Goal One Review

1. Describe the reasons behind colonization. -Trade, power, wealth, resources, growth of nations, competition, lack of land, etc.

2. Identify the contributions of each of the following: Marco Polo- First to travel to Asia, and bring back goods; inspires Christopher

Columbus

Christopher Columbus- Credited with discovering the New World; creates the consistent interaction between the “New” and “Old “ world

Vasco da Gama- First to reach Asia by water; sails around the Cape of Good Hope

Ferdinand Magellan- First to circumnavigate the world

Amerigo Vespucci- Realizes that Columbus did not reach Asia, but that they found a New World; the Americans are named after him

3. Describe how each of the following countries approached colonization (goals, time frame, areas colonized, etc)

Spain- Conquistadors take over civilizations that are already there. In search of gold, spreading Christianity, and expanding power. Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro are two leading conquistadors

Portugal- Go the Pope over colonization issues between them and Spain. Treaty of Tordesillas is created and splits the New World between the two nations. Demarcation line marks the split.

France- The friendliest with the Natives. Built relationships, assimilated in to their culture, and began fur trade.

England- The nation that built their own new colonies. Did not take over the natives that were already there. Created the 13 colonies

4. What is mercantilism and how did it lead to “Triangular Trade?” - With Mercantilism, the colony can only trade with the mother country. Britain

would sent goods to their colonies in Africa, slaves would be sent from Africa to work and produce goods in the colonies, and then those goods would be sent to Britain.

5. What is primogeniture? - The first born son is the heir to the family’s fortune. The younger children sought

land in the new territory to set up their own household instead of having to join the military or the church

6. How did the Spanish Armada defeat change colonization? - Britain will defeat the armada; they can now settle in to North America without the

Spanish stopping them

7. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do? - Splits the New World in half between Spain and Portugal ( Spain gets most of North

and South America, Portugal gets Brazil and Africa)

8. What was the first successful English colony? When was it settled? - Jamestown, Virginia 16079. What was the Virginia Company?- The first joint-stock company in the colonies. A group of people would finance the

expeditions to the colonies—each of them owned a share10. Fill in the chart below

Person Colony Known forJohn Smith Jamestown Leadership of James Town; “work or

starve” motto

John Rolfe Jamestown Creates the first disease-free strain of tobacco that saves Jamestown

Lord Baltimore Maryland Founder of Maryland- wanted a safe-haven for Catholics

James Oglethorpe Georgia Wanted to create a place for debtors to seek refuge

William Bradford Plymouth Elected 30 times are the governor by the Pilgrims

William Penn Pennsylvania

Founder of the colony for Quakers

John Winthrop Mass. Bay Leader of Mass. Bay; gave the “A City Upon a Hill” speech

Roger Williams Rhode Island

Outcast of Mass. Bay; founder of Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson Rhode Island

Outcast of Mass. Bay; prominent leader of RI

Thomas Hooker Connecticut

Founder of Connecticut

11. What key generalities can one make about the Southern (Plantation) colonies?

- Farming- low life expectancy due to the warm/wet climate and disease- Best relationship with Great Britain- First Slaves- Worst relationship with the Native Americans- People moved here for economic reasons and the primogeniture system

12. What key generalities can one make about the Middle (Bread) colonies? - Mix of both- Nickname- the bread colonies

13. What key generalities can one make about the New England colonies. - Worst relationship with Great Britain- Shipping, lumber, trade- High life expectancy due to colder climates- less diseases- Focus on education, religion, and family

14. What was the “Starving Time?”- Winter of 1609-1610- High period of starvation; only 60 out of 500 will survive

15. Below is a chart of the most important colonies we studied. Fill it in. Colony Location Key Facts (Groups, events, people, etc)Jamestown Southern First successful English colony

Tobacco is the key cash cropFirst to have slavesJohn RolfeJohn SmithPocahontas Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Plymouth New England PilgrimsMayflower CompactIntolerant of other religious

Massachusetts Bay New England Intolerant of other religionsProtestant work ethicA City Upon a Hill

Rhode Island New England Founded by William and HutchinsonColony for those seeking religious safe-haven“sewer of new England”

Pennsylvania Middle Dominated by QuakersMost tolerantBest relationship with the Native Americans

New York Middle Originally settled by the Dutch- New AmsterdamTaken over by the British

Georgia Southern Last of the 13 coloniesDebtor’s prison

16. When did slavery begin? Where?- First slaves appeared in Jamestown in 1619; large scale slave-ownership started

around 1680

17. What is indentured servitude? Why did it end? - If people couldn’t pay their way to the New World they would enter into a contract

with someone who paid their way across, and in exchange they would work for that person for about 7 years to pay off their debt- after that time they are free

18. What was the Dominion of New England? Who was in charge? - A way that England tried to organize the New England colonies under one central

government. Sir Edmond Andros was in charge, but this did not last long. However, this emphasizes the rocky relationship between New England and Great Britain

19. Why was each of the following significant? Mayflower Compact- First written form of government in the new world

A City Upon a Hill- sermon preaching the Protestant Work Ethic by John Winthrop

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- first constitution

House of Burgesses- Virginia, first form of representative government

Navigation Acts- passed by England; stated that the colonies could only trade with Great Britain. Caused anger among the colonies.

