 marks)

June 2004

1 (a) Outline one criticism of the behaviourist approach (2 marks)

(c) John is playing tennis He perceives the ball coming towards his left-hand side He decides to respond by playing a backhand shot John returns the ball and wins the point

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to aspects of Johnrsquos behaviour (5 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss at least two features of the psychodynamic approach (10 marks)

2 (a) Below are three definitions

A a personrsquos characteristics that are determined solely by the environment

B a personrsquos genetic make-up

C a personrsquos characteristics that are determined by genetics and the environment

In your answer book write down which of the above is a definition of

(i) a genotype

(ii) a phenotype (2 marks)

(b) Outline one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Evolutionary theorists claim that the physical and behavioural characteristics of a species are likely to be the result of natural selection

Using an example explain what is meant by the term ldquonatural selectionrdquo (5 marks)

January 2005

(b) The table below is not complete It should contain the names of key approaches in psychology and a basic assumption of each approach In your answer book identify the key approaches for (i) and (ii) and give a basic assumption for the cognitive approach in (iii) Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(c) Shelby had a new set of crayons However rather than use them in her colouring book she scribbled all over the wallpaper Shelbyrsquos mother was very angry and sent her to her bedroom When Shelby was left alone again she crayoned in her book rather than on the wallpaper

Identify two features of the behaviourist approach and say how they might explain Shelbyrsquos change in behaviour (4 marks)

2 (a) Identify two functions of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

(2 marks)

(b) The table below is not complete In your answer book write the names of the cortical areas of the brain that should be placed in (i) and (ii) For (iii) describe the main function of the visual area Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(d) Discuss at least two methods that have been used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain (10 marks)

June 2005

1 (c) (i) Outline what is meant by the information-processing approach (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Diane is at a pop concert with her friend Robbie She has been longing to see her favourite band play live When the band appears on stage she says to Robbie ldquoIrsquom so excitedI can feel my heart poundingrdquo After the concert Diane says to Robbie ldquoThat was fantastic but Irsquom so hungry my tummy is rumbling Shall we get something to eatrdquo

In your answer book write down which of Dianersquos physiological responses is a result of (i) sympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system(ii) parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system (2 marks)

January 2006

1 (b) Outline two criticisms of the psychodynamic approach (4 marks)

(c) Lesley is anxious and has low self-esteem As a child she felt that no matter how hard she tried to please people no one ever approved of her She sometimes feels worthless

Referring to the humanistic approach explain one possible cause of Lesleyrsquos problems (4 marks)

2 (a) Below is a diagram of the human brain It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the areas below

(i) auditory area

(ii) somatosensory area

(iii) visual area

(iv) motor area (4 marks)

(b) Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) State what is meant by selective breeding Explain why it has been used by psychologists to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour (3 marks)

June 2006

1 (a) Briefly describe one feature of the psychodynamic approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Sunita is eight years old and suffers from a medical condition which means she often has to go into hospital Each time she goes into hospital the treatment makes her feel sick One day Sunitarsquos mother took her to visit her grandmother in hospital When they arrived at the hospital Sunita complained to her mother that she felt sick

Referring to features of the behaviourist approach explain why Sunita felt sick when she went to visit her grandmother in hospital (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two methods that are used to investigate localisation of function (cortical specialisation) in the brain (2 marks)

(b) Below is a diagram of a sensory neuron (Figure 1) It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the structures

below

(i) cell body

(ii) myelin sheath

(iii) nucleus

(iv) axon

Label your answers clearly (4 marks)

(c) Molly is walking home late at night Suddenly she is startled by the sound of footsteps behind her She feels her heart pounding and her mouth goes dry When Molly arrives home she tries to relax by watching the television Soon her breathing slows down and she begins to feel hungry

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

(d) Gary gets very nervous on the day of his examination In the morning he cannot eat If he tries to read his notes he finds that he cannot concentrate Just before he goes into the examination room his hands become sticky as he begins to sweat After the examination he feels hungry and sleepy

Describe the function of the adrenal glands and autonomic nervous system (ANS) in stressful situations Use this knowledge to explain each of Garyrsquos symptoms before and after the examination (10 marks)

January 2004

(c) Harry is 8 years old and has always enjoyed going to school This term however his parents have noticed a change in his behaviour Harry has become very withdrawn and displays great fear and anxiety every time he has to go to school When his parents question why he no longer wants to go to school Harry says that he was bullied last termReferring to features of the behaviourist approach suggest why Harry has developed a fear of school (4 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two techniques used to investigate cortical specialisation (2 marks)

(b) Each of the descriptions below gives a function of a part of the nervous systemA supports and restores normal body activity by conserving and storing energyB carries messages from the brain or spinal cord to the musclesC prepares the body for action in threatening situations

In your answer book write down which function (A B or C) is a description of the activity of(i) a motor neuron(ii) the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic branch)(iii) the autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic branch) (3 marks)

(d) Discuss how knowledge about localisation of function has contributed to our understanding of behaviour Refer in your answer to at least two examples of cortical localisation of function (10 marks)

June 2004

1 (a) Outline one criticism of the behaviourist approach (2 marks)

(c) John is playing tennis He perceives the ball coming towards his left-hand side He decides to respond by playing a backhand shot John returns the ball and wins the point

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to aspects of Johnrsquos behaviour (5 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss at least two features of the psychodynamic approach (10 marks)

2 (a) Below are three definitions

A a personrsquos characteristics that are determined solely by the environment

B a personrsquos genetic make-up

C a personrsquos characteristics that are determined by genetics and the environment

In your answer book write down which of the above is a definition of

(i) a genotype

(ii) a phenotype (2 marks)

(b) Outline one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Evolutionary theorists claim that the physical and behavioural characteristics of a species are likely to be the result of natural selection

Using an example explain what is meant by the term ldquonatural selectionrdquo (5 marks)

January 2005

(b) The table below is not complete It should contain the names of key approaches in psychology and a basic assumption of each approach In your answer book identify the key approaches for (i) and (ii) and give a basic assumption for the cognitive approach in (iii) Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(c) Shelby had a new set of crayons However rather than use them in her colouring book she scribbled all over the wallpaper Shelbyrsquos mother was very angry and sent her to her bedroom When Shelby was left alone again she crayoned in her book rather than on the wallpaper

Identify two features of the behaviourist approach and say how they might explain Shelbyrsquos change in behaviour (4 marks)

2 (a) Identify two functions of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

(2 marks)

(b) The table below is not complete In your answer book write the names of the cortical areas of the brain that should be placed in (i) and (ii) For (iii) describe the main function of the visual area Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(d) Discuss at least two methods that have been used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain (10 marks)

June 2005

1 (c) (i) Outline what is meant by the information-processing approach (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Diane is at a pop concert with her friend Robbie She has been longing to see her favourite band play live When the band appears on stage she says to Robbie ldquoIrsquom so excitedI can feel my heart poundingrdquo After the concert Diane says to Robbie ldquoThat was fantastic but Irsquom so hungry my tummy is rumbling Shall we get something to eatrdquo

In your answer book write down which of Dianersquos physiological responses is a result of (i) sympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system(ii) parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system (2 marks)

January 2006

1 (b) Outline two criticisms of the psychodynamic approach (4 marks)

(c) Lesley is anxious and has low self-esteem As a child she felt that no matter how hard she tried to please people no one ever approved of her She sometimes feels worthless

Referring to the humanistic approach explain one possible cause of Lesleyrsquos problems (4 marks)

2 (a) Below is a diagram of the human brain It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the areas below

(i) auditory area

(ii) somatosensory area

(iii) visual area

(iv) motor area (4 marks)

(b) Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) State what is meant by selective breeding Explain why it has been used by psychologists to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour (3 marks)

June 2006

1 (a) Briefly describe one feature of the psychodynamic approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Sunita is eight years old and suffers from a medical condition which means she often has to go into hospital Each time she goes into hospital the treatment makes her feel sick One day Sunitarsquos mother took her to visit her grandmother in hospital When they arrived at the hospital Sunita complained to her mother that she felt sick

Referring to features of the behaviourist approach explain why Sunita felt sick when she went to visit her grandmother in hospital (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two methods that are used to investigate localisation of function (cortical specialisation) in the brain (2 marks)

(b) Below is a diagram of a sensory neuron (Figure 1) It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the structures

below

(i) cell body

(ii) myelin sheath

(iii) nucleus

(iv) axon

Label your answers clearly (4 marks)

(c) Molly is walking home late at night Suddenly she is startled by the sound of footsteps behind her She feels her heart pounding and her mouth goes dry When Molly arrives home she tries to relax by watching the television Soon her breathing slows down and she begins to feel hungry

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

(b) Outline one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Evolutionary theorists claim that the physical and behavioural characteristics of a species are likely to be the result of natural selection

Using an example explain what is meant by the term ldquonatural selectionrdquo (5 marks)

January 2005

(b) The table below is not complete It should contain the names of key approaches in psychology and a basic assumption of each approach In your answer book identify the key approaches for (i) and (ii) and give a basic assumption for the cognitive approach in (iii) Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(c) Shelby had a new set of crayons However rather than use them in her colouring book she scribbled all over the wallpaper Shelbyrsquos mother was very angry and sent her to her bedroom When Shelby was left alone again she crayoned in her book rather than on the wallpaper

Identify two features of the behaviourist approach and say how they might explain Shelbyrsquos change in behaviour (4 marks)

2 (a) Identify two functions of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

(2 marks)

(b) The table below is not complete In your answer book write the names of the cortical areas of the brain that should be placed in (i) and (ii) For (iii) describe the main function of the visual area Label your answers clearly (3 marks)

(d) Discuss at least two methods that have been used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain (10 marks)

June 2005

1 (c) (i) Outline what is meant by the information-processing approach (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Diane is at a pop concert with her friend Robbie She has been longing to see her favourite band play live When the band appears on stage she says to Robbie ldquoIrsquom so excitedI can feel my heart poundingrdquo After the concert Diane says to Robbie ldquoThat was fantastic but Irsquom so hungry my tummy is rumbling Shall we get something to eatrdquo

In your answer book write down which of Dianersquos physiological responses is a result of (i) sympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system(ii) parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system (2 marks)

January 2006

1 (b) Outline two criticisms of the psychodynamic approach (4 marks)

(c) Lesley is anxious and has low self-esteem As a child she felt that no matter how hard she tried to please people no one ever approved of her She sometimes feels worthless

Referring to the humanistic approach explain one possible cause of Lesleyrsquos problems (4 marks)

2 (a) Below is a diagram of the human brain It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the areas below

(i) auditory area

(ii) somatosensory area

(iii) visual area

(iv) motor area (4 marks)

(b) Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) State what is meant by selective breeding Explain why it has been used by psychologists to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour (3 marks)

June 2006

1 (a) Briefly describe one feature of the psychodynamic approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Sunita is eight years old and suffers from a medical condition which means she often has to go into hospital Each time she goes into hospital the treatment makes her feel sick One day Sunitarsquos mother took her to visit her grandmother in hospital When they arrived at the hospital Sunita complained to her mother that she felt sick

Referring to features of the behaviourist approach explain why Sunita felt sick when she went to visit her grandmother in hospital (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two methods that are used to investigate localisation of function (cortical specialisation) in the brain (2 marks)

(b) Below is a diagram of a sensory neuron (Figure 1) It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the structures

below

(i) cell body

(ii) myelin sheath

(iii) nucleus

(iv) axon

Label your answers clearly (4 marks)

(c) Molly is walking home late at night Suddenly she is startled by the sound of footsteps behind her She feels her heart pounding and her mouth goes dry When Molly arrives home she tries to relax by watching the television Soon her breathing slows down and she begins to feel hungry

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

June 2005

1 (c) (i) Outline what is meant by the information-processing approach (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Diane is at a pop concert with her friend Robbie She has been longing to see her favourite band play live When the band appears on stage she says to Robbie ldquoIrsquom so excitedI can feel my heart poundingrdquo After the concert Diane says to Robbie ldquoThat was fantastic but Irsquom so hungry my tummy is rumbling Shall we get something to eatrdquo

In your answer book write down which of Dianersquos physiological responses is a result of (i) sympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system(ii) parasympathetic action of the autonomic nervous system (2 marks)

January 2006

1 (b) Outline two criticisms of the psychodynamic approach (4 marks)

(c) Lesley is anxious and has low self-esteem As a child she felt that no matter how hard she tried to please people no one ever approved of her She sometimes feels worthless

Referring to the humanistic approach explain one possible cause of Lesleyrsquos problems (4 marks)

2 (a) Below is a diagram of the human brain It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the areas below

(i) auditory area

(ii) somatosensory area

(iii) visual area

(iv) motor area (4 marks)

(b) Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) State what is meant by selective breeding Explain why it has been used by psychologists to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour (3 marks)

June 2006

1 (a) Briefly describe one feature of the psychodynamic approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Sunita is eight years old and suffers from a medical condition which means she often has to go into hospital Each time she goes into hospital the treatment makes her feel sick One day Sunitarsquos mother took her to visit her grandmother in hospital When they arrived at the hospital Sunita complained to her mother that she felt sick

Referring to features of the behaviourist approach explain why Sunita felt sick when she went to visit her grandmother in hospital (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two methods that are used to investigate localisation of function (cortical specialisation) in the brain (2 marks)

(b) Below is a diagram of a sensory neuron (Figure 1) It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the structures

below

(i) cell body

(ii) myelin sheath

(iii) nucleus

(iv) axon

Label your answers clearly (4 marks)

(c) Molly is walking home late at night Suddenly she is startled by the sound of footsteps behind her She feels her heart pounding and her mouth goes dry When Molly arrives home she tries to relax by watching the television Soon her breathing slows down and she begins to feel hungry

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

1 (a) Briefly describe one feature of the psychodynamic approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Sunita is eight years old and suffers from a medical condition which means she often has to go into hospital Each time she goes into hospital the treatment makes her feel sick One day Sunitarsquos mother took her to visit her grandmother in hospital When they arrived at the hospital Sunita complained to her mother that she felt sick

Referring to features of the behaviourist approach explain why Sunita felt sick when she went to visit her grandmother in hospital (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify two methods that are used to investigate localisation of function (cortical specialisation) in the brain (2 marks)

(b) Below is a diagram of a sensory neuron (Figure 1) It is labelled A B C and D

Write in your answer book which letter A B C or D matches each of the structures

below

(i) cell body

(ii) myelin sheath

(iii) nucleus

(iv) axon

Label your answers clearly (4 marks)

(c) Molly is walking home late at night Suddenly she is startled by the sound of footsteps behind her She feels her heart pounding and her mouth goes dry When Molly arrives home she tries to relax by watching the television Soon her breathing slows down and she begins to feel hungry

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

From the description above

(i) identify two actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

(ii) identify two actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (4 marks)

January 2007

1 (c) Jaina is three years old She sees a packet of her favourite chocolate biscuits on the kitchen table Jainarsquos mother says to her ldquoYou must not eat any of the chocolate biscuitsrdquo When her mother leaves the kitchen Jaina cannot stop herself from eating a chocolate biscuit even though she has been told not to Suggest a psychodynamic explanation as to why Jaina ate the chocolate biscuit (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Briefly describe one technique used to study cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

(b) Outline what is meant by the fight or flight response Give an example (3 marks)

(c) Some psychologists believe that human and non-human behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes

(i) What is meant by the term evolution (2 marks)

(ii) Give an example of one behaviour and suggest how this behaviour can be explained in terms of evolutionary processes (2 marks)

(d) Discuss the biological approach in psychology Refer to evidence in your answer (10 marks)

June 2007

(b) (i) Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology (2 marks)

(ii) Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology (2 marks)

(d) Describe and discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron (2 marks)

(b) What is meant by the terms genotype and phenotype Use an example to illustrate the difference between them (4 marks)

(c) Briefly discuss one limitation of the biological approach in psychology (4 marks)

(d) Ben and his friends are at a theme park They are waiting in a queue to ride a terrifying rollercoaster Ben starts to feel sick and his hands become hot and sticky As he moves near to the front of the queue he feels his heart pounding After the ride Ben feels very thirsty and tired

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the adrenal glands in a stressful situation Use this knowledge to explain Benrsquos responses before and after the rollercoaster ride (10 marks)

January 2008

1 (c) Mia is revising for her history examination Her teacher asks her the following question

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

ldquoWho was the mother of Queen Elizabeth Irdquo Mia thinks hard She then remembers what her teacher taught her in the previous history lesson She then replies ldquoAnne Boleynrdquo

Outline the information-processing approach and illustrate it with reference to the description above (5 marks)

(d) Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology (10 marks)

2 (a) Outline the role of the adrenal glands in the fight or flight response (2 marks)

(b) Tom has a phobia of mice He saw a mouse scurry across the floor Tom immediately felt sick and he felt the hairs on the back of his neck stand on end Sometime later his heart stopped pounding and he got his breath back

From the description above identify three of Tomrsquos bodily responses and state whether each response results from the action of the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (3 marks)

June 2008

1 (a) Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology (3 marks)

(c) Mark is 33 years old He has low self-esteem and feels worthless One day his therapist asked him about his childhood Mark said ldquoI never had a close relationship with my mother She would only cuddle me if I was a good boy and did what I was toldrdquo

With reference to one assumption of the humanistic approach explain a possible cause of Markrsquos problems (4 marks)

(d) Discuss the cognitive approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

2 (a) Identify three divisions of the nervous system (3 marks)

(b) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype (3 marks)

(c) Explain two limitations of the biological approach (4 marks)

January 2009

1 (a) What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train an animal (3 marks)

1 (b) Identify and explain one methodological issue which might arise when using EEGs to investigate cortical specialisation (3 marks)

1 (c) (i) Outline the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system in physiological arousal (2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Sophie is taking her driving test for the first time She is very nervous Her hands begin to sweat and she can feel her heart pounding When the examiner asks Sophie to start the car she feels sick After the driving test Sophie begins to feel her breathing slow downFrom the description above identify two of Sophiersquos bodily responses stating whether each response is a result of the action of the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system (2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology Refer to at least one other approach in your answer (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

June 2009

1 (a) Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship (3 marks)

1 (b) (i) What is meant by classical conditioning (1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Briefly outline how researchers such as Pavlov have investigated classicalconditioning(2 marks)

1 (c) Jake has a very stressful job He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep One night Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door Jake comes from a violent familySuggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explainJakersquos violent behaviour(4 marks)

1 (d) Discuss two of the following methods that have been used to investigate areas of cortical specialisation in the brain1048698 neurosurgery note this method has now been removed from the spec for exams for 2012 onwards so would not appear in future1048698 post-mortem examinations1048698 scanning techniques

(10 marks)

January 2010

1 (a) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child(2 marks)

1 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by evolution(2 marks)

1 (b) (ii) Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution (2 marks)

1 (c) (i) Post-mortem examinations of the brain have been used to study cortical specialisation Explain how post-mortem examinations have helped us to understand cortical specialisation(2 marks)

1 (c) (ii) Briefly explain one other method used to investigate cortical specialisation in the brain(2 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach in psychology(10 marks)

June 2010

1 (a) Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation

1 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by self-actualisation (2 marks)

1 (a) (ii) Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation(2 marks)

1 (b) Cognitive psychologists often propose models of mental processes

1 (b) (i) Identify one model used by cognitive psychologists(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes(2 marks)

1 (c) (i) What do psychodynamic psychologists mean by a defence mechanism (1 mark)

1 (c) (ii) Name and outline one defence mechanism (2 marks)

1 (d) Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

January 2011

1 (a) (i) What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors (1 mark)

1 (a) (ii) Suggest one methodological problem that might arise when investigating mediating cognitive factors(1 mark)

1 (b) Name one of Freudrsquos psychosexual stages of development Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development(3 marks)

1 (c) Derek and David are identical twins The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families Derek was given a healthy diet David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food When the twins were re-united at 40 years old Derek was tall but David was much shorterDistinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype Refer to Derek and David in your answer (5 marks)

1 (d) Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists(10 marks)

June 2011

1 (a) Below is a diagram of a motor neuron with structures that are labelled A B and CWrite the name of each of these structures in the boxes provided

A =B =C =(3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two limitations of the humanistic approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe and evaluate the social learning theory approach in psychology Refer toevidence in your answer (10 marks)

January 2012

1 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of corticalspecialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

January 20121 (a) Using an example explain what is meant by the fight or flight response(3 marks)

1 (b) Discuss one strength or limitation of PET scans as a way of identifying areas of cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)

1 (c) Explain two strengths of the behaviourist approach in psychology (4 marks)

1 (d) Describe the humanistic approach in psychology and discuss differences between this approach and the psychodynamic approach(10 marks)

June 2012

1 (a) Psychologists have identified many areas of cortical specialisation in the brain

These include

A the motor centre

B the auditory centre

C the visual centre

D the somatosensory centre

Below is a diagram of the human brain Identify three areas of cortical specialisation by writing A B C or D in each of the boxes that are provided Use a different letter for each box

1 (b) Briefly evaluate the use of EEGs as a way of identifying cortical specialisation in the brain (3 marks)

1 (c) Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination but after she failed the examination she did not seem upsetSuggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination (2 marks)

1 (d) Outline one limitation of the psychodynamic approach (2 marks)

1 (e) Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks)