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Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 1
Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures, including
significant figures.
Criteria for Success:I can determine the number of significant figures in a measurement.I can perform mathematical calculations involving significant figures.
NotesSignificant FiguresA._______________ __________ in a measurement consist of all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.Rules for Determining Significant Figures
Using Significant Figures in Calculations
A. When ____________ or ______________, the answer must have the same number of digits to the right of the
decimal point as there are in the measurement having the _______________ digits to the right of the decimal point.
B. For _______________ or _______________, the answer can have no more significant figures than are in the
measurement with the _____________ total number of significant figures.
C. _______________ _____________ are considered exact values and should not be used when determining significant
figures in calculations.
There is a decimal point.
There is NO decimal point.
Look for nonzero digits. All are significant.
Look for zeroes between nonzero digits. They are significant.
Look for a decimal point.
Count all zeroes to the right of the last nonzero. They are
significant.Total number of significant figures.
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 2
Content Objective:I can collect data and make measurements with accuracy and precision.
Criteria for Success:I can define and distinguish between accuracy and precision.
I can explain how accuracy and precision relate to the lab setting.I can calculate the percent error of experimental measurements.
NotesAccuracy, Precision, & Percent ErrorA. _______________________ refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured.
B. _______________________ refers to the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.
________________ __________________ _________________ _________________
________________ _________________ __________________ __________________
C. ___________ _________ is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the
difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100.
1. Percent error has a ___________ value if the accepted value is greater than the experimental value.
2. Percent error has a ____________ value if the accepted value is less than the experimental value.
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 3
Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures,
including dimensional analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures.
Criteria for Success:I can convert measurements between standard notation and scientific notation.
I can perform mathematical operations involving standard notation and scientific notation.
NotesScientific Notation
A. To make very large or very small numbers easier to handle, scientists express them in a form known as
___________________ _______________, which uses powers of ______ to reduce the number of zeros to a minimum.
Converting Quantities to Scientific Notation
Step 1. Move the decimal point in the quantity expressed in long form right or left until there is only one
_____________ digit to the left of it.
Step 2. Use the number that results as the _________________, M.
Step 3. Count the number of decimal places moved, and call that number n, and use it as the _______________
of 10.
a. Make the exponent _________________ if the original number was LESS than ONE.
Step 4. Your final quantity should be expressed in the form ___________________ (scientific notation).
Entering Quantities in Scientific Notation in your Calculator
A. ALWAYS enclose each quantity expressed in scientific notation in ______________.
B. There are many ways to enter quantities in scientific notation into your calculator. We will use a method that replaces
the x10 with _______. You will need to enter answers to your homework on Quest using this method as well.
Example:
6.02x1023
How it will look in your calculator and on your homework:
(6.02E23)
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 4
Content Objective:I can collect data and make measurements with accuracy and precision.
Criteria for Success:I can explain the importance of a standard.
I can list the base units of measurement in the metric system for distance, volume, and mass.I can explain how to use a system of prefixes to represent multiples of ten or submultiples of ten of these base units.
NotesBase Units: The metric system simplifies measurement by using a single base unit for each quantity.
Table 1: Base UnitsQuantity Symbol Base Unit Symboldistance d meter mvolume V liter L
mass m gram g
Table 2: SI Prefixes and SymbolsPrefix Symbol Decimal Representation Fraction Representation
giga- G 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,0001
mega- M 1,000,000 1,000,0001
kilo- k 1,000 1,0001
hecto- h 100 1001
deca- da 10 101
BASE(meter, liter, or gram)
m, L, or g 1
11
deci- d 0.1 110
centi- c 0.01 1100
milli- m 0.001 11,000
micro- µ 0.000 001 11,000,000
nano- n 0.000 000 001 11,000,000,000
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 5
Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures,
including dimensional analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures.
Criteria for Success:I can transform a statement of equality to a conversion factor.
I can utilize conversion factors to perform single-step and multi-step calculations.
NotesConversions
A. A ___________________ of ____________ describes the relationship between two equivalent quantities expressed in
different units.
B. A ___________________ ____________ is a __________ derived from a statement of equality that can be used to
convert from one unit to the other.
1. Conversion factors are equal to ______. Therefore, when you convert you are not changing the amount of
what you have, just the ________ you are using to represent the amount.
2. When completing conversion calculations, choose the conversion factor that will ____________ undesired
units and leave desired units.
Example
Statement of Equality Possible Conversion FactorsThere are 12 eggs in 1 dozen. 12 eggs = 1 1 dozen = 1
1 dozen 12 eggs
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 6
Content Objective:I can compare solids, liquids, and gases in terms of compressibility, structure, shape, and volume.
Criteria for Success:I can define compressibility, structure, shape, and volume.I can determine if something is a solid, liquid, or gas based on a picture of its particles.I can determine if something is a solid, liquid, or gas based on how it behaves when placed in different containers.
NotesSolids, Liquids, Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
___________ Volume and
Shape
___________ Volume and Takes
the Shape of the part of the
Container it Occupies
Assumes Shape and Volume
of its __________
Relatively _______ Kinetic
Energy
__________________ Amount
of Energy
Relatively ________ Kinetic
Energy
Relatively ___________
Amount of Order
__________________ Amount
of Order
Relatively ________
Amount of Order
Very ____________ Rate of
Diffusion
__________________Rate of
Diffusion
Relatively ___________
Rate of Diffusion
Relatively _____ Density Intermediate Density Relatively ____ Density
__________________ Relatively Incompressible ________________ Level of
Compressibility
__________ attractive force
between particles
_______ attractive force
between particles
______ attractive force
between particles
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 8
Content Objective:I can classify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation of their properties.
Criteria for Success:I can identify a substance as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture.
I can explain the difference between elements and compounds.I can explain the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures.
NotesClassifying Matter
A. Materials are made of either a ______________ substance or a ______________________ of substances.
1. ________________ substances have a _______________ composition, and can NOT be separated by physical
means (You can NOT separate by sorting, filtering, heating, cooling, magnetic properties, etc.)
a. An ___________________ is a pure substance that is made up of just one type of atom.
b. A ________________ is a pure substance with two or more elements combined in a fixed proportion.
1. The law of ______________________ _______________________ states that a
______________________ contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass
regardless of the size or source of the ______________________.
2. A __________________________ is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own
identity and properties and can be easily separated by physical means (You CAN separate by sorting, filtering,
heating, cooling, magnetic properties, etc.).
a. A __________________________ mixture contains two or more substances blended evenly; also
called a _____________________________.
1. The substance doing the dissolving in a solution is called the __________________________.
2. The substance being dissolved in a solution is called the ______________________________.
b. A ____________________________ mixture is a mixture of different and easily distinguishable
materials; not the same throughout.
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 10
Methods for Separating a Mixture
A. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures can be separated by ________________ means into the
component parts that make up the mixture.
1. A solid and liquid mixture can be separated by pouring the mixture through a ____________ paper
designed to allow only the liquid to pass.
2. A homogeneous mixture of liquids can be separated using _______________, a process in which the
mixture is heated and the more volatile (more easily vaporized) liquid is boiled off first. A condenser is
then used to recollect the vaporized component.
3. Paper __________________ takes advantage of the fact that different components of a homogeneous
mixture have different attractions to a solvent and paper.
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 12
Content Objective:I can differentiate between physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical properties, and intensive and
extensive properties.
Criteria for Success:I can identify a property or change as physical or chemical.
I can explain why a property or change is physical or a chemical.I can define intensive and extensive properties.
I can identify a property as intensive or extensive.
NotesPhysical Properties/ChangesA. A ______________ property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the ___________ of the substance.
1. Color 2. ___________ 3. Malleability 4. Ductility 5. ___________ 6. Solubility 7. Mass 8. Volume 9. ___________
B. When a ___________ change takes place, chemical bonds within compounds are NOT broken in the reactant and no new chemical bonds are formed in the products. The ___________ of the material does _______ change.
1. Changes of _________.2. Changes in ________.
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 13
Chemical Properties/ChangesA. A ______________ property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into a _________________ substance(s).
1. ______________ 2. Flammability 3. Toxicity 4. ________ 5. Ability to Tarnish6. Ability to Ferment 7. Ability to Oxidize
B. When a ____________ change takes place, chemical bonds within the compound are broken in the reactants and new chemical bonds are formed in the products. The _______________ of the material changes.
1. __________ change.2. Production of a ______.3. Formation of a _____________.4. Formation of an __________.5. _________ change.
Intensive & Extensive PropertiesA. ______________ properties depend on the amount of matter present.
1. Mass 2. Volume 3. ___________
B. ______________ properties do NOT depend on the amount of matter present.1. Color 2._________ 3. Malleability 4. Ductility 5. Luster6. Odor 7. Melting Pt. 8. Boiling Pt. 9. Conductivity
Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 14
Content Objective:I can differentiate between physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical properties, and intensive and
extensive properties.
Criteria for Success:I can define intensive property.
I can explain how intensive properties can be used to determine the identity of a substance.I can recognize that density is an intensive property and be able to calculate density.
I can manipulate the density formula to solve for either mass or volume.
NotesDensity
A. ____________________ is an intensive physical property that relates the ratio of ________________ to
____________________.
1. The derived units for density are typically in ______________ or _______________.
2. Density is a characteristic ____________________ property of a substance and can be used to help
___________________ a substance.
3. An object will ___________________ if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in.
a. Density of water is ____________________.
Density and States of MatterSolid Liquid Gas
¿Qué Dijo?Solid Density Liquid Density Gas Density
Butter 0.86 Gasoline 0.74 Helium 0.00018
Ice 0.92 Sunflower Oil 0.92 Methane 0.00069
Aluminum 2.70 Water 1.00 Air 0.00129
Copper 8.96 Milk 1.03 Oxygen 0.00143
Gold 19.28 Mercury 13.55 CO2 0.00198