20. What was the Glorious Revolution and how did it affect the colonies? - King James was forced to leave the throne. The colonies experienced a period of

salutary neglect. Due to England not paying attention to the colonies, they began experiencing a freedom that they had never had before

21. How did each of the following affect the colonies? King Philip’s War- Growing tension between the colonies and Native

Americans; it led to the merging of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Native Americans but on reservations

Anglo-Powhatan Wars- Diminishes Native American power in the South, and they are put on reservations with limiting hunting rights

22. What were some of the problems brewing in the colonies that would eventually lead to change? Tensions between Native Americans and the colonists, and power struggles between the colonists and Great Britain

Goal Two Review Questions

1. Which colonial region had the worst relationship with the Native Americans? Why? South- They were the ones that wanted to expand and gain more territory in

order to expand their crops2. Complete the chart below based on the different Native American Wars

War Key People Causes OutcomeAnglo-Powhatan War

PowhatanPocahontasJohn SmithJohn Rolfe

-Expansion of Land-Taking advantage of Natives-Aggressive behaviors

-Death of Powhatan’s brother and eventual loss for Native Americans

King Philip’s War -Metacom-5 other Native America tribes-Maj. Benjamin Church

-Expansion in to Native American Land-tensions over trade

-Last major uprising by the Native Americans in the southern New England colonies

Pequot War Pequot TribeColonists Capt John Mason

-Expansion in to territory-Due to expansion, 13 colonists had been killed

-Pequot slaughtered-they had to run away or be put in to slavery

French and Indian War

French and Native AmericansVs.Great Britain and Colonists

-Issue over control of the Ohio River Valley

Great Britain will come out being victorious and will gain land-Proclamation of 1763

3. How did the French and Indian War contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolution? Great Britain will raise taxes to pay for the war which will anger the colonists-

even though their taxes were less than those living in Great Britain4. What was the Proclamation of 1763? How did the colonists respond?

This stated that there would be no further expansion past the Appalachian Mountains. Southern colonies are going to be especially mad that they cannot expand their farming

5. What was the Headright System? How did it contribute to Bacon’s Rebellion? Headright System gave 50 acres of land to everyone who paid their way to the

new world. Since some could not afford it, those who could would pay it for them, and they would become indentured servants. The headright system served to benefit only the wealthy landowners. The landowners acquired the fertile land, while the indentured servants were pushed further out, where the

land was less productive. This led to conflicts with the Native Americans, whose land the settlers were now on. Eventually, the poor farmers decided to take up arms against the wealthy landowners in Virginia in 1676.

6. What was Bacon’s Rebellion? How did it end? Indentured servants rebelled against the Virginia colony; they claimed that they

did not protect them as they should have against the Native Americans England sent troops to put down rebellion and Bacon died of dysentery

7. What impact did Bacon’s Rebellion have on slavery? This was a bad image for indentured servants

8. What were the main ideas of The Wealth of Nations? How did it contribute to the American Revolution?

free markets. Smith believed that economic markets didn't need interference by governments or any other organizing body, but that an invisible hand rewarded businesses that were most effective and responsible, balanced supply and demand, and set the price of goods and services where they 'should' be.

Colonists believed that Great Britain should not be interfering in their trade9. What were the main ideas of Two Treasties of Government? How did it contribute

to the American Revolution? Explains that people have natural rights as human beings Social contract theory- citizens do have to give up rights to a higher power in

exchange for protection of their other rights from the government. When this is not being met, the citizens can act

10. What was the Albany Plan of Union? Why is it significant? Idea of Benjamin Franklin that the colonies should come together in order to

organize defense. This fails, but it plants the idea that the colonies should organize for one common bond

11. What was the Committees of Correspondence? Orchestrated the communication between the colonies

12. How did each of the following contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolution?

Idea/Event Contribution to the Outbreak of WarTownshend Acts -Tax on all colonial imports

-The cost was meant to pay British officials serving in American governments-This leads to the Boston Tea Party

Stamp Act - Required a stamp to be put on all official documents in the colonies- meant to cover the cost of a British military presence in the colonies-This tax made Benjamin Franklin first propose American representation in British Parliament- Britain said they already had “virtual representation” and rejected the idea.

Quartering Act - allowed British troops to stay in colonial homes

Committees of Correspondence

-Set up to enhance communication between the colonies-Started in Massachusetts and slowly spread south

Proclamation of 1763 -Result of the French and Indian War-British promised Native Americans no settlement west of Appalachian Mountains.-Angered the colonies- especially the Southern colonies, due to a limit being put on expansion.

First Continental Congress -Met in Philadelphia (delegates included George Washington and Sam Adams)-All colonies had representation except Georgia-Decision: all colonies will boycott British goods and form militias-Also: the colonies tried to appeal again to the king, asking for representation in Parliament. He refused.

Second Continental Congress

-Last effort by the colonies to avoid war, however, George Washington was named commander of all colonial forces

Boston Tea Party -Led by Samuel Adams-Patriot group that advocated for independence from Britain-Organized the Boston Tea Party-In response to the Townshend Acts-Colonists dressed as Native Americans attacked British cargo ships dumping all the goods in the ocean

Boston Massacre -Colonists became unruly and began threatening a group of British troops. In the chaos, a snowball is thrown at the British.-The British open fire on the colonists, killing 5 colonists, including Crispus Attucks.-In response, the British government canceled the Townshend Acts and the colonists formed the Committees of Correspondence

Sons of Liberty -Led by Samuel Adams-Patriot group that advocated for independence from Britain-Organized the Boston Tea Party

Olive Branch Petition -Petition expressed loyalty to King George by demanded that Parliament repeal their oppressive legislation- it was never read by King George

Declaration of Independence

-five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies’ intentions. The Congress formally adopted the

Declaration of Independence–written largely by Jefferson–in Philadelphia on July 4, a date now celebrated as the birth of American independence-this was a death wish to anyone who signed it

13. What was the Zenger Trial? How can you see that impact today? John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant