[The name of the series like] Linköping University Medical Dissertation

No. 1101

The Publication TitleThe Subtitle (if available)

The name of the Author

University/Faculty logo (if requested)

The name of the department, the name of the DivisionThe name of the faculty

Linköpings universitet, SE-581 83 Linköping, SwedenLinköping [year]

i

© [The name of the author, year]

Printed in Sweden by [the name of the printing office and year]

ISSN [series issn (print) och issn (www) in hear]ISBN 978-91-

ii

The title of the work

By

The name of the author

Month and year (e.g. April 2005)ISBN 978-91-

The title of the seriesNo. XXX

ISSN

ABSTRACT

Keywords: (fem till åtta stycken räcker/five to eight will do)

The name of the departmentLinköpings universitet

SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden

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Förord/AcknowledgementI förordet kan författaren tacka de personer som hjälpt till med arbetet. Vanligast är att börja med sin handledare och bihandledare, studiekamrater, språkgranskare, korrek-turläsare, personal på institutionen m.fl. Här kan författaren också skriva hur idén till arbetet uppkom, som exemplet nedan.

Beroende på tradition vid institutionen kan acknowledgement antingen läggas före innehållsförteckningen alternativ före referenslistorna. Detta gäller vanligtvis i den engelska versionen.

Det har varit en hel del arbete med att försöka skapa en generell mall som är ämnad att passa så många institutioner som möjligt. Detta arbete har inte varit möjlig utan vänligt bistånd av flera personer som jag gärna vill framföra min stora tacksamhet till.

Professor Marie Clark Nelson, ISAK, för goda råd, förslag och att jag får använda hennes diagram och tabeller som exempel. Dr. Ólöf Garðarsdóttir för vänligt bidrag med kartexemplet. Professor Dag Linström för bidrag med referenslistor i Oxfordsystemet; Dr. Kristin Zeiler, IMH, för bidrag med referenslistor och löptext i Harvardsystemet, Lisbeth Hägg, Inger Nyberg; IEI samt Anders Lindeborg och Dennis Netzell, LiU-Tryck) som granskat mallarna och bidragit med värdefulla synpunkter och förslag. Docent David Lawrence har språkgranskat texten i den engelska versionen och kommit med utmärkta förslag. Tack alla!

Linköping i november 2008

Peter Berkesand

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Table of ContentsInledning............................................................................... ixLöptext/Article Text.............................................................11

Rubriker/Headlines...........................................................11Jämna och ojämna sidor/Odd and Even Pages..................12

Dokumentation av källa/Documentation System..................13Inledning/Introduction......................................................13Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford System..................................17

Böcker /Books............................................................17Artiklar/Articles.........................................................17

Harvardsystemet/The Harvard system..............................18Hänvisningar till Internet/References to the Internet.......18

Referenslistor/Reference Lists.............................................19Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford system..................................19

Bok/Book...................................................................19Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article..................................19Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series.........................................................................19Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report.........................................................................20Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book

20Harvadsystemet/The Harvards system..............................20

Bok/Book...................................................................20Tidksriftsartikel/Journal article..................................20Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a series.........................................................................20Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a conference report.........................................................................20Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited book

21Referenser till Internet/References to the Internet...........21

Exempel på löptext, Oxfordsystemet/Text Example, The Ox-ford System..........................................................................23

Textexempel/Text Example...............................................23Kapitel 5/Chapter 5..............................................................27Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet/Exampel of References, Oxford System..................................................27

Referenser/References.....................................................27

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Exempel på löptext, Harvadsystemet/Text Example, the Harvard System...................................................................33

Textexempel/Text Example...............................................33Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet/Example on Reference Lists, the Harvard System...................................37References...........................................................................37Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller/Images, Figures, Dia-grams and Tables.................................................................41

Figurer/Figures................................................................41Kartor/Maps......................................................................44Tabeller/Tables.................................................................44

Citat/Quotations...................................................................47Listor/Lists...........................................................................49

Numrerade listor/Numeric Lists.......................................49Övriga listor/Other lists....................................................49Skapa innehållsförteckning/Create Table of Contents......51

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InledningDenna mall är tänkt att fungera som en vägledning till författare som inte har tillgång till mallar via sin institution. Det är viktigt att kontrollera vilka skrivregler som gäller vid institutionen innan mallen används. De förslag som presenteras i denna mall är generella och således endast rekommendationer och inget krav. Avvikelser vid institutionerna kan naturligtvis förekomma. Använd ett typsnitt som är allmängiltigt och känt och undvik typsnitt utan serifer (t.ex. arial, helvetica m.fl.). Byt ut rubriknamn och/eller avlägsna de sidor som du inte behöver och anpassa mallen efter dina behov. Se även vår referensguide som också innehåller länkar till andra sidor. Observera att LiU E-Press inte kan bidra med någon support för MS Word. För support hänvisas till institutionens eller universitetets helpdesk.

Vid den elektroniska publiceringen på www.ep.liu.se är det viktigt att avhandlingen alltid börjar med en titelsida. Vi publicerar även omslagen till avhandlingar. De publiceras som en separat pdf-fil.

Lycka till!

This template is a guide to authors who do not have access to templates via their departments. It is important for all authors to check which writing traditions are valid at the department before using the template. All proposals, which are presented here are general and are only a recommendation and not a requirement. Deviations at the department may, of course, occur. Use only fonts, which are generally applicable and well known. Avoid fonts like Arial, Helvetica etc. Change the headline and/or remove the pages you do not need and adjust the template to your requirements. See also our reference guide, which contains links to other pages. Note that LiU E-Press is unable to contribute with any support concerning the templates. We refer you to your department or the university helpdesk.

When publishing the thesis electronically at www.ep.liu.se it is important that the thesis begins with the

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title page. We also publish the cover of the Thesis as a separate pdf file.

Good Luck!

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Kapitel 1/Chapter 1

Löptext/Article TextAll text bör vara skriven med ett känt typsnitt som t.ex. Times New Roman med teckenstorlek 12 p. Undvik udda teckensnitt. Raka vänster- och högermarginaler bör använ-das. Den första raden efter en rubrik bör inte vara indragen. Den första raden i andra stycket efter en rubrik kan vara indragen med 0,5 cm-1 cm.

Tips: Alla siffror kan minskas med en punkt för att förbättra utseendet på avhandlingen. Detta gäller även siffror i fotnötter, figurrubriker, etc. Exempel: Om texten är i 12 punkter minskas alla siffror ned till 11 punkters storlek. Om texten är skriven med 11 punkter minskas siffrorna ned till 9 punkter. Använd funktionen Sök/Ersätt.

All text should be written with a common and well-known font, for example Times New Roman, font size 12 p. Please do not use any other fonts. Straight margins should be used both left and right. Please do not divide words into syllables at the end of lines. The first word in the first line after a headline should not be indented. In the second paragraph the first line should be indented 0.5 cm (0.2") to 1 cm (0.4").

Tips: All numbers may be reduced by one point in the text including the footnotes, figure headlines, figure numbers, etc. This gives the thesis a better appearance. For example, if the text is in 12 p, all numbers may be written in 11 p; if the text is in 10 p, the numbers may be written in 9 p. Use the function Search/Replace.

Rubriker/HeadlinesAnvänd högst tre rubriknivåer. Flera nivåer gör texten svårläst: kapiteltiteln (rubrik 1) och om nödvändigt underrubrik till huvudrubriken. Övriga nivåer är underrubrik två och tre. Avsluta aldrig en rubrik med punkt. Avstava ald-rig en rubrik om den är för lång. Gör en radbrytning och låt den gå över två rader. Här nedan finns flera exempel på rub-riker.

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Kaptiel 1/Chapter 1

En bra hjälp att se styckeformatering är att klicka på ikonen i menyn. Då visas t.ex. tecknet för mellanslag, ny rad,

tabulator, m.m.

Use only three levels of headlines. Added levels make the text difficult to read: chapter title (level one) and, if necessary, a subtitle to the main title. Remaining levels are subtitle two (level two) and subtitle three (level three). All headlines should be written with the first letter in each word capital-ised except for words such as prepositions (at, for, in, of, to, etc.). Never end a headline with a full stop. If the headline is too long, do not divide a headline into syllables. Split up the headline into two lines instead. The headlines below serve as examples.

A useful help seeing the paragraph formatting is by clicking on the icon in the menu. The signs for space, new line, tab etc.

Jämna och ojämna sidor/Odd and Even PagesEtt nytt kapitel brukar oftast börja på uppslagets högra sida d.v.s. en ojämn sida. Om föregående kapitel slutar på en ojämn sida måste en blanksida läggas till. Om ett kapitel slutar på sidan 33 läggs en blanksida till så att nästa kapitel börja på sidan 35. Se t.ex. sammanfattningen, förordet, in-nehållsförteckningen eller inledningen som exempel.

A new chapter usually starts on the right side of a spread i.e. an odd page. If the previous chapter ends on an even page you have to add a blank page. If a chapter ends on page 33, a blank page is inserted so that the next chapter starts on page 35. As an example have a look at the abstract, acknowledge-ment, table of contents or the introduction.

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Kapitel 2/Chapter 2

Dokumentation av källa/Documentation SystemDe två vanligaste sätten att dokumentera en källa är Harvard- och Oxfordsystemet. Harvardsystemet är vanligast förekommande inom natur- och socialvetenskapliga områden. I detta system skrivs källan, oftast inom parentes, med författarens efternamn och publikationsåret. Oxfordsystemet är vanligast inom historia, litteratur och humaniora och källan anges i en fotnot med bibliografiska uppgifter och en fullständig bibliografi i slutet av avhandlingen. Nedan visas endast några enkla exempel för utförligare information se även Examples of Chicago-Style Documentation.

Inledning/IntroductionOxfordsystemet använder sig av fotnoter som anges med en upphöjd siffra i texten (se nedan). Texten till noten skrivs sedan, antingen längst ned på sidan eller i slutet av ett kapitel, i slutet av en bok eller i slutet av ett dokument- I de tre sista exemplen kallas det för slutnoter.

Om källhänvisningen är densamma två eller flera gånger efter varandra anges detta med ordet ibid. (av latinets Ibidem som betyder på samma ställe). Ibid. är en förkortning och avslutas därför med en punkt. Uttrycket används i både engelska och svenska vetenskapliga publikationer.

Uttrycket passim (från latinet och betyder ungefär här och var) används när författaren hämtat uppgifter ur en och samma källa (t.ex. ur en bok eller artikel) men från olika sidor och fört in dessa i en och samma not. Passim rekommenderas inte eftersom det är svårt att kontrollera en sådan källhänvisning.

Cf. Är en förkortning av det latinska ordet confer som betyder jämför eller konsultera. Det kan användas istället för ordet se t.ex. Se Jansson, Jan. How to Publish Electroncally. Linköping 2007, p.123.The Oxford system uses footnotes, written as a superscript i.e. with slightly higher numerical character in the text (see below). The text connected to the footnote may be written in

the end of the same page or in the end of the chapter, in the end of a book alternative in the end of the document. In the three last cases is called endnotes.

If the reference to a source is the same two or several times after each other (anges) with the word ibid. (of the latin word Ibidem which means on the same place). Ibid. is a short and is ended with a period. The expression is used both in English and in Swedish scientific publications.

The expression passim (from the latin and means here and there) and is used when the author has got the information from the same source (e.g. from a book or an article) but from different pages and put the information into one note. Passim is not recommended since it is very difficult to control that kind of source.

Harvardsystemet använder sig av i huvudsak av referenser direkt i texten. Fotnoter används i de fall en förklaring behövs (se nedan) och som inte anges i referensen. Se Oxfordsystemet ovan för information om Ibidum och Cf.

Om flera författare förekommer i samma hänvisning används förkortningen et al. (av latinets et alii som betyder med flera). Ordet alii förkortas al. och ska därför avslutas med en punkt.

Det finns olika sätt att skriva en referens i texten. Referensen ska vara så tydlig som möjligt. Här följer därför några exempel på hur en tydlig referens i en text kan se ut:

1. Vid endast en författare används inget kommatecken mellan författarens efternamn och årtalet utan endast ett blanksteg: (Smith 2002).

2. Förekommer det flera författare i samma referens avskiljs dessa med ett semikolon: (Smith 2002; Jones 1999).

3. Om referensen innehåller t.ex. flera författare, där alla är medförfattare till samma referens bör man överväga alternativ att skriva referensen. Är det endast två författare kan man välja att skriva ut bägge två: (Smith & Brown 2001). Observera att det går att använda antingen ordet och eller et-tecknet & (et-tecknet är en ligatur som kommer från latinet och betyder binda, förena). Om det är fler än två författare

Dokumentation av källa

rekommenderas att använda uttrycket et al.: (Smith et al. 2002).

4. I de fall författaren väljer att ange endast en författare men visa att det finns fler källor i samma ämne anges et al. efter årtalet: (Smith 2002 et al.).

5. En referens kan också innehålla flera källhänvisningar med et al. (Brown 2002; Smith et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2004).

6. Ange inte sidhänvisningar i textreferensen eftersom sidhänvisningen ska finnas i referenslistan.

Referensen i texten måste ha en motsvarande referens i ref-erenslistan och tvärtom.

Det kan vara en stor fördel att vara sparsam med antalet tecken och författarnamn i referenserna eftersom varje kommatecken, punkt osv. samt bokstäver räknas som ett tecken. Om en författare väljer att skicka in ett manus till en tidskrift har tidskrifterna i allmänhet en regel om hur många tecken en artikel får innehålla. Av den anledningen rekommenderas att inte sätta kommatecken mellan författare och årtal i referensen och att använda et al. vid fler än två författare.

Var konsekvent när referenserna skrivs så att alla hänvisningar som görs blir likvärdiga i hela texten och i referenslistan. Det gäller framför allt stavning av författarnamn och användningen av tecken som komma och semikolon eller kolon.

The two most commonly used systems of documenting a source are the Oxford and Harvard systems also known as Humanities style and the Author-date system. Physical, nat-ural science and social science mostly use the Harvard sys-tem and the sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and publication date. The short citations are amplified in a list of references with a full bibliographic information. History, literature and the arts use the Oxford system. It presents the source as a footnote with bibliographic information and a bibliographic list in the end of the work. Below are some simple examples. For further information see also the Examples of Chicago-Style Docu-mentation.

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Kapitel 2/Chapter 2

The Harvardsystem contains mainly of references directly in the text. Footnotes is used in those cases an explanation is needed (see below) and which is not written in the reference.

If more than one author is in the same reference the short et al. is used (from the latin et alii which means and more). The word alii is shorted as al. and should therefore end with a period. For information about Ibidum and Cf see the Oxford system above.

A reference may be written in different ways in the text. The reference should be as clear as possible. Below are some examples of how a clear reference in a text may look like.

With only one author in the reference the comma is not used between the authors’ family name and the year just a blank space: (Smith 2002).

If more than one author occur in the same reference separate the names with a semicolon: (Smith 2002; Jones 1999).

If the reference contains several authors where all of them are co-authors to the same reference one should consider an alternative way of writing the reference. Is it only two authors one can chose writing both: (Smith & Brown 2001). Note that it is possible to use the word and or the et sign & (the et sign is a ligature. The word ligature is from the latin and means bind, join). If there are more than two authors it is recommended to use the expression et al.: (Smith et al. 2002).

If the author choose to mention only one author but show there are more sources in the same subject state et al. after the year: (Smith 2002 et al.).

A reference may also contain several references to different sources with et al.: (Brown 2002; Smith et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2004).

Do not indicate references to pages in the text reference since the reference should be in the reference list.

The reference in the text must have a corresponding reference in the reference list and the opposite.

It may of great advantage to be modest with the number of characters and author name in the references since every comma, full stop etc. and letters is count as a character. If an author would like to submit a manuscript to a journal and the journals usually have rules about how many characters an article may content. By that reason it is recommended not to

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Dokumentation av källa

place a comma between the author and the year in the reference and use et al. with more than two authors.

Be consistent when writing the references so that all references are equivalent throughout the text and in the reference list. That concerns particularly the spelling of author names and the usage of characters like comma, semicolon or colon.

Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford SystemAlla fotnoter kan skrivas enligt nedan med ett indrag om 5 cm från siffran räknat och andra raden ska börja där den för-sta började. En referens till en bok kan se ut som exemplet nedan. Texten i Times New Roman 10 punkter och siffrorna i 9 punkterAll footnotes may be written following the examples below indented 0,5 cm (0.2") and with the second line starting at the margin. A reference to a book should be written as the example below. Footnote text in Times New Roman size 10 p and numbers in size 9 p.

Böcker /Books1. Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine? The Philosophy,

Practice and Politics of Public Health since 1919 (Brighton, 1986), pp. 10–11.

2. Virginia Berridge, Health and Society in Britain since 1939. Studies in Economic and Social History (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 20–21.

Artiklar/Articles3. Asa Briggs, “Cholera and Society in the Nineteenth Century”,

Past and Present, 19 (1961), 76–96.4. Dorothy Porter, “Stratification and its discontents: professional-

ization and conflict in the British public health service, 1848–1914”, in E. Fee and R. M. Acheson, eds., A History of Public Health (Oxford, 1991), p. 115.

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Kapitel 2/Chapter 2

Harvardsystemet/The Harvard systemHarvardsystemet använder sig inte av fotnoter utan skriver referensen direkt i texten med en utförligare referens i refer-enslistan. Fotnötter används istället vid förklaringar.

Hänvisningar till Internet/References to the InternetSe vår sida om hur man refererar till en URL-adress.Se our page on how to refer to an URL-address.

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Kapitel 3/Chapter 3

Referenslistor/Reference ListsReferenslistan bör se ut som exemplet nedan. Den första raden bör vara vänsterställd mot marginalen, den andra och följande rader bör vara indragna med 0,5 cm.

The reference list should follow the examples below. The first line should extend to the margin and the second line and the following lines should be indented 0.5 cm (0.2").

Oxfordsystemet/The Oxford system

Bok/BookAnn G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance

Florence. Cambridge, 1986.

Tidksriftsartikel/Journal articleBrändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A.

Lynch, “Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortal-ity: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Sweden,” Histor-ical Methods 31:2 (1998), 53–64.

Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a seriesEdvinsson, Sören, “Adult mortality and childhood conditions.

Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden,” pp. 247–268 in Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld, eds., Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Soci-ety. Report no. 18 from the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå, 2001.

Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a confer-ence reportGarðarsdóttir, Ólöf, ”Redefining childhood and child-labour

in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work

in urban Island,” in Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II. Konferanserapport fra det 5. nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet 8–11 augusti 1996. Oslo, 1997.

Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited bookLøkke, Anne, “Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death,” pp.

55–73 in N. de Conick Smith and S. Mellemgaard, eds., Childhood and Old Age. Equals or Opposites, Odense, 1999.

Harvadsystemet/The Harvards system

Bok/BookAnn G. Carmichael. 1999. Plague and the Poor in Renais-

sance Florence. Cambridge.

Tidksriftsartikel/Journal articleBrändström, Anders, Joel B. Greenhouse and Katherine A.

Lynch. 1998, Biometric Modeling in the Study of Infant Mortality: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Sweden. In Historical Methods 31:2, 53–64.

Kapitel i en redigerad antologi som är en del av en serie/Chapter in an edited anthology that is part of a seriesEdvinsson, Sören. 2001. Adult mortality and childhood condi-

tions. Long-term effects of urban life in 19th century Sweden, In Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Society. Report no. 18 from the Demographic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå. Edited by Lars-Göran Tedebrand och Peter Sköld.

Artikel i en konferensrapport/Article in a confer-ence reportGarðarsdóttir, Ólöf. ”Redefining childhood and child-labour

in a changing society. Gender division in children’s work

Referenslistor

in urban Island,” in Kjönn, makt, samfunn i Norden i et historiskt perspektiv, Volume II. Konferanserapport. Paper presented at the 5 nordiske kvinnohistorikermötet, August 8–11 1996. Oslo, 1997.

Kapitel i bok med redaktör/Chapter in an edited bookLøkke, Anne. Infancy and Old Age as Causes of Death. In

Childhood and Old Age. Equals or Opposites, edited by N. de Conick Smith and S. Mellemgaard, Odense.1999.

Referenser till Internet/References to the InternetSe vår referensguide som även innehåller länkar till andra

sidor.See our page reference guide which also contains links to

other pages.

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Kapitel 4/Chapter 4

Exempel på löptext, Oxfordsystemet/Text Example, The Oxford System

Textexempel/Text ExampleIn order to give some foundation to the story it is necessary to begin in the 18th century. Generally speaking the interest in population statistics that grew out of the mercantilistic search for knowledge concerning population resources has been extensively examined in a number of Swedish studies.1 With the appointment of Tabellkommissionen and the estab-lishment of Tabellverket in the mid-eighteenth century, the foundation for statistical studies in population was laid in Sweden. This provided the basis for not only 18th century policy formation, but also the historical endeavors of later generations, a story that has been related in detail in Peter Sköld’s book Kunskap och kontroll – Den svenska be-folkningsstatistikens historia [Knowledge and control – The History of Swedish Population Statistics] (2001). The gather-ing of parish based statistics, that were later aggregated to regional and national levels, were the subject of analysis by a number of scientists, especially those directly involved in the work of the commission. Let it suffice to mention only a couple here. One was the man often referred to as the father of Swedish statistics, Pehr Wargentin. During the years 1754–1755 six articles were published in Sweden’s leading scientific journal of the day, Vetenskapsakademiens hand-lingar, that dealt with fertility; the relationship between pop-ulation growth, fertility and mortality; age-specific mortality and life expectancy; and causes of death. He later went on to analyze other elements of the statistics. Henric Nicander took over responsibilities at Tabellverket at the end of the century and carried out a necessary reorganization. He also

1 Karin Johannisson, Det mätbara samhället : statistik och samhällsdröm i 1700–talets Europa. Stockholm: Norstedt, 1988; Peter Sköld, Kunskap och kontroll – Den svenska befokningsstatistikens historia. Report no. 17 from the Demo-graphic Data Base. Umeå University. Umeå: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2001.

made a number of important analyses and comparisons with Wargentin’s work.2

The nineteenth century saw the growth of significant problems in the collection of statistics that resulted the founding of the Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistiska centralbyrån) that began operation in 1860. The bureau’s first head, Fredrik Theodor Berg, had an illustrious medical career behind him when he took over the reins, after having served a decade as a member of the Tabellkommissionen. The publication series from the new bureau received the title Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella Statistik [Contributions to Sweden’s Official Statistics], and by the mid-1870’s boasted 22 series, increasing to 24 by 1893. Berg’s writings in the field reflected not only his new found interest in statistics, but also his earlier interest in the health of infants and children.3 One of his classical essays concerned seasonal variations in mortality.4 Such works by early statisticians provide significant material and insight into the thinking of previous centuries.

With the growing interest in public health and epidemics of infectious diseases in the late 19th century, numerous physicians published relevant material in what might be called medical topography or medical geography. These essays often analyzed various aspects of population statistics and compiled much useful material from raw tables. One example of such a person is Ernst Almqvist (1852–1946), a physician who served as health inspector in Stockholm, then as first city physician in Gothenburg 1883, and from 1891 as professor of public health (allmän hälsovårdslära) in Stockholm at Karolinska Institute. His many studies in infectious diseases were printed in the Swedish medical journals of the day, including his source critical analysis of causes of death in the church records, that is, the material on which the Swedish mortality material is based.5

2 Sköld 2001, pp. 88–95, 171–211.3 Sköld 2001, pp. 265–301.4 Fr. Th. Berg, “Årstidens inflytande på dödligheten,” Statistisk tidskrift 13

(1879), 88–120.5 Ernst Almquist, “Hygieniska studier i kyrkoarkiven,” Eira 8 (1884), 673–92.

Kapitel 5/Chapter 5

Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet/Exampel of References, Oxford System

Referenser/ReferencesNotera att referenslistan är skriven enligt internationell standard vilket betyder att de svenska bokstäverna å, ä och ö inte står sist i listan som i svensk standard. Å och ä skrivs före a medan ö skrivs före o.

Note that the reference list is written according to the inter-national standard which means that the Swedish characters å, ä and ö are not placed in the end of the list as usual. The letters å and ä is placed before the letter a and the letter ö is placed before o.

Ågren, M. Att lösa ekonomiska tvister – domstolarnas främsta sysselsättning på 1700-talet? Historisk tidskrift, 108, (1988), 481–511

Appel, H. H. (1999). Tinget, magten og æren. Studier i so-ciale processer og magtrelationer i et jysk bondesamfund i 1600-tallet. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.

Abel-Smith, B., Cost Containment in Health Care. Occasional Papers on Social Administration 73 (London, Bedford Square Press, 1984).

Apple, R., Reaching Out to Mothers: Public Health and Child Welfare. Evening Lecture Series 5 (Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health Public-ations, 2002).

Beito, D., From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890–1967 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

Beito, D. et al., The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2002).

Brown, L. and Sparer, M., ‘Poor program's progress: The unanticipated politics of Medicaid policy’, Health Affairs, 22,1 (2003), 31–44.

Cain, L. P. and Rotella, E. J., ‘Death and spending: Urban mortality and municipal expenditure on sanitation’, An-nales de démographie historique, 2001–1: 139–154 (2001).

Chapin, C., ‘Variation in type of infectious disease as shown by the history of smallpox in the United States, 1895–1912’, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13,2 (1913), 171–196.

Chapin, C., ‘Permanency of the mild type of smallpox’, Journal of Preventiv Medicine, 6 (1932), 273–320.

Chapin, J. and Fetter, B., ‘Performance-based contracting in Wisconsin public health: Transforming state-local rela-tions’, Milbank Quarterly, 80,1 (2002), 97–124.

Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J. and Lincoln, K. D., ‘African American religious participation: A multi-sample compar-ison’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38,1 (1999), 132–145.

Committee on the Costs of Medical Care 1932, Medical Care for the American People (Chicago, University of Chicago Press).

Condran, G., ‘Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, Annales de Démographie Historique (1987), 119–141.

Dublin, L. I., Lotka, A. J., and Spiegelman, M., Length of Life: A Study of the Life Table (New York, Ronald Press, 1949).

Easterlin, R. A., ‘Growth and composition of the American Population in the twentieth century’, in Haines and Steckel (2000), 631–675.

Felix-Aaron, K., Levine, D. and Burstin, H. R., ‘African Amer-ican church participation and health care practices’, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18,11 (2003), 908–915.

Fishback, P. V., Haines, M. R., and Kantor, S., ‘The impact of the New Deal on black and white infant mortality in the South’, Explorations in Economic History, 38 (2001), 93–122.

Forbes, D. and Frisbie, W. P., ‘Spanish surname and Anglo infant mortality: Differentials over half a century’, Demo-graphy, 28,4 (1991), 639–660.

Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet

Fox, D. M., Power and Illness: The Failure and Future of American Health Policy (Berkeley, University of California, 1993).

Fox, D. M., ‘Health policy and the history of welfare states: A reinterpretation’, Journal of Policy History, 10,2 (1998), 239–256.

Fox, D. M., and Fronstin, ‘Public spending for health care approaches 60 percent’, Health Affairs, March/April (2000), 271–273.

Frisbie, W. P. and Song, S., ‘Hispanic pregnancy outcomes: Differentials over time and current risk factor effects’, Policy Studies Journal, 31,2 (2003), 237–252.

Green, L. et al., ‘The ecology of medical care revisited’, New England Journal of Medicine, 344,26 (2001), 2021–25.

Gutmann, Myron P. et al., ‘Intra-ethnic diversity in Hispanic child mortality, 1890–1910’, Demography, 37,4 (2000), 467–475.

Haines, M. R., ‘The white population of the United States, 1790–1920’, in Haines and Steckel (2000), 305–369.

Haines, M. R., ‘The urban mortality transition in the United States, 1800–1940’, Annales de démographie historique, 2001–1: 33–64 (2001).

Haines, M. R. and Steckel, R. H., A Population History of North America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), Table A.2.

Historical Statistics of the United States: Millenial Edition. (Preprint. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999).

von Hofer, H. (1997). Nordic Criminal Statistics 1950 – 1995 (Depratment of Criminology, Stockholm University, Report 1997:2). Stockholm.

von Hofer, H. (2003). Crime and Punishment in Sweden: His-torical Criminal Justice Statistics 1750–2000. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Preven-tion, 4, 162–179.

Hummer, R. A. et al., ‘Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality’, Demography, 36,2 (1999), 273–285.

Humphreys, M., Yellow Fever and the South (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 1992).

Humpreys, M., Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 2001).

Hunt, L. L. and Hunt, M. O., ‘Regional patterns of African American church attendance: Revisiting the semi-involun-

25

Kapitel 5/Chapter 5

tary thesis’, Social Forces, 78,2 (1999), 779–791.Hunt, L. L. and Hunt, M. O., ‘Race, religion, and religious

involvement: A comparative study of whites and African Americans’, Social Forces, 80,2 (2001), 605–631.

Klein, R., The New Politics of the NHS (Third Edition, Har-low, Longman, 1995).

Kreling, D. H., Mott, D. A., Wiederholt, J. B., Prescription Drug Trends: A Chartbook Update (Menlo Park, CA, Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001).

Levit, K. et al., ‘Trends in U.S. health care spending, 2001’, Health Affairs, 22,1 (2003), 154–164.

Ludmerer, K. M., Learning to Heal: The Development of American Medical Education (New York, Basic Books, 1985).

Ludmerer, K. M., Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care (New York, Oxford University Press, 1999).

Meeker, E., ‘The improving health of the United States: 1850–1915’, Explorations in Economic History, 9 (1972), 353–373.

Meeker, E., ‘The social rate of return on investment in public health, 1880–1910’, Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 392–421.

Melosi, M. V., The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins, 2000).

Miniño, A. M. et al., ‘Deaths: Final data for 2000’, National Vital Statistics Reports, 50,16 (2002).

Mullan, F., Plagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service (New York, Basic Books, 1989).

Österberg, E. (1991a). Brott och social kontroll i Sverige från medeltid till stormaktstid. Godtycke och grymhet – eller sunt förnuft och statskontroll. Historisk Tidsskrift (Norway), 70, 150–165.

Österberg, E. (1991b). Kontroll och kriminalitet i Sverige från medeltid till nutid: Tendenser och tolkningar. Scan-dia, 57, 65–87.

Österberg, E. (1991c). Violence among Peasants. Compara-tive Perspectives on Sixteenth- and Sevententh-Century Sweden. In E. Österberg, Mentalities and Other Realities. Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian His-

26

Exempel på referenser, Oxfordsystemet

tory. Lund: Lund University Press., 89–112.Paquy, L., Les systèmes européens de protection sociale en

perspective (2003). [http://phoenixtn.net/monographs.jsp].Putnam, R., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of

American Community, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

Riley, J. C., Sickness, Recovery, and Death (Iowa City, Uni-versity of Iowa Press, 1989).

Rosenkrantz, B. G., Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts (Cambridge MA, Harvard, 1972).

Southall, H., ‘Ageing, health and ending with: A study of life cycle and life chances among 19th century British artis-ans’. Presented to the International Congress of Historical Sciences, Beijing (1995).

Starr, P., The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York, Basic Books, 1987).

Steckel, R. H., ‘The African American population of the United States, 1790–1920’, in Haines and Steckel (2000), 433–481.

White, K. M. and Preston, S. H., ‘How many Americans are alive because of twentieth-century improvements in mor-tality?’, Population and Development Review, 22,3 (1996), 415–429.

Young, J. H., The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicine in America before Federal Regulation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961).

27

Kapitel 6/Chapter 6

Exempel på löptext, Harvadsystemet/Text Example, the Harvard System

Textexempel/Text ExampleIt has been described as a means to increase the success-rate of ex-corporeal assisted conception technologies such as in vitro fertilisation,6 particularly for women above a certain age and women who have had previous miscarriages. It has been held that these women’s embryos may carry chromosomal deviations and such deviations have been considered a main reason why implantations fail or the women miscarry. Em-bryos with chromosomal deviations can be sorted out after genetic screening (Wilton 2002; Rubio et al. 2003; Werlin et al. 2004).

Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),7 this is not the case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene therapy is not performed on humans.

The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be performed with different technologies, biological as well as non-biological,8 and genetic material may be directly transferred into cells within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro, if cells are removed from the person, genetic material

6 The success-rate for IVF has been low world-wide, though it varies between different clinics. The take-home baby rate from PGD in the UK, Lavery et al. state (2002:2466) is at best 15–20 per cent per cycle started.

7 It is also noteworthy that between 1999–2001, in almost half of the reported cases of genetic testing on embryos to the European Society of Human Repro-duction and Embryology, screening was used (SMER 2004:19).

8 In the case of biological methods for transfer, viruses are used as carriers of genetic material. In the case of non-biological methods, the genetic make-up is changed chemically so that genes or gene segments can be transferred into the cells.

transferred and inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.

Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery, foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so, transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell & Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA9 in an embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU 2004:20:319).

Whereas PGD and preimplantation genetic screening are performed in some European countries today (Sermon 2005 et al.),10 this is not the case with the second technology discussed in this study. Germ-line gene therapy is not performed on humans.

The term gene therapy encompasses different strategies designed to overcome or alleviate disease by introducing or replacing genes or gene segments into the cell of an affected individual. Such a transfer can be performed with different technologies, biological as well as non-biological,11 and

9 Mitochondrion is an organelle in the cell’s cytoplasm that produces 95 per cent of the cell’s energy supply. For explanations of medical notions used in the book, see also Appendix A.

10 It is also noteworthy that between 1999–2001, in almost half of the reported cases of genetic testing on embryos to the European Society of Human Repro-duction and Embryology, screening was used (SMER 2004:19).

11 In the case of biological methods for transfer, viruses are used as carriers of genetic material. In the case of non-biological methods, the genetic make-up is changed chemically so that genes or gene segments can be transferred into the

Exempel på löptext, Harvardsystemet

genetic material may be directly transferred into cells within a person (in vivo gene therapy). It may also be inserted in vitro, if cells are removed from the person, genetic material transferred and inserted in the cells and the cells replaced within the person.

Germ-line gene therapy that affects the germ cells has been discussed as an undesirable side-effect of in utero or adult somatic gene therapy (Coutelle et al. 2003). It is argued that during gene delivery, foreign DNA may be inserted into the germ cell genome and, if so, transmitted to future generations. The question has been whether – and if so what level of – insertion is tolerable (Kazazian 1999; Coutell & Rodeck 2002). Technologies are also being elaborated for detecting gene transfer in developing sperm so as to know whether these germ cells have been affected (Gordon 2003). GMGT has also been discussed as the result of insertion of a gene into the mitochondrial DNA12 in an embryo or into germ cells of an individual (ova, sperm and its progenitors). It has been discussed as a possible ‘treatment’ of certain mitochondrially encoded diseases, i.e. diseases due to DNA deviations in genes in the mitochondrial DNA, in embryos. The idea is to exchange the cytoplasm, so that the cell nucleus of one egg cell is transferred into an egg cell of another woman (whose cytoplasm contain no deviant mitochondria DNA) from which the cell nucleus has been removed (SOU 2004:20:319).

cells.12 Mitochondrion is an organelle in the cell’s cytoplasm that produces 95 per cent

of the cell’s energy supply. For explanations of medical notions used in the book, see also Appendix A.

31

Kapitel 7/Chapter 7

Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet/Example on Reference Lists, the Harvard SystemEn referenslista innehåller oftast referenser till en och samma författare men med olika årtal. Antingen skriver man ut samma författarenamn för varje referens eller skrivs namnet ut en gång och därefter använder man ett ”långt streck” (dubbla em-dash: ——). Om en författare, som förekommer i referenslistan flera gånger och som skrivit fler än en bok samma år, åtföljs årtalet med en bokstav: 2001a, 2001b osv. i den ordning böckerna givits ut.

A reference list often consists of references to the same au-thor but with different year. Either one write the authors name for each reference or write the name once and instead of the author name use a long hyphern (double em.dash: ——). If an author in the reference list occur in the reference list several times and who has written more than book the same year is the years secluded by a letter: 2001a. 2001b in the same order the books was published.

ReferencesAdelswärd, V. (1991) ‘Vems är poängen? En empirisk studie

av den personliga berättelsen i institutionella samtal,’ Nys-venska studier, 70:71–93.

—— (1997) ‘Berättelser från älgpasset. Om metoder för att analysera jaktberättelsers struktur, poäng och sensmoral,’ in I. Hydén and L-C. Hydén (eds) Att studera berättelser, Stockholm: Liber AB.

Al-Odiab, A.N., Abu-Amero, K.K., Ozand, P.T. and Al-Hellani, A.M. (2003) ‘A new era for preventive genetic programs in the Arabian Peninsula,’ Saudi Medical Journal, 24:1168–1175.

Andersen, S. (2002) ‘Patienten – Etikken,’ Præimplanta-tionsdiagnostik – En MTV Analyse, København: Center for Evaluering og Medicinsk Teknologivurdering, Sund-hetsstyrelsen.

Anderson, W.F. (1989a) ‘Pre-protocol: In Utero Gene-Trans-fer for the Treatment of ADA-Deficiency SCID,’ The New Human Genetic Technologies: Science, Society, Politics – A Reader. Workshop on the Social Impacts of the New Hu-man Genetic Technologies, Berkerley: University of Cali-fornia at Berkerley.

—— (1989b) ‘Human Gene Therapy: Why Draw a Line?,’ Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 14:681–693.

Anton, C. (2001) ‘Beyond Theoretical Ethics: Bakhtinian Anti-Theoreticism,’ Human Studies, 24:211–225.

Aramini, M. (1999) La Procreazione Assistita. Scoprire il Senso di un Nuovo Modo di Nascere, Milano: Paoline Edit-oriale Libri.

Arnold, R. and Forrow, L. (1993) ‘Empirical Research in Med-ical Ethics: An Introduction,’ Theoretical Medicine, 14: 195–196.

Aulén, G. (1967) Kristen gudstro i förändringens värld, Stockholm: Verbum.

Axelrod, D.A. and Goold, S.D. (2000) ‘Maintaining trust in the surgeon-patient relationship. Challenges for the new mil-lenium,’ Archives of Surgery, 135:55–61.

Baier, A.C. (1996) Moral Prejudices. Essays on Ethics, Cam-bridge, Massachussetts and London: Harvard University Press.

Barber, B. (1983) The Logic and Limits of Trust, New Brun-swick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

Bakshi, A-S. (2000) Tilltro och misstanke: Genteknik och fos-terdiagnostik i det offentliga rummet, (Diss.) Linköping Studies in Arts and Science 207, Linköping: Linköping University Press.

Bauman, Z. (1995) Postmodern etik, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos AB.

Baylis, F. and Downie, J. (2001) ‘Professional recommenda-tions: Disclosing facts and values,’ Journal of Medical Eth-ics, 27:20–24.

Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F. (2001 [1979]) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Ed. 5, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society. Toward A New Modernity, Lon-don: SAGE.

Beecher, H.K. (1966) ‘Ethics in Clinical Research,’ New Eng-land Journal of Medicine, 274:1354–1360.

Exempel på referenslistor, Harvardsystemet

Benhabib, S. (1992) Autonomi och gemenskap. Kom-munikativ etik, feminism och postmodernism, Göteborg: Bokförlaget Daidalos.

Benson, P. (1990) ‘Feminist Second Thoughts About Free Agency,’ Hypatia, 5:47–64.

Bergström, L. (1996) ‘Om livsåskådningar,’ Filosofisk tidsskrift, 16:3–32.

Bet. 1994/95: SoU18 Socialutskottets betänkande, Stockholm: Socialdepartementet.

Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middelton, D. and Radley, A. (1988) Idelogical Dilemmas. A Social Psy-chology of Everyday Thinking, London: SAGE Publications.

Billings, P.R. (1999) ‘In utero gene therapy. The case against,’ Nature Medicine, 5:255–256.

Birnbacher, D. (1999) ‘Ethics and social science. Which kind of co-operation?,’ Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2:319–336.

Blum, L. (1991) ‘Moral Perception and Particularity,’ Ethics, 101:710–725.

Borry, P., Schotsmans, P. and Dierickx, K. (2005) ‘The Birth of the Empirical Turn in Bioethics,’ Bioethics, 19:49–71.

Bosch, X. (2004) ‘UK criticized for embryo screening de-cision,’ Nature Medicine, 10:1266.

Bosk, C. (1993) ‘The Work-Place Ideology of Genetic Coun-selors,’ in D.M. Bartel, B.S. LeRoy and A.L. Caplan (eds) Prescribing Our Future: Ethical Challenges in Genetic Counselling, New York: Alter De Gruyter.

CNB, Il Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica [The Italian Na-tional Committee for Bioethics] (1991) Terapia Genica, 15 Febbraio 1991. Available online at http://www.palazzo-chigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1994) Pareri del Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica sulle Tecniche di Procreazione Assistita. Sintesi e Conclu-sioni 17 Giugno 1994. Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.htm l (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1995) La Fecondazione Assistita, 17 Febbraio 1995. Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed 30 April 2005).

—— (1996) Identità e Statuto dell’Embrione Umano, 22 gi-ugno 1996. Available online at http://www.palazzochigi.it/bioetica/pareri.html (accessed

38

Kapitel 7/Chapter 7

30 April 2005).Council of Europe (1997) ‘Convention for the protection of

human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and medicine; convention on human rights and biomedicine (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 19 November 1996),’ Human Reproduc-tion, 12:2076–2080.

European Parliamentary Assembly (1982) Recommendation 934 (1982) On Genetic Engineering. Available online at http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta82/EREC934.htm (accessed 6 July 2005).

Governo Italiano, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (2005) Legge sulla Procreazione Assistita: Referendum 12 e 13 Giugno 2005. Online. Available at http://www.governo.it/GovernoInforma/Dossier/p r ocreaz - ione_refere n dum (accessed 1 July 2005).

McCormick, R. (1987) Health and Medicine in the Catholic Tradition: Tradition in Transition, New York: Crossroad Publishing.

——. (1989) The Critical Calling. Washington D.C.: Geor-getown University Press.

Meyers, D.T. (1987) ‘Personal Autonomy and the Paradox of Feminine Socialization,’ Journal of Philosophy, 84:619–628.

—— (1989) Self, Society, and Personal Choice, New York: Columbia University Press.

—— (2000) ‘Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self? Opposites Attract!,’ in C. Mackenzie and N. Stoljar (eds) Relational Autonomy – Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency and the Social Self, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Et cetera, et cetera.

39

Chapter 8/Kapitel 8

Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller/Im-ages, Figures, Diagrams and TablesHelst bör alla bilder och övrig grafik inkluderas i dokumentet i formaten tif- eller bmp med en upplösning av 300 ppi eller högre för den tryckta versionen. I elektroniska versionen måste upplösningen minskas annars kan filen bli för stor för att publicera elektronsikt. Observera, att om du publicerar din avhandling elektroniskt, kan du behålla alla eventuella färger i grafiken. Den tryckta versionen är oftast tryckt i svart/vit utom för bokomslaget.

Vid arbetet med vetenskapliga texter och bilder är det är viktigt att känna till rådande upphovsrättslag. Se gärna vår sida om upphovsrätt.

Preferably all images and graphics should be included in the document as tif- or bmp-file format with a minimum resolu-tion of 300 ppi for higher for the printed version. The elec-tronic version must be reduced to a lower resolution; other-wise the file may be too large to publish electronically. Note that if you publish your thesis electronically you may keep any colour graphics. The printed version is usually printed in black and white except for the book cover.

It is important when working with scientific texts and images to have knowledge of current copyright laws. See also our copyright page.

Figurer/FiguresUndvik att inkludera rubriken i diagrammet. Alla rubriker bör vara placerade separat. Se exemplen här nedan. Undvik olika färger i diagrammen. Om du använder ett stapeldiagram, an-vänd mönster som syns tydligt i svart/vit. Använd olika mön-ster istället för färger eftersom färger som trycks i svart/vit oftast får olika kontraster som kan vara svåra att urskilja. Om du i alla fall vill använda färger i diagrammet, använd färger som visas i olika gråskalor vid utskrift i svart/vit (se figur 2 som exempel). Diagrammets bakgrundsfärg bör alltid vara vit. Numrera figurerna separat från kartor och tabeller. En

källhänvisning bör alltid finnas under diagrammet. Eftersom en figur eller bild alltid först fångar läsarens blick bör denna placeras längst upp på sidan.

Avoid including headlines in the diagram. All headlines should be written separately. See the examples below. Avoid different colours in diagrams. If you use a bar graph, please use a pattern that will appear clearly in black and white. Use different patterns instead of colours, as the colours will not provide sufficient contrast when printed in black and white. Do not add any kind of background colour in the graph. If you still choose to use colours in your figures, use colours that will appear in different shades of grey when printing out in black and white (see figure 2 as an example). The back-ground should always be white. Number the figures separ-ately from the maps and tables. A source should always be included below the diagram. Since images and figures always catch the reader’s eyes the images and figures should be placed on top of the page.

Figure 1. Estimated age-specific mortality in the 1877 scarlet fever epidemic in Sweden.

Source: Bidrag till Sveriges Officiella Statistik (BiSOS). A) Befolkning 1870:3 Table 1; 1877. Table 16; 1880:3, Table 1.

Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller

Figure 2. Age-specific mortality in northern Sweden, 1861–65.

Source: BiSOS. A) Befolkning, 1856–60:3, Table 1; 1861–65, Table 13; 1870:3, Table 1.

Figure 3. Age-specific mortality in Sweden, 1820–1920.

Source: Historisk statistik för Sverige. Vol. 1. Befolkning, 1720–1967 (Stockholm, 1969), Table 40.

42

Kapitel 8/Chapter 8

Kartor/Maps

Map 1. Infant mortality rates in Iceland by counties, 1840–1852.

Source: NAI (National Archive Island). Bps. C. VI. Skýrslur um fædda, gifta og dána 1838–1871 (The map was created by Ólöf Garðarsdóttir on the basis of a map by Björn Gunnlaugs-son (1846)).

Om du använder kartor i avhandlingen, undvik alla slag av färger eftersom mörka färger blir svarta i svart/vit tryck. För-sök använda svart, grå och vit. Se exemplet ovan. Numrera kartorna separat från figurer och tabeller.

If you include a map do not use colours since a dark colour will turn out black if printed in black and white. Try to use black, grey and white. See the example above. Number the maps separately from the figures and tables.

Tabeller/Tables

43

Bilder, figurer, diagram och tabeller

Tabeller bör vara så enkla som möjligt. Skapa alltid en tabell med Words funktion infoga en tabell och undvik att generera tabeller med tabulator. För att skapa en tabell i Word klicka på ikonen i menyraden. För muspekaren över fälten för att välja hur många rader och kolumner du vill skapa (se bilden Skapa tabell i Word nedan). Klicka på ikonen i menyraden för att formatera bilden. En dialogruta öppnas (se bilden Tabeller och kantlinjer nedan). Här kan du sedan

välja centrerade eller vänsterställda kolumner, linjer, fyllning m.m. genom att klicka på respektive ikon.

Undvik en massa extra linjer. Använd endast linjer för rubriker, summeringar o.s.v. som exemplet här nedan. Numrera tabellerna separat från figurer och kartor.

The tables should be illustrated as simply as possible. Always create a table with Word’s function for inserting a table and avoid generating tables by using the tabulator key. In order to create a table in Word, click on the icon in the menu. Choose the number of columns and rows by moving the curser over the fields (see figure Create a table in Word below). Format the table by clicking on the icon in the menu. A dialog box is shown (see the figure Tabeller och kantlinjer below). Here you can chose to center or left

44

Kapitel 8/Chapter 8

handed columns, lines, filling etc. by clicking on the respect-ive icon.

Avoid extra lines, use only lines for the headlines, totals, etc. as in the example in table 1. Number the tables separately from the figures and maps.

Table 1. Indexed age-specific mortality in Sweden, 1831–1930. Index 100=1821–1830.Year 1–2 years 3–4 years 5–9 years 10–14 years

1831–1840

94 92 99 1041841–1850

87 97 103 981851–1860

103 133 144 1221861–1870

106 134 120 971871–1880

88 112 112 931881–1890

77 98 102 901891–1900

61 72 79 801901–1910

44 45 54 701911–1920

33 36 46 651921–1930

20 19 26 40Source: Calculated from Historisk statistik för Sverige. Vol. 1. Befolkning, 1720–1967, Table 40.

45

Kapitel 9/Chapter 9

Citat/QuotationsDet måste klart framgå när citat används i texten. Ett citat mindre än två rader bör markeras med citattecken. Det bästa sättet att visa ett längre citat är exemplet nedan. Det bör vara indraget och skrivet med mindre stil utan citattecken.

It must be shown clearly if quotations are used in the text. A quote of less than two lines should be indicated by double quotation marks. The best way to indicate a longer quotation is illustrated below. It should be indented and printed in a smaller font without quotation marks.

We children were allowed to nurse until we were a cou-ple of years of age. I remember still the sensation of my mother’s skin. .... When my mother sat suckling the youngest of us, she was often glad – almost delighted. So it happened, she took the small one away, played a little with the breast and then put it to the mouth of one of the older children, saying, “Do you want a bit too, ducky?” I have stood in my wooden shoes before my mum and had my part of the feast.

Det är inte nödvändigt att lägga till citattecken i indragen text. Texten är i 11 punkter med 12 punkters mellanrum före och efter citatet. Den vänstra och högra marginalen är indra-gen med 1 cm. Ett citat inom citat markeras genom att an-vända enkla citattecken som exemplet nedan.It is not necessary to add quotation marks if the text is inden-ted. The text is 11p with a spacing of at least 12p. The left and right margins are indented 0.98 cm (0.39"). A quote within a quote should be marked by using single quotation marks in the original quote and double in the longer, the lat-ter as in the example below.

“The elder statesman exclaimed: ‘I've been misquoted’”.

Kaptiel 10/Chapter 10

Listor/Lists

Numrerade listor/Numeric ListsNumrerade listor bör visas enligt exemplet nedan med vänstra marginalen indragen och den högra marginalen som stycketext d.v.s. inte rak.

Numeric lists should be presented as below, with the left margin indented and the right margin as a paragraph text.

1. the infant may ingest harmful micro-organisms.2. the food may contain too few nutrients in forms the

infant is able to use.3. the food may contain nutrients in forms or concentra-

tions which cause indigestion or other illnesses, both short- and long-term.

4. any other sustenance will reduce breast milk produc-tion because the infant’s demand, expressed in suck-ling, guides the production of the milk supply. An in-fant satisfied by something else will not suckle suffi-ciently to ensure the proper amount of milk.

Övriga listor/Other listsIndragningen är olika mellan en numrerad lista och andra listor. Justera indraget efter eget tycke och smak men lämna högra marginalen som stycketext, alltså inte rak.

Indentation differs a bit between numeric and other kinds of lists. Adjust the indentation after your own wish but leave the right margin as a paragraph text.

the infant may ingest harmful micro-organisms. the food may contain too few nutrients in forms the

infant is able to use. the food may contain nutrients in forms or concentra-

tions which cause indigestion or other illnesses, both short- and long-term.

any other sustenance will reduce breast milk produc-tion because the infant’s demand, expressed in suck-ling, guides the production of the milk supply. An in-fant satisfied by something else will not suckle suffi-ciently to ensure the proper amount of milk.

Kapitel 11/Chapter 11

Skapa innehållsförteckning/Create Table of ContentsEtt enkelt sätt att skapa innehållsförteckningar är att an-vända sig av rubriknivåer, precis som i detta dokument. Skapa en innehållsförteckning genom att placera markören på den sida som innehållsförteckningen ska visas. På menyraden längst upp på skärmen välj Infoga, sedan Refer-ens och därefter Index och förteckningar. Klicka sedan på fliken Innehållsförteckningar och slutligen på OK. En viss efterformatering av innehållsförteckningen kan ibland vara nödvändig för att den ska se riktigt snyggt ut.

It is easy to create a table of contents by using the headlines levels, as used in this document. Create a table of contents by placing the cursor on the particular page where the table should be inserted. On the menu bar at the top of the screen choose Insert, then Reference and continue with Index and Lists, choose the flip Table of contents and end by clicking OK. It is sometime necessary to do some editing in the table of contents in order to make it look real neat.