PRACTICUM PROJECT:

United States Army Military Police Corps Regimental MuseumMaster Script

Part 2: History of the Military Police Corps From World War II to Today

ByKathy J. West

4297967

HIST 696, Session K001, Summer 2014American Public University System

November 23, 2014

United States Army Military Police Corps Regimental MuseumMaster Script

Part 2: History of the Military Police Corps From World War II to Today

As of November 23, 2014

Bold and regular text provides notes for the tour guide.

Italic text provides the material presented to the visitor.

Green text provides vignettes that support the recurring theme “Military Police Soldiers

Living the Army Values.”

Blue text informs the tour guide where they should be standing when presenting material.

Section 1: World War II (WWII)

(WWII Military Police [MP] Corps Poster by Jes Schlaikjer)

Learning Objective: To present the events leading to the establishment of the MP Corps as a

permanent branch of the US Army.

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 and the rapid buildup of the U.S. Army

highlighted the need for an organized MP Corps. With a rising national concern over possible

subversion and a perceived need to control hostile aliens, the Secretary of War, Henry L.

Stimson appointed Major General Allen W. Guillon, the Adjutant General of the Army, as acting

Provost Marshal on July 31, 1941.1 With the demands associated with an army mobilizing for

war, the War Department recognized that a centralized authority above the corps level was

necessary. To fill that need, the Secretary of War established the MP Corps as a permanent

branch of the Army on September 26, 1941. This date is the official birthday of the MP Corps. It

1 Robert K. Wright, Jr., comp., Army Lineage Series, Military Police (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 2002), 9.

1

marks a turning point in the Corps’ history from a transitory branch of the Army to a permanent

combat service support element operating during war and peace.2

(Poster for the Third Anniversary of the MP Corps: “A Soft Job? –depends on how you

look at it!”)

Learning Objective: To present information on the growth of the MP Branch, its many duties

and missions, and serve as an introduction to significant events and noteworthy people during

WWII.

With the onset of WWII, the MP Corps experienced permanence, growth in numbers, and

increased professionalism in training and operations. The MP Corps started with 2,000 men in

1941 and grew to more than 200,000 during the course of the war. The duties of the branch were

those traditionally associated with the MP specialty:

The enforcement of military laws and regulations

The maintenance of order

Controlling the movement of traffic both in the battlefield area as well as in

camps, posts, and stations

Safeguarding soldiers from violence or accidents

Recovering lost, stolen, and abandoned government property

Operating the prisoner of war system

New duties such as assisting combat troops in destroying hostile airborne troops

when necessary. 3

2 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, ST 19-154 (Fort McClellan, AL: US Army Military Police School, n.d.), 15.

3 Wright, Military Police, 10.

2

The War Department established MP battalions and created the position of Provost

Marshal General at each general headquarters or theater of operations and on the staff of all

divisions and higher units. Initially, the Army had three new battalions and four separate

companies. By mid-1942, the number of MP battalions increased to seventeen. By the end of

1945, the War Department activated 150 battalions and 900 other MP units.4 MP companies

became increasingly specialized serving as zone of interior guards; escort guards; post, camp,

and station garrison security and discipline, law and order; prisoner of war security and

processing; and criminal investigations.5

MPs came in fighting with the first waves that hit Omaha and Utah beaches on June 6,

1944. Hours after landing, these combat MPs took over control of the huge volume of traffic

debarking from the invasion fleet. The MPs established direction points, performed beach

security patrol, and established prisoner of war containment areas.

On November 21, 1944, the Army established the position of Provost Marshal/Rear Area

Commander as MPs assumed a rear area defensive mission, which included holding attacking

elements in check until tactical troops, arrived.6

(The Ludendorff Bridge Diorama)

Learning Objective: To exemplify the courage, tenacity, and determination of combat MPs in a

significant security and movement operation during the crossing of the Ludendorff Bridge at

Remagen, Germany.

After stopping the German Ardennes Counter-Offensive, the early spring of 1945 found

Allied forces on the offensive, moving very rapidly into Germany. The Germans had been falling 4 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 16.

5 Wright, Military Police, 10.

6 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 17.

3

back rapidly and retreating across the Rhine. As they retreated, they were destroying all bridges

to take advantage of the natural barrier that the Rhine offered.

The 9th Armored Division was assigned the missions to seize the city of Remagen and its

vicinity and to establish crossings over the Ahr River (a tributary of the Rhine south of

Remagen). Late in the afternoon of March 7, elements of the 9th Armored Division crested a hill

near the town of Remagen and discovered a bridge still standing. The Bridge they were looking

at was the Ludendorff Bridge. It was built from 1916 to 1919 and was named in honor of WWI

German General Erich Ludendorff. It carried two rail lines and a walkway. The American forces

rushed into action to capture it.7

Before they actually reached the bridge, the men saw rocks and dirt erupt into the air.

The Germans had exploded the preliminary demolition, which gouged a crater thirty feet wide in

the approach to the bridge.8 Once the American soldiers reached the bridge, the Germans set off

an emergency demolition two-thirds of the way across the bridge, damaging one of the trusses.

The huge structure lifted up and steel, timbers, dust, thick black smoke mixed in the air. When

the air cleared, the bridge was still standing.9

The 9th Armored Division quickly captured the bridge; established a bridgehead on the

eastern side; and once reinforcements arrived, withdrew to the west bank to establish a

marshaling area.10 The Division Provost Marshal, Major Joseph Jogl, and Lieutenant John F.

Hyde with his platoon of 9th Armored Division MPs had the responsibility of traffic control in the

7 Ken Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen (New York: Ballantine Books, 1957), 109. 8 Ibid., 129.

9 Ibid., 142-143.

10 Bruce Jacobs, “Remagen,” The Military Police Journal 6, no. 7 (February 1957): 4.

4

assembly area, keeping traffic moving and preventing congestion. It would not be long before the

streets were crowded with men and vehicles.11

The 9th Infantry Division was ordered to divert to Remagen, take over the bridge, push

everything available across, and organize to receive fresh divisions as they came in. For five

days, this unit maintained traffic control on the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen and in the Rhine

Bridgehead area braving constant heavy artillery fire and air attacks to keep supply, evacuation

and troop movement running smoothly over this vital link. The sector was a target for twenty-

four hours of each day for heavy artillery concentration, air attacks and on two occasions V2

weapons.12

The MPs stood at their post unable to take cover as casualties to themselves and to

passing troops and vehicles mounted each day. In the first three days on the bridge, the 9th

Infantry Division MPs suffered seventy-two casualties. When one of their own fell, another MP

stepped forward to take his place. The number of available MPs dwindled to the point that the

Division Commander, Major General Craig authorized Major Thurston to take twenty-five men

from each of the Infantry regiments. Seventy-five Infantrymen put on MP armbands in the heat of

the battle. To teach them how to take charge of radios, traffic control, defiles and Enemy

Prisoners of War, Thurston set up a school in the mouth of the tunnel on the east bank.13

The bridge was heavily used March 7 – March 12. On March 12, U.S. Army Engineers

closed it to repair the damage caused by the initial attempt to blow the bridge, and subsequent

damage caused by enemy artillery fire and heavy traffic. By this time, the Engineers had erected

a pontoon bridge and a treadway bridge nearby and divisions continued to cross the Rhine. 11 Bruce Jacobs, “Remagen,” The Military Police Journal 6, no. 8 (March 1957): 4.

12 Ibid., 5.

13 Ibid., 5.

5

Disaster struck at approximately 3:00 P.M. on March 17, when, with no warning, the Ludendorff

Bridge buckled and collapsed. Thirty-two Engineer soldiers who had been making repairs in an

attempt to put the bridge back in operation were killed in the collapse.14

The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge hastened the end of the war in Europe. From

March 7 to March 17, seven divisions crossed the Rhine. The established and expanded

bridgehead became a springboard for the final offensive. The 9th Armored MP Company and the

9th Infantry MP Company both received the Presidential Unit Citation.

(The Ludendorff Bridge Diorama)

Major Clair H. Thurston, Distinguished Service Cross

Major Clair H. Thurston served as the Provost Marshal for the 9th Infantry Division

during operations at the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, Germany, in March 1945. Taking

the bridge was just the beginning. After the bridge capture, German forces tried to destroy or

recapture the site using explosives, demolitions divers, artillery fire, aerial bombardment, and

infantry assaults. Unable to take cover during the frequent attacks, MPs at the bridge kept

traffic flowing across the Rhine River into Germany. However, maintaining a constant stream

of traffic and supplies proved to be a hazardous job, and the MPs suffered many casualties.

Due to these losses, Major Thurston gathered Soldiers from nearby Infantry units to conduct

MP training courses near the bridge. Major Thurston oversaw organization at the bridge and

led by example. He constantly exposed himself to enemy artillery fire and air attacks to direct

and maintain the traffic over the vital Ludendorff Bridge. On one occasion, Major Thurston,

previously wounded by a shell fragment, rushed across the bridge on foot during a heavy air

bombardment, and carried a man, dazed from the concussion, to safety. His actions inspired

others to continue crossing the bridge in the face of devastating enemy fire. Recognized for his

14 Hechler, The Bridge at Remagen, 201.

6

dauntless leadership and gallantry, Major Thurston received the Distinguished Service

Cross.15

African-American Military Police Soldiers

(Photograph of Lieutenant General Joseph T. McNarney, Deputy Supreme Allied

Commander, Mediterranean Theater, inspecting the Honor Guard of MPs during his tour

of the Fifth Army front at the 92nd Division Sector on January 4, 1945.)

Learning Objective: To explain the utilization and integration of African-American Soldiers in

the MP Corps during WWII.

In October 1941, the War Department authorized the organization of MP Detachments

with African-American Soldiers. The directive establishing the new Corps of Military Police

included the organization of black, white, and mixed units. By August 1942, there were ten

battalions and three companies that were integrated with black and white soldiers. On April 12,

1945, the first all black MP unit was formed in the China-Burma Theater.16

(World War II Display Case, Distinguished Service Cross of Second Lieutenant Walter J.

Burns)

Second Lieutenant Walter J. Burns, Distinguished Service Cross

On the morning of November 8, 1942, Second Lieutenant Walter J. Burns, with the

204th MP Police Company, was approaching Casablanca in French Morocco by landing

craft. The landing party came under attack from an enemy warship at a distance of only 20

yards. When the coxswain of the landing craft was wounded, Second Lieutenant Burns

voluntarily exposed himself to heavy fire from the enemy warship in order to helm the landing 15 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-07-2 (Fall 2007): 37.

16 Ulysses Lee, United States Army in World War II Special Studies: The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 131.

7

craft. He calmly guided the boat toward shore under the instructions of the wounded coxswain

and received a severe thigh wound from enemy gunfire. Even after being wounded and thrown

from the controls, he returned to take the wheel. When it became evident that the boat could

not reach shore, Second Lieutenant Burns retained control of the situation and gave the order

to abandon ship. An instant later, enemy shellfire shot the boat out of the water. Second

Lieutenant Burns gathered his men and swam to shore, where they were taken prisoner until

freed by American forces a few days later.17

Post-War Tribunals

(World War II Display Case)

Learning Objective: To present the role of MPs during the post-war tribunals.

In 1945, hundreds of German Nazi were charged with war crimes and tried in

Nuremberg. MPs of the 793rd MP Battalion, 802nd MP Company and 821st MP Company served

as guards during the trials. The MPs escorted the accused to and from the courtroom and

provided security within the courtroom. MPs kept the prisoners under constant surveillance

when not in court. After the trials, MPs provided security and assisted with the execution of

hangings; and escorted sentenced prisoners to Spandau Prison. The Allies shared the

responsibility for guarding the Spandau prisoners, rotating control of the prison on a monthly

basis. Every four months a contingent of MPs assumed the task of guarding the prisoners until

the death of the last of the prisoners, Rudolf Hess, in 1987.18

In 1946-1947, soldiers of the 720th MP Battalion guarded 1,700 Japanese prisoners tried

for war crimes. The MPs were also responsible for transporting the war criminals to and from

17 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-06-1 (April 2006): 28.

18 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 21-22.

8

Sugamo Prison for the duration of the trails. Four hundred of those tried were convicted and

sentenced. MPs provided security at Sugamo Prison until the sentences could be carried out.19

After WWII, the War Department did not disband the MP Corps, but it did reduce in size.

MPs remained as part of the forces occupying conquered Germany and Japan.

Section 2: The Korean War

(The Korean War Exhibit/Map of Korea)

Learning Objective: Utilizing representative equipment, weapons, uniforms, and photographs,

to present the duties of MPs and the challenges they faced during the Korean War, and the

problems and challenges faced by MPs at Koje-do Prisoner of War (POW) Camp.

On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops crossed the 38th Parallel invading South Korea

in an effort to unify the Korean peninsula. This action resulted in the immediate intervention of

United Nations troops to defend South Korea. American forces would face circumstances and

conditions that were entirely new to them as they fought against bands of guerrillas.20

The surprise invasion caused Korean and American troops to retreat into a perimeter

surrounding the Pusan area, establishing a defensive line to protect the vital port. MPs cleared

roadways and protected transportation routes. In September1950, the Department of the Army

issued new guidance concerning the responsibilities and organization of the MP Corps. It

redefined the responsibilities of the Provost Marshals who would not only advise commanders

on policy matters but also directly supervise the operations of the MP units of the command.21

In September 1950, United Nation forces made an amphibious landing at Inchon, on the

west coast of Korea and broke the North Korean lines. The North Koreans retreated north to the

19 Ibid., 22.

20 Ibid., 23-24. 21 Wright, Military Police, 11.

9

Yalu River. In November 1950, Chinese armies flooded into North Korea and slammed against

the United Nation forces, causing another massive retreat. One of the more difficult duties for

the MPs was controlling millions of refugees as the front line wavered back and forth. As the

MPs moved back and forth over the fighting area, they provided an invaluable service in

mapping roads and reporting on road conditions.

Between November 1950 and May 1951, a stable front in the center of the peninsula

gradually emerged and a protracted period of engagement followed. A dramatic increase in

black market activities associated with an army fighting in a third world nation placed increased

emphasis on the duty of Military Police to control and eliminate black-marketing.22

On July 27, 1953, the signing of the Armistice Agreement officially established a truce.

MPs remain in Korea and continue to patrol the demilitarized zone.

Koje-Do POW Camp

(The Koje-Do POW panel)

During the conflict, the United Nations (U.N.) forces captured over 175,000 POWs. The

U.N. confined most of the prisoners on Koje-Do Island. The prisoners built their own camps,

constructing fences, buildings, and sewage systems. MPs served under the U.N. Command. They

worked with a shortage of personnel while dealing with continuous political agitation among the

prisoners. Captured communist leaders began a campaign of terror against their fellow

prisoners to embarrass the United Nations Command, divert front line troops to Koje-do, and

convert non-communist prisoners of war.23

Early on May 7, 1952, Brigadier General Francis T. Dodd, Koje-do’s commander,

received word that the POWs in compound 76 wished to speak with him in person. Since the

22 Ibid. 23 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 25-26.

10

POWS submitted their request through proper channels, Dodd went to the compound. As he

stepped in, the prisoners surrounded him. He now found himself a prisoner. On May 9, Brigadier

General Colson, the newly appointed commander of Koje-do, secured Dodd’s release after

signing a four-point agreement written by the POWs.24

On June 2, 1952, Brigadier General Hayden Boatner, an MP officer, was named Koje-

do's new Commandant and he would be the fourteenth Commandant in less than twenty-four

months.25 He quickly set about to restore order to the compounds. In a matter of days, the entire

camp was reconstructed. New enclosures, subdivided into four to eight compounds designed to

accommodate five hundred prisoners each, were constructed. By segregating the prisoners into

smaller groups, General Boatner weakened the communist leaders’ influence over other

prisoners and restored order.26

The United States Army even under the United Nations umbrella had to learn by trial and

error some very serious lessons. The lessons learned had to include how to handle people whose

culture and ethnic background was very different.

Sergeant First Class Robert F. Keiser, Distinguished Service Cross

The following comes from Sergeant First Class Keiser’s award citation: On 30

November 1950 at about 1300 hours, the 2d Infantry Division's main convoy began its retreat

south along the Kunu-ri Suchon Road. When the division convoy reached the crest of the

Kunu-ri Suchon Pass, referred to as "The Gauntlet," they faced a roadblock consisting of

over twenty damaged and abandoned vehicles. With complete disregard for his own safety,

24 Raymond J. Lewis, “The Koje-do Uprising of 1952” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Popular Culture Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 6-9, 1994), 6-7, accessed October 19, 2014, https://server16040.contentdm.oclc.org/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p4013coll11&CISOPTR=804&filename=805.pdf#search=%22harsh%22.

25 Ibid., 8.

26 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 26.

11

Sergeant First Class Keiser, a MP with the 2d MP Company, personally removed the vehicles

blocking the road, allowing the division convoy to proceed to the safety of friendly lines. He

received several injuries while under constant small arms and machine gun fire from the

enemy, estimated to be of regimental size and located in the hills overlooking the pass, during

a two-hour period. Upon finding a vehicle that would run, Sergeant First Class Keiser loaded

the dead and wounded lying in the road and ditches aboard the vehicle, and commanded

fellow Soldiers to drive the vehicles through the pass to the safety of friendly lines. After

clearing the vehicles from the pass, Sergeant First Class Keiser proceeded to a stream a half

mile south of the pass and stood for an hour in the cold water directing the division convoy

through the ford, because the bridge had been destroyed. Sergeant First Class Keiser was

awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call

of duty.27

Section 3: Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women’s’ Army Corps (WAC)

(Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and Women’s’ Army Corps (WAC) Exhibit)

Learning Objective: To explain the formation of the WAAC and its evolution into the WAC,

including the uniforms worn. In addition, to explain the Military Police duties of SSG Marvel L.

Joos, a member of the WAC stationed in St. Louis, Missouri, as an example of the contributing

role that members of the WAC played.

The idea of women in the Army other than the Army Nurse Corps was entertained during

World War I (WWI) and with the threat of another war looming, interest was renewed. In May

1941, Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts introduced a bill for the creation

of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). The WAAC would work with the Army. The

27 Hall of Valor, “Robert F. Keiser,” Military Times, accessed October 19, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=140908.

12

Army would provide food, uniforms, living quarters, pay, and medical care. Women officers

would not be allowed to command men. The Director of the WAAC was assigned the rank of

Major.28 Congress approved the creation of the WAAC on May 14, 1942. President Franklin D.

Roosevelt signed the bill into law on May 15, and on May 16, Oveta Culp Hobby was sworn in

as the first Director.29

The WAAC Training Center opened at Fort Des Moines, Iowa and the first women

arrived on July 20, 1942. Designers at the Heraldic Section of the Quartermaster General's

Office suggested the head of the goddess Pallas Athene as a design for insignia. She was a

goddess associated with an impressive variety of womanly virtues with no vices. She was the

goddess of handicrafts, wise in industries of peace and arts of war the goddess of storms and

battle, who led through victory to peace and prosperity. Hence, the head of Pallas Athene,

together with the traditional U.S., was selected for lapel insignia.30

An eagle for the cap was also designed, less intricate than the Army eagle and later to be

familiarly known to WAACs, for reasons closely connected with its appearance, as "the

buzzard." Since Army buttons could not be used for an auxiliary corps, the WAAC eagle was also

to be imprinted on plastic buttons. It was agreed upon to use olive drab, plastic buttons due to

the need to conserve medal. Only the insignia of grade required no planning; it was to be the

same as the Army's, with a tab lettered WAAC sewed under the chevrons.31

28 Judith A. Bellafaire, The Women’s Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 2-3, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/WAC/WAC.HTM.

29 Mattie E. Treadwell, United States Army in World War II Special Studies: The Women’s Army Corps (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1991), 29, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Wac/. 30

Ibid., 39.31

WAC Uniforms, “Insignia for the WAAC & WAC Uniform,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 20, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_combat_ww2_waac.php.

13

The WAAC Cap, later known as the "Hobby Hat," was adopted only after prolonged

discussion on May 13, 1942. After July 1, 1943, the hat insignia changed to the United States

coat of arms.32 In August1944, the women received a garrison cap, commonly called an

"overseas cap," as a replacement for the Hobby hat that was difficult to clean, block, and store.

In addition, gold-colored metal buttons with the United States coat of arms imprinted on them

replaced the olive-drab plastic buttons imprinted with the distinctive WAAC eagle.

For off-duty wear, WACs received a uniform dress – one for winter that was a horizon

tan (grayish-pink) color in a wool crepe fabric and one for summer that was pale cream beige in

a rayon-shantung fabric.33

On July 1, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law legislation which

changed the name of the WAAC to the Women’s Army Corps (WAC) and made it part of the

Army of the United States (AUS). On July 5, 1943, Oveta Culp Hobby was administered the oath

as the first Director of WAC, with the rank of Colonel, AUS.34

When the WAAC converted to the WAC, becoming an official part of the Army, female

MPs could police the training centers and detachments of women soldiers. One of the training

locations for female MPs was at Orlando, Florida. They received rigorous training, including

judo and familiarization with handguns, although they were not allowed to carry firearms.

Female MPs in St. Louis, Missouri enforced military regulations and uniform conformity in the

large railroad depot but also provided assistance and aid to the numerous military travelers.

32 “WAAC Uniform,” U. S. Army Women’s Museum, Fort Lee, Virginia, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.awm.lee.army.mil/research_pages/WAAC_WAC.htm.

33 WAC Uniforms, “WAC & WAAC World War II Uniforms,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 20, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_combat_ww2_waac.php.

34 Bellafaire, The Women’s Army Corps, 13.

14

Although most of the female MPs served within the United States, there were others sent to every

theater of war. 35

The number of female MPs serving in WWII is unknown but the entire military was

severely reduced with the ending of hostilities and the return of peace. By the end of May 1948,

there were only 6,500 women on active duty in the Army. In addition, the WAC law passed by the

U.S. Congress in 1943 giving the WAC full army status during wartime was scheduled to expire

on June 30, 1948.

To replace the law, President Harry S. Truman signed the Women’s Armed Services

Integration Act on June 12, 1948, which established the WAC as a separate corps in the Army

and permitted women to serve as full members of the U.S. armed forces. The Army opened a new

training center at Camp Lee, Virginia the next month. The 505th MP Company, composed of both

male and female military police, was assigned the duties of policing Camp Lee. In 1978, the

Army abolished the Women’s Army Corps as a separate corps and fully integrated women into

all but the combat branches.36

Marvel L. Joos

October 1, 2007, the U.S. Army MP Corps Regimental Museum received a donation of

(WAAC and WAC artifacts that had belonged to Marvel LeClair Joos. Marvel Joos enlisted in

the WAAC on September 1, 1943. When the WAAC became the WAC, she transitioned to the

WAC. She was discharged from the WAC on June 3, 1946. The museum accessioned fifty-

three artifacts and added over a hundred photographs, documents, and wartime letters to its

archives.

35 Ronald Craig, “History of Women in the Military Police Corps,” The Dragoon 22, no. 2 (Winter 2011): 36.

36 Craig, “History of Women,” 36-37.

15

Marvel Joos received her training at Fort Des Moines. She was issued both summer

and winter uniforms. The high top shoes she wore were called “Little Abners.” She found

them very comfortable. She was also fitted with overshoes for her sturdy brown dress shoes.

After completing basic training, she was assigned to the post Headquarters Company.

Marvel was assigned to the clothing warehouse, handing out jackets and skirts to the new

recruits, and helped fitting shoes.

Marvel worked at Ft. Des Moines for two years in the receiving and induction center,

when her brother Oscar died while fighting in the Battle of the Bulge. She asked for a transfer

to another post, wanting to do more to serve her country. In February 1945, she and Sergeant

Lavone “Rusty” Durant received orders to report to Headquarters Detachment, District No. 3,

7th Service Command, Army Service Forces in St. Louis, Missouri.

She arrived by train at Union Station, St. Louis. Marvel was assigned the MP

detachment of about 300 male MP’s at Kings Highway on the edge of Forest Park, the largest

public park in St. Louis. The MP’s were living in Quonset huts on the edge of the park. She

was given a substance and quarters allowance for private housing. She found an apartment

about two blocks from the University of Missouri-St. Louis and about fifteen minutes from

Union Station on the streetcar line.

On her first day of duty, reporters from the St. Louis Dispatch and the St. Louis Times

descended upon her. The story resulted in a double page spread in the Sunday editions. The

Associated Press picked up the story and ran an article that appeared in newspapers all over

the country. It was also in the Stars and Stripes. Marvel stated that, “Strangers came from all

16

over to see us, get autographs, and take pictures. We also started getting fan mail from all over

the world.”37

She patrolled with a male MP and went out on the Railroad docks to take Red Cross or

“gray ladies” out to the troop trains, prisoner of war trains, and later war bride trains or cars.

One evening, she met General and Mrs. Eisenhower. General Eisenhower shook hands with

her and said he had been all over the world but she was the first MP he had ever met who

wore a skirt.38

Section 4: The Cold War and Checkpoint Charlie

(Cold War Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: To highlight and explain the role and organization of MPs stationed in the European theater during the Cold War period.

During the period known as the Cold War (1945 – 1991), the U.S. Army stationed MP

organizations throughout Europe to fulfill a variety of law enforcement and security needs. As

troop levels in Europe increased, the Army assigned a large number of MP units there for law

enforcement, post security, and customs regulation. MPs patrolled towns and autobahns in

traditional law enforcement duty, guarded classified weapons and missile sites, and secured

confinement facilities. In addition, they guarded ports and railroad networks, enforced customs

regulations, and controlled border crossings. They also reported opposing troop strength and

movements and gathered intelligence information.39

37 Marvel L. (Joos) Reid, “Military Memories,” (N.p.: n.p., n.d.), n.p, Historical paper documents, U.S. Army Military Police Corps Regimental Museum Archive, Fort Leonard Wood, MO.

38 Ibid.

39 Robert L. Gunnarsson, Sr., American Military Police in Europe, 1945 – 1991 (Jefferson: McFarland and Company, 2011), 1-3.

17

From 1948 through 1961, Soviet actions escalated Cold War tension. The U.S. developed

a strategic defense plan that included an expansion of the MP Corps mission. The defense plan

required MPs to secure, protect, and control the occupational troops and the defense force.40 The

Army established the U.S. Army Europe Command and the Seventh Army to provide the

administration and control needed for the increasing number of force elements and to execute

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) defense strategies.41

After the erection of the Berlin Wall, the U.S. military increased European forces

including MP assets. In 1965, the U.S. Army created the first MP brigade, the 15th MP Brigade.

It unified all law and order units under the command of a single administrative organization.42

Highway Patrol

The high speed limits of European autobahns presented a danger to Allied Soldiers who

used the roads for duty and leisure activity. Accidents both on and off duty began to escalate to

alarming numbers. Theater commanders and civil authorities agreed that the MPs should form a

highway patrol unit to target and reduce speeding and the accident rate. Post commanders

established highway patrol units from their existing MP resources from 1948 to 1951. In 1951,

the 62nd MP Company became the sole Highway Patrol unit and retained that position until

1958.43

(Checkpoint Charlie Gate Shack)

Checkpoint Charlie

40 Ibid., 5.

41 Ibid., 19.

42 Ibid., 21.

43 Ibid., 41.

18

Occupation forces established checkpoints to control Allied movement between East and

West Germany. Checkpoint Charlie controlled movement at the newly erected barrier separating

East and West Berlin. MPs verified documents needed to enter East Berlin and prevented

accidental crossings. They also provided instruction regarding policy and procedures to be

followed while in Berlin to prevent conflict and diplomatic incidents. At times, the MPs provided

escorts for individuals or groups traveling into and out of the Russian sector.

Confrontations and disputes were common but usually quickly resolved. However, in

1961, a dispute over access procedures resulted in a tank face-off that became one of the most

widely reported and photographed confrontations of the Cold War era. The situation was

defused within hours with both sides making concessions. 44

On November 9, 1989, East German government officials announced the lifting of travel

restrictions to the West. As a result, crowds of exuberate Germans began dismantling the Berlin

Wall. By December 22, officials opened the Brandenburg Gate. Checkpoint Charlie remained in

operation until June 22, 1990. Germany reunited on October 3, 1990.45

Section 5: Military Working Dogs/Sentry Dogs

(Vietnam Sentry Dog Exhibit)

Learning Objective: To explain the creation of the Military Working Dog Program and its

evolution. To explain the use of Sentry Dogs by MP units in Vietnam.

During World War II, the American Kennel Club and a new group calling itself “Dogs

for Defense” urged pet owners across the country to donate their dogs to the Quartermaster

Corps for military service. The Quartermaster Corps organized the War Dog Program,

nicknamed by some as the K-9 or Canine Corps. At first, more than thirty breeds were accepted.

44 Ibid., 92.

45 Ibid., 97-98.

19

Later the list of breeds was narrowed down to German Shepherds, Belgian Sheep Dogs,

Doberman Pinschers, Farm Collies, and Giant Schnauzers.46

The dogs went through basic training to carry out fundamental commands and to become

accustomed to muzzles, gas masks, riding in military vehicles, and gunfire. They then went

through specialized training as either sentry dogs, scout/patrol dogs, messenger dogs, or mine

dogs. The majority of the dogs were trained as sentry dogs. Sentry dogs worked on a short leash

and were taught to give warning by growling, alerting, or barking. They were valuable for

working in the dark when attackers could take advantage of low visibility. Scout/Patrol dogs

were trained in the skills of a sentry dog and also trained to work in silence in order to aid in the

detection of snipers, ambushes, and other enemy forces.47

During the Vietnam War, about 4,000 dogs were utilized. Of these, about 281 were

officially killed in action. Dense vegetation and semi-darkness of the jungles afforded

opportunities for the enemy to penetrate American lines and conduct reconnaissance and

ambushes. Scout and Sentry dogs were instrumental in taking the advantage away from the

enemy. Three MP Military Working Dog units served in Vietnam: the 212th Sentry Guard Dog

Company, the 595th Sentry Dog Company, and the 981st Sentry Dog Company.48

MWD Chips

One of the dogs who gained fame in WWII was Chips. The German Shepherd-Collie-

Husky mix was donated by Edward J. Wren of Pleasantville, NY, and was trained at Front

Royal, Virginia in 1942. He was one of the first dogs to serve with the MPs overseas in WWII.

46 “Quartermaster War Dog Program,” U.S. Army Quartermaster Foundation, accessed October 9, 2014, http://www.qmfound.com/K-9.htm.

47 Ibid.

48 Shelby Stanton, Vietnam Order of Battle: A Complete Illustrated Reference to U.S. Army Combat and Support Forces in Vietnam, 1961-1973 (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2003), 178.

20

Chips landed on the beaches of North Africa with the 30th Infantry Division on

November 7, 1942. He went on patrols with his handler, Private John R. Rowell. He also

helped guard the site of the Casablanca Conference where President Franklin D. Roosevelt

and Prime Minister Winston Churchill formulated the policy of “unconditional surrender” of

the Axis powers.

During the Sicilian invasion, Chips charged a machine gun nest that had opened fire

on advancing troops. In a matter of seconds, Chips had knocked out an enemy machine gun

nest. One Italian soldier came out with Chips hanging onto his throat and the others came

running out with their hands over their heads. Chips suffered burns on his mouth from

grabbing the hot machine gun barrel, a scalp wound, and a bullet wound in the hip.

After the action, Major General Lucian Truscott, commander of the American 3rd

Infantry Division, awarded Chips the Silver Star for bravery, and the Purple Heart for wounds

received in action. His citation read, in part “For a special brand of courage, arising from love

of master and duty. Chips' courageous act, single-handedly eliminating a dangerous machine-

gun nest, reflects the highest credit on himself and the military service.” However, Chips did

not get to keep the medals. Higher authorities overruled the awards on the basis that it was

inappropriate to award the decorations to an animal, thereby possibly demeaning Soldiers who

received the same medals.49

Chips stayed on duty with the 30th Infantry until the fighting in Sicily ended in August

1943. He then joined the MP Platoon of the 3rd Infantry Division, becoming one of the first K-

9 dogs to be with the MPs. He guarded prisoners of war through the Salerno and Anzio

49 World War II K-9 Chips, “K-9 Corps Superstar Chips' Medal Winning Heroics,” Olive-Drab, accessed October 21, 2014, http://olive-drab.com/od_wardogs_famous_chips.php.

21

campaigns. It was in Italy that he bit General Eisenhower when the general was bending over

to pet the hero of the landings in Sicily.50

After the liberation of Rome, the 3rd Division moved to Naples and prepared for the

landings in Southern France. Chips landed with the division at St. Tropez and helped guard

German prisoners of war. From the beach in southern France through the mountains of

Alsace, the Siegfried Line, across the Rhine, and on through Germany to Austria, Chips

worked hard to guard the 3rd Division Prisoner of War Cage as the prison population

increased.

After the war, the Army discharged Chips and returned him to his owner.

Section 6: Vietnam War

(TET Offensive Diorama and Vietnam Exhibit Area)

Learning Objective: Utilizing representative equipment, weapons, uniforms, and photographs,

to present the duties of MPs and the challenges they faced during the Vietnam War, and the

transition of the branch into a combat support branch.

The Vietnam War brought another change in MP responsibilities. They assumed new and

varied missions in a war without defined rear areas. Increasingly, the MPs began to assume a

direct combat support role. They provided convoy security, often escorting supplies and

equipment through districts subject to direct enemy attack. They provided traffic control

throughout the four combat zones. They secured highways and bridges against both local

subversives and North Vietnamese regulars. They worked with combat troops in locating and

destroying enemy tunnels. They supervised the movement of refugees and the control of political

50 “Chips: Top War Dog of the K-9 Corps in World War II,” The Military Police Journal 9, no. 12 (August 1959): 35.

22

detainees. Other MP activities included sweeps, reconnaissance patrols, cordon operations, and

search operations.51

Increased responsibility resulted in organizational expansion. The Army organized seven

MP battalions serving in Vietnam into three MP Groups. The 8th MP Group performed all

criminal investigative work in the theater. The 16th MP Group provided command and control of

all MP units assigned to tactical zones I and II. The 89th MP Group controlled MP units in zones

III and IV. These Groups came under the 18th MP Brigade. The brigade commander also served

as Provost Marshal of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.52

During 1968, the Army Chief of Staff, acknowledging the MP Corps’ active involvement

in support of military operations in Vietnam, approved changing the branch’s identification from

combat service support to combat support.53

TET Offensive, 1968

In the battle for Saigon during the Viet Cong TET Offensive beginning January 31, 1968,

the Military Police performed a myriad of missions. Their missions included the rescue of billets

under siege, assuming holding or blocking positions to thwart or blunt concentrated Viet Cong

attacks, performing reconnaissance missions within the fifty square mile area of the city to

determine Viet Cong presence or strength, escorting combat units that were moving through the

city, and the recapture of the U.S. Embassy compound. Of the twenty Viet Cong involved in the

attack on the Embassy, nineteen were killed and the twentieth was wounded and captured. The

51 Wright, Military Police, 11.

52 Ibid., 11-12.

53 Ibid., 12.

23

battle for Saigon is one of the largest independent Military Police combat operations in the

history of the Corps.54

Sporadic fighting took place for several days in the Saigon area. During the period from

January 31, 1968 to February 6, 1968, the MPs suffered twenty-seven killed and forty-five

wounded in action; the majority were killed or wounded during the first twelve hours of the

offensive. During this general offensive, the MPs responded to attacks by the Viet Cong and

North Vietnamese Army and prevented or delayed attempts to infiltrate major cities throughout

the Republic of South Vietnam. Both the 716th MP Battalion and the 90th MP Detachment

received the Presidential Unit Citation.55

Private First Class Paul V. Healey, Distinguished Service Cross

Private First Class Healey was serving with B Company, 716th MP Battalion, 18th MP

Brigade, when the TET Offensive began in January 1968. The battalion was stationed in

Saigon, an area thought to be relatively safe from major fighting until the surprise attack. Viet

Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese forces attacked nearly all major cities and many American

bases in South Vietnam, including the American Embassy at Saigon. Private First Class

Healey was on patrol with other members of his unit when they received the call that the

embassy was under attack.

His medal citation describes the action best: “Private First Class Healey distinguished

himself by exceptionally valorous actions on January 31, 1968 while serving with a MP

reaction force during a combined VC and North Vietnamese Army offensive against Saigon.

The enemy had launched concerted attacks on installations throughout the city, and his unit

responded to dislodge a VC suicide squad that had taken control of the American Embassy 54 Thomas L. Johnson and Mary R. Himes, Historical Account of the Military Police Corps Regiment: Assault on the American Embassy TET-1968 (Fort McClellan, AL: U.S. Army Military Police School, 1983), 1.

55 U.S. Army, Military Police Corps Regimental History, 36.

24

compound. Heedless of enemy fire directed at him, Private First Class Healey rammed the

main gate of the embassy with a jeep in an attempt to gain entrance to the compound. When

the gate failed to open, he shot the lock off with a pistol and fearlessly led a charge into the

bullet-swept grounds. Braving a savage hail of automatic weapons fire and exploding

grenades, Private First Class Healey moved from position to position, killing eight insurgents

with rifle fire and grenades as he advanced. He then moved to the rear of the compound to

rescue an embassy officer trapped on the second floor of a house occupied on the ground floor

by VC. Fully exposed to withering hostile fire, he raced across the open lawn and hurled a riot

gas grenade into the building. The insurgents continued to resist, and he fearlessly

approached the building a second time through intense fire and tossed weapons and

ammunition up to the unarmed officer. Assured that the man had a means of defending

himself, Private First Class Healey withdrew to cover and placed fierce fire on the VC in the

building until they were annihilated. His dauntless and aggressive efforts in close combat

saved the life of the fellow American and were instrumental in the successful defense of the

United States Embassy.”56

During Private First Class Healey’s assault, one of the VC attackers he shot threw a

grenade that bounced off Healey. Private First Class Healey moved behind the VC, with the

enemy absorbing the blast. Speaking frankly of his accuracy in taking out the enemy, Private

First Class Healey explained, “Every time a VC moved from behind a flower pot, I shot

him.”57

Section 7: End of the Women’s Army Corps

56 Andy Watson, “Military Police Heroism,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-07-1 (Spring 2007): 34.

57 Ibid., 35.

25

(MP Women Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: Utilizing representative weapons, uniforms, and photographs, to explain

the transition of females from the Women’s Army Corps to Soldiers in the Regular U.S. Army

from the perspective of the MP Branch.

The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) was enlarged following the end of the draft in 1972.

This increase of women in the all-volunteer Army also required more female MPs. On May 1,

1972, the Army initiated formal MP training for MOS-95B. By 1974, the Army authorized female

MPs to carry a firearm, a .38 caliber revolver. On July 8, 1977, the first gender-integrated class

of MP One-Station-Unit-Training began at Fort McClellan. The need for a separate Women’s

Army Corps faded as women assimilated into male training, assignments, and logistics and

administrative management.58

In October 1978, Congress deactivated the WAC and integrated women Soldiers into the

Regular Army. The role and contributions of women MPs continue to expand and soon the list of

female MP “firsts” will be exhausted, for example, the first female Provost Marshal General and

so on. The MP Hall of Fame includes Brigadier General Evelyn Foote and Brigadier General

Sherian Cadoria for their significant service and contributions to the MP Branch .59

Brigadier General Sherian G. Cadoria, Service Career 1961-1990

General Cadoria was a trailblazer throughout her diverse and stellar 29-year career.

Initially, she served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) and then branch transferred to the

MP Corps in the early 1970s. She was one of the first women to serve as a MP officer. General

Cadoria served in the Republic of Vietnam from January 1967 to October 1969, where she was

58 Ronald Craig, “History of Women in the Military Police Corps,” The Dragoon 22, no. 2 (Winter 2011): 36-37.

59 Ibid., 37.

26

assigned to the Office of the U. S. Army Vietnam Provost Marshal and later to the Qui Nhon

Support Command. During this assignment, she received three Bronze Star Medals and an Air

Medal for meritorious service at Cam Ranh Bay. Later, she served as Commander, MP School

Battalion and subsequently, the Commander, First Region Criminal Investigation Division

(CID) Command. She also served as a Director on the Joint Staff for the Chairman, Joint

Chiefs of Staff. Her significant contributions to the MP Corps, the Army and to America are a

reflection of her belief that "The dictionary is the only place where 'success' comes before

'work'."

Brigadier General Evelyn P. Foote, Service Career 1960-1989, 1996-1997

General Foote served our nation with distinction for over 30 years. Her contributions

include a wide range of firsts as she led the integration of women into the active Army. A fair-

minded and tenacious commander, General Foote has always set the standard when it came to

leadership values of competence, commitment, candor, and courage. She pioneered the way to

the future, breaking ground for all who followed. She took the path less traveled by and that

made all the difference.60

Section 8: Persian Gulf War/Desert Storm

(Desert Storm Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: To present a brief overview of the Persian Gulf War and explain the

enormous Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) mission for MPs.

Another landmark development in the evolution of the MP Corps occurred September 26,

1986. On that date, the Department of the Army activated the Military Police Corps Regiment.

60 Text for Brigadier General Cadoria and Brigadier General Foote comes from the citations printed on their Hall of Fame panels found in the U.S. Army Military Police Museum, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

27

In early August 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation

of neighboring Kuwait. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and

Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. The United Nations

condemned this act of aggression and demanded that he withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January

1991. Hussein defied the United Nations Security Council demands. As a result, the United

States sent military forces to the Persian Gulf as a part of a coalition to oppose the Iraqi threat.

The Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert

Storm.61

The American contingent consisted of both Active and Reserve forces. Because of the

force reductions in Europe and other factors, Army planners and commanders assembled

complete divisions using battalions and brigades borrowed from other divisions and support

components that consisted in part of Reserve and National Guard units from the United States

and Germany. Corps-level combat support and combat service support organizations also mixed

regular and reserve units under a single headquarters. For example, MPs from three regular

brigades and two reserve battalions deployed under the VII Corps’ 14th MP Brigade

headquarters.62

The ground attack started on February 24, 1991. At the close of coalition operations on

February 26, twenty-four Iraqi divisions had been defeated. In all sectors, the volume of

prisoners continued to grow and clog roads and logistical areas. Iraqi soldiers surrendered

faster than the Central Command could count them.63 During Operations Desert Shield and

61 Persian Gulf War, “Facts and Summary,” History.com, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.history.com/topics/persian-gulf-war#.

62 Richard W. Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, August 1990-March 1991, CMH Pub 70-117-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), 21.

63 Ibid., 56.

28

Desert Storm, over 17,000 active component and reserve component MPs from four brigades,

twenty-two battalions, and one hundred companies, detachments, and teams either supported or

conducted EPW operations.64 From January 17, 1991 to May 2, 1991, the 800th MP Brigade

processed and interred 69,822 EPW.65

After forty-two days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the

ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28. By that time,

most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.66

American forces had rapidly deployed with very little warning to fight on a distant and

unexpected battleground. Three successful aspects of the war stand out. First, the Army moved

so fast that they found their enemy consistently out of position and oriented in the wrong

direction. Second, American forces enjoyed substantial technological advantages. Third,

American Soldiers outperformed their Iraqi enemies. The quick victory and low number of lost

coalition lives surprised Americans. “Superb equipment, rigorous training, and the professional

character qualities of the American Soldier explain the result. Never before had American forces

been more fully prepared for a war they were called upon to fight.” 67 The international coalition

considered the Persian Gulf War a success, but continued troubles in the region eventually led to

a second Gulf War that began in 2003.

M1025 HMMWV – “Poison Ivy”

64 Jon F. Bilbo, Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW) Operations during Operation Desert Storm, Individual Study Project (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, April 15, 1992), 100-101.

65 John R. Brinkerhoff, Ted Silva, and John Seitz, Enemy Prisoner of War Operations: The 800th Military Police Brigade (Arlington: ANDRULIS Research Corporations, 1992), 21-22.

66 Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf, 56.

67 Richard W. Stewart, War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, August 1990-March 1991, CMH Pub 70-117-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010), 64-67.

29

(At the M1025 HMMWV – “Poison Ivy”)

The M1025/M1026 Armament Carrier was derived from the canvas-top M998 High

Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) that was introduced in the mid 1980's to

replace the M151 MUTT utility vehicle. The original vehicle design featured excellent cross-

country, road and load capacity, and was air and helicopter transportable. The M1025/M1026

featured a hardtop and solid doors and windows, plus a 32-inch weapons ring in the roof. The

only difference between the two versions was that the M1026 had a front-bumper winch whereas

the M1025 did not.

This M1025 is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm in 1991 as well as many years of

service with its home unit in Ohio. The 838th MP Co. (Ohio Army National Guard, 137th Service

and Support Battalion) activated in support of Operation Desert Storm in January 1991 and

deployed to Saudi Arabia in February of 1991. Upon arrival in the theater of operations, the

838th was attached to the 720th MP Battalion, 89th MP Brigade from Ft. Hood, Texas. The

838th spent most of its time at Log Base Bastogne, Saudi Arabia, from where its vehicles

patrolled Main Supply Route (MSR) Dodge, south of Kuwait. The 838th returned to Youngstown,

Ohio, after honorably serving ten months in theater.

The crew named this vehicle “Poison Ivy.” It sported special individual markings, which

included a bull's head signifying the 3rd Platoon (“3rd Herd”). Vehicle crewmembers during

deployment were Staff Sergeant Clifton R. Ferrell, Sergeant John Hissom, and Specialist Vince

Urichich. The inverted “V” symbols are field-applied Desert Storm IFF (Identification Friend or

Foe) markings. Poison Ivy returned to Ohio with its unit and remained active until 2010 when

the MP Museum acquired it.68

68 Text comes from the didactic text panel for “Poison Ivy” and the M1025 HMMWV in the U.S. Army Military Police Museum, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

30

Section 9: Somalia

(Somalia Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: To highlight the role of MPs in Operations Other Than War and the deadly

cost of humanitarian relief operations in Somalia that transitioned to a peacekeeping mission in

an unstable country.

On December 5, 1992, Operation Restore Hope began as a United Nations sanctioned

humanitarian aid operation to help the starving people of Somalia. Ultimately, relief efforts

saved hundreds of thousands from starvation, but Americans found themselves unintentionally

involved in Somali civil strife that cost the lives of American service members.69 As U.S. troops

were slowly drawn into inter-clan power struggles, Operation Continue Hope began on May 4,

1993 with a broadened directive of peace enforcement in the unstable country.70

The MP Regiment’s organization, capabilities, and doctrinal missions (battlefield

circulation control, area security, EPW operations, and law and order operations) are ideally

suited for Operations Other Than War. The U.S. dispatched MPs to Somalia with other military

troops to provide a mobile, lethal show of force, restore civil order, process prisoners of war or

detainees, and assist in peacekeeping tasks. MPs provided security for convoys of humanitarian

supplies to the interior of Somalia. In Mogadishu, MPs conducted raids to disarm bandits and

recover weapons, provided route security, operated a detention center, provided law and order

capability, supported combat operations, and conducted customs duties.

U.S. forces faced increased hostility as they became more deeply embroiled in trying to

establish a stable government. On July 19, 1993, snipers wounded Sergeant Michael Baker and

69 Richard W. Stewart, The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994, CMH Pub 70-81-1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002), 5.

70 Ibid., 14.

31

Specialist Brian Robinson of the 300th MP Company while they escorted a convoy through the

southern part of Mogadishu. On August 8, 1993, forces of General Muhammed Farah Aideed

detonated a mine containing over fifty pounds of high explosives under a passing MP vehicle on

an orientation reconnaissance patrol in Mogadishu. The explosion killed four MPs: Specialist

Mark Gutting, Specialist Keith Pearson, and Sergeant Christopher Hilgert from the 977th MP

Company out of Fort Riley, Kansas; and Sergeant Ronald Richerson from the 300th MP

Company out of Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.71

October 3-4, 1993, U.S. forces engaged Somalia militia in Mogadishu and fought a battle

in which eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and eighty-four wounded.72 Forty-two Americans died

and dozens more were wounded before the United States and the United Nations decided that

further efforts to establish peace would not succeed. March 25, 1994, American troops withdrew

from Somalia and Operation Continue Hope ended.73

Section 9: Balkans

(The Balkans Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: To highlight the role of MPs in a peacekeeping and peace enforcing

mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Beginning in December 1995, U.S. and allied nations deployed peacekeeping forces to

Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. Task Force Eagle, comprised of 20,000

American soldiers, was the US component of NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR). Task Force

71 Ibid., 17.

72 Ibid., 23.

73 Ibid., 26.

32

Eagle's history begins in 1995 following the NATO-imposed cease-fire, halting the destructive

four-year Balkan conflict.74

Task Force Eagle enforced the cease-fire, supervised the marking of boundaries and the

zone of separation between the former warring factions, enforced the withdrawal of the

combatants to their barracks and the movement of heavy weapons to designated storage sites.

Task Force Eagle also supported efforts to administer the country's first ever, democratic

national elections. On December 20, 1996, the IFOR mandate ended and NATO established a

new operation, Operation Joint Guard, along with a new Stabilization Force (SFOR) to replace

IFOR. Task Force Eagle remained the title for the US contingent supporting this new operation.

Whereas the IFOR mission was to implement the peace, the SFOR mission was to stabilize the

peace.75

Between 1995 and 1996, the 18th MP Brigade deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina in

support of Operation Joint Endeavor as part of NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR).76

Missions for the brigade included:

Area/route security throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility

Circulation control throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility

Support river crossing operations at crossing sites

Law and order throughout the Task Force Eagle area of responsibility

Access control at Tuzla Main

74 Military, “Operation Joint Endeavor,” GlobalSecurity.org, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/joint_endeavor.htm.

75 Ibid.

76 Military, “18th Military Police Brigade,” GlobalSecurity.org, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/18mp-bde.htm.

33

Platoon-sized Quick Reaction Force for the Task Force Eagle area of

responsibility

Convoy escort security in support of deploying units and The Logistics Civil

Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) convoys

Personnel security escort for the Task Force Eagle and 18th MP Brigade

command groups

Security for Task Force Eagle headquarters at Tuzla Main

Maintaining liaison with the UN International Task Force77

During 1999, every unit of the 18th MP Brigade deployed to the Balkans in support of

contingency operations in Albania, Sarajevo, and Kosovo.

Section 10: September 11, 2001 and the Attack on the Pentagon

(Exhibit Case with the Pentagon Clock)

Learning Objective: To explain the significance of the Pentagon clock on display and recognize

the MP units that immediately responded to the Pentagon when terrorists attacked it on

September 11, 2001.

On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group

al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United

States. Two of the planes were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York

City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed

in a field in Pennsylvania.

As millions watched the events unfolding in New York, American Airlines Flight 77

circled over downtown Washington, D.C. before slamming into the west side of the Pentagon at

77 Wayne L. Meeusen, “Operation Joint Endeavor: Task Force Eagle,” Military Police: The Professional Bulletin of the Military Police Corps, PB 19-96-1 (Summer 1996): 14.

34

9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused an inferno that led to the structural collapse of a

portion of the building. The death toll in the Pentagon attack was 125 military personnel and

civilians in the Pentagon and 64 people aboard the airliner.78

MPs recovered the clock on display from the damaged area in the Pentagon. The letter

signed by Colonel David D. Phillips, Director of Security that accompanied the clock attests to

its authenticity. The clock’s time stopped when Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon interrupting

electricity. The 200th MP Company and 290th MP Company, Maryland Army National Guard,

were the first MPs on the scene. They secured the crime scene and continued to provide security

at the Pentagon for nearly a year after the attack.79

Section 11: Global War on Terrorism

(The Global War of Terrorism Internment/Resettlement Exhibit Case)

Learning Objective: To explain the value of MPs as a combat multiplier in the Global War on

Terrorism (GWOT); to explain the Internment/Resettlement role of MPs in the GWOT; and to

highlight a significant GWOT combat event involving MPs and the heroism of the Soldiers

involved.

In the aftermath of the catastrophic events of September 2001, the U.S. Army was thrust

into a new kind of warfare, the Global War on Terrorism. MPs filled their role as a combat

multiplier. The three MP disciplines (police operations, detention, and security and mobility

support) are key enablers for success during decisive action. MP units provide support to each of

the warfighting functions while performing their three disciplines as a flexible, versatile, lethal,

and nonlethal economy-of-force organization.

Internment and Resettlement78 “9/11 Attacks,” History.com, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks.

79 Linda D. Kozaryn, “Military Police Safeguard the Pentagon,” DoD News, August 22, 2002, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43539.

35

MPs conduct Internment and Resettlement (I/R) operations during offensive, defensive,

stability, or civil support operations. As part of internment, these populations include U.S.

military prisoners, and multiple categories of detainees (civilian internees [CIs], retained

personnel [RP], and enemy combatants), while resettlement operations are focused on multiple

categories of dislocated civilians (DCs). MPs are uniquely qualified to perform the full range of

I/R operations. They have the requisite skill sets provided through specific training and

operational experience. The skills necessary for performing confinement operations for U.S.

military prisoners in permanent facilities are directly transferable and adaptable for tactical

confinement of U.S. military prisoners and detention of detainees. All MP units are specifically

manned, equipped, and trained to perform I/R operations; and those identified as I/R units are

the specialists within the Army for this role.80

On December 13, 2003, American troops responding to a tip captured the former

President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. MPs kept him under their custody and care at a high-value

detention center at Camp Cropper, Iraq from the time of his capture until his release to the

Government of Iraq on December 30, 2006. 81 The Iraqi Government tried and convicted Saddam

Hussein of crimes against humanity and executed him on December 30, 2006.

Senior Military Police Officer and Non-Commissioned Officer Killed in Action

On May 6, 2007 at Pul-e-Charkhi prison, about 20 miles east of Kabul, an Afghan soldier

posted outside the prison shot and killed Colonel James W. Harrison and Master Sergeant

80 U.S. Army, Internment and Resettlement Operations, Field Manual 3-39.40 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 12, 2010), viii. 

81 Lieutenant Colonel Wayne Sylvester, interview by John H. McCool, October 20, 2005, transcript, Operational Leadership Experiences Project, Fort Leavenworth, KS, accessed October 26, 2014, http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll13/id/65/rec/10.

36

Wilberto Sabalu Jr. Harrison, Sabalu and two other U.S. Soldiers who were wounded in the

shootings were working as mentors to Afghan troops providing external security for the prison.82

Palm Sunday Ambush

(Military Police in the GWOT Exhibit Case)

Just before noon on March 20, 2005, Palm Sunday, a large group of insurgents launched

a complex ambush on two Coalition convoys as they converged on a highway twenty-six miles

southeast of Baghdad. The ambush took place at a T-intersection created by an access road off

the main highway.

The northbound convoy was a mix of Army and civilian vehicles. Twenty-two civilian

tractor-trailers were interspersed with seven Army trucks from the 1075th Transportation

Company, each manned by two Soldiers. In addition, three HMMWVs from the 518th Guntruck

Company (Provisional), under the call sign Regulator, each manned by three Soldiers, and each

with a mounted M2 .50-caliber machine gun, escorted the convoy. Regulator 1 was at the front

of the convoy, Regulator 2 was in the middle, and Regulator 3 was in the rear.83

The southbound convoy was almost all civilian vehicles consisting of thirty tractor-

trailers, an Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) bus, and two Ford Sport Utility

Vehicles (SUVs). The convoy was escorted by three HMMWVs from Battery B, 1st Battalion,

623d Field Artillery (FA) Regiment, call sign Stallion 33. The southbound convoy was traveling

along a sector of the road guarded by the 617th MP Company. Second Squad, Fourth Platoon,

617th MP Company was in the area, and began shadowing the southbound convoy, working

under the call sign Raven 42.84

82 Honor the Fallen, “Army Col. James W. Harrison Jr.,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/army-col-james-w-harrison-jr/2757376. 83 Thomas A. Bruscino, Jr., “Palm Sunday Ambush, 20 March 2005,” in In Contact: Case Studies From the Long War, Vol. 1, ed. William G. Robertson (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), 60-63.

84 Ibid.

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As the ambush progressed, both convoys came under intense fire from insurgents in a

trench line along the main road. Realizing that the convoy his squad was shadowing was under

attack, Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, the squad leader from the 617th MP Company, radioed

the news back to the other two MP HMMWVs. The squad maneuvered forward until it was

between the convoy and the main body of insurgents and approaching the access road. Nein

ordered his squad to turn down the access road. Thinking he had flanked the enemy by turning

onto the access road, the MPs were actually in the middle of the insurgent forces. Nein assumed

his squad would encounter twelve to fifteen insurgents. This had been the standard number for

the enemy over the previous months in Iraq. Instead, the squad faced a force estimated to have

been between forty-five to fifty insurgents.85

Nein decided that the squad needed to take decisive offensive actions if they were to

survive. He called out that he needed someone with a M203 grenade launcher and then jumped

into the trench in front of him. Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester jumped in alongside her squad leader.

They began to move down the trench system toward the main road in 10-meter rushes.86The

remainder of the MP squad, the Stallion crews, and the crew of Regulator 3 also opened fire on

the field and trenches. The accumulation of fire, along with the actions of Nein and Hester,

defeated the insurgent force.87

Three civilian drivers died in the fight. The Army casualties all survived their wounds.

Twenty-four insurgents were killed on the scene, nine were wounded (two of whom later died

85 Ibid., 69-70.

86 Ibid., 75.

87 Ibid., 76.

38

from their wounds), and one was captured unharmed. Squad members from the 617th MP

Company received numerous decorations for valor:

Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, Distinguished Service Cross

Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, Silver Star (The first female soldier to receive this award for

exceptional valor since World War II and the first female ever to be cited for close

combat.)

Specialist Jason Mike (Medic), Silver Star

Specialist Casey Cooper, Bronze Star

Specialist Bill Haynes, Bronze Star

Specialist Ashley Pullen, Bronze Star

Sergeant Dustin Morris, Army Commendation Medal with Valor

Specialist Jesse Ordunez, Army Commendation Medal with Valor 88

Staff Sergeant Timothy F. Nein, Distinguished Service Cross

While patrolling a supply route, Staff Sergeant Nein's squad observed a convoy of

semi-tractor trailers that was being ambushed by approximately fifty anti-Iraqi insurgents with

automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades. He responded by dismounting his squad

and leading them in a counterattack to flank the enemy trench line. Still under heavy fire,

Staff Sergeant Nein displayed great courage by directing an assault on an enemy trench line,

firing his weapon, and throwing hand grenades to suppress the enemy. His squad killed

several insurgents, captured large quantities of weapons and ammunition, and saved the lives

of numerous convoy members.89

88 Ibid., 77.

89 Hall of Valor, “Timothy Nein,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3672.

39

Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, Silver Star

While serving as the Team Leader for RAVEN 42B in the 617th MP Company, 503d

MP Battalion (Airborne), 18th MP Brigade, Sergeant Hester led her soldiers on a

counterattack against Anti-Iraqi Forces (AIF) who were ambushing a convoy with heavy AK-

47 assault rifle fire, PRK machine gun fire, and rocket propelled grenades. Sergeant Hester

maneuvered her team through the kill zone into a flanking position where she assaulted a

trench line with grenades and M-203 rounds. She then cleared two trenches with her Squad

Leader where she engaged and eliminated three Anti-Iraqi Forces personnel with her M-4

rifle. Her actions saved the lives of numerous convoy members.90

Section 12: Military Police Heraldry/Crossed Pistols Insignia

(Exhibit Case with the Harper's Ferry Flintlock Pistols)

Learning Objective: To present the history of the MP Corps Crossed Pistols insignia and

promote esprit de corps.

The insignia of crossed pistols for the MP Corps was approved in 1923. The device is a

scale model of the Harpers Ferry Army officers' sidearm and holster pistol of a century and a

half ago. The Heraldic Section, Quartermaster General, made the drawings for the insignia in

1922.

In 1920, when a reorganization of the Army occurred, the original staff study assigned

5,000 Infantrymen to the MP mission. Major General Farnsworth, Chief of Infantry, protested

this arrangement because it put him in charge of troops that he would never have under his

control. He won his argument, and the War Department created another temporary arm of the

service – The Corps of Military Police. The new corps needed insignia and a new collar mark.

90 Hall of Valor, “Leigh Ann Hester,” MilitaryTimes, accessed October 26, 2014, http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3885.

40

The Infantryman carried a musket, the Cavalryman wore a saber, and the MP carried a

billy-club. The Department of Heraldry instructed a draftsman to draw crossed billy-clubs. The

result was a failure. At saluting distance, the MP could not be distinguished from the Field

Artilleryman, who wears crossed cannon. Next, the medieval military club, the mace, was tried.

Beautiful drawings were made but the insignia looked like crossed potato mashers. The MPs

carried a .45 caliber automatic pistol. The draftsman created a design of crossed .45 caliber

pistols. At a distance, the insignia looked like carpenter's squares. The .45 caliber pistol, like the

others, made inartistic devices.

The heraldic section suggested the Harpers Ferry Army Arsenal flintlock pistol. Everyone

interested in the new insignia agreed, and the Chief of Staff, General Pershing, signed the

drawings and later approved the metal collar mark, which continues to be worn by the Army

MPs.91

The pistols on display are the Harper's Ferry Army Arsenal flintlock, Model 1806,

caliber .54.

Section 13: MP Hall of Fame Room

(Hall of Fame Wall)

Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment by

recognizing outstanding leadership within the Regiment that embodies Army values and

represents the high ideals of the Regiment.

The U.S. Army MP Corps Regiment established the Hall of Fame in 1992 to honor

soldiers and civilians who have made significant achievements and exceptional contributions to

our country and the Corps. A nominee must have made a significant and long-term contribution

91 MP Symbols, “MP Corps Crossed Pistol Insignia History,” United States Army Military Police School, accessed October 25, 2014, http://www.wood.army.mil/usamps/Organizations/DPO/MPSymbols.html.

41

to the development of the Corps. The nominee should have contributed, in some significant

fashion, to the evolution and definition of the Corps's character, doctrine, mission, and/or

training. In certain instances, a heroic action justifies the nomination. Nominations must contain

information based on genuine knowledge or documented research.92

As of 2014, the Hall of Fame features seventy-two members. These individuals have

played a significant role in shaping the history of the MP Corps Regiment.

(Memorial Panels)

Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment through

the honoring of those who made the supreme sacrifice in the service of our nation while serving

in combat.

Although Military Police are always on dangerous duty, these panels reflect deaths in

connection with enemy forces. The MP Historian endeavored to compile accurate listings of MP

sacrifices during each period of conflict. The Historian conducted his research using a variety of

sources.

(“Of The Troops” Painting)

Learning Objective: To promote pride and esprit de corps in the MP Corps Regiment through

the original “Of the Troops and For the Troops” painting that continues to inspire MP Soldiers

today.

The “Of the Troops and For the Troops” painting is on loan from the Army Art

Collection. The artist created the painting in 1942, soon after the creation of the MP Corps.

Commissioned by the War Department to create a recruiting poster, Jes Wilhelm Schlaikjer took

on the task to produce a work of art reflecting the pride and service of the MPs. Schlaikjer

92 U.S. Army, Historical Activities, Military Police Corps Regimental Hall of Fame, U.S. Army Military Police Corps Regimental Regulation 870-1 (Fort Leonard Wood, MO: Headquarters, U.S. Military Police Corps Regiment, September 21, 2011), 2. 

42

selected an actual MP as the subject, Sergeant William Fotta. Assigned to a MP battalion in the

Washington, D.C. area, Fotta agreed to pose for the painting. His assignment lasted thirteen

days and his posing for the artist would take between ten to twelve hours each day. The painting

became the face of MP recruiting and an iconic image of WWII. It remains a symbol of the

Corps to this day. The painting inspired thousands of posters and served as the background on

the MP Code of Ethics cards issued to MPs in the 1970s.93

Section 14: Soldier Art

(“The Charioteers” Painting)

Learning Objective: To present the impact and value of Army art in presenting a visual image

of the Soldier experience.

The “Charioteers” painting is part of the Army Art Collection of the Center of Military

History at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and is on special loan to the MP Museum. It is an acrylic on

canvas painting completed in 1970. The artist, Chester (Chet) Jezierski, studied at the Rhode

Island School of Design and served in the U.S. Army from 1966-70. Chief Warrant Officer

Jezierski was an Army helicopter pilot and is a Vietnam veteran with two Purple Hearts. He was

selected for the Soldier-Artist Team 10, February through June 1970, to document the U.S. Army

in Korea. Following his Army service, Jezierski was one of a few artists selected to document the

space program for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jezierski became a

professional illustrator and is known for his canine artwork primarily for the American Kennel

Club.94

(Art Gallery/MP Museum Gallery Exit)

93 Robert Johnson, “Iconic WWII-era painting on display in MP Museum,” myGuidon.com, July 7, 2011, accessed October 27. 2014, http://www.myguidon.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13651&.

94 About the Book, Witness to the Right Stuff, Blurb, accessed October 27, 2014, http://www.blurb.com/b/909782-witness-to-the-right-stuff.

43

The artwork displayed is a visual record of the American military experience. Through

their artwork, Soldiers in the field captured the sense of climate, the terrain, and the morale and

concerns of Soldiers.

44

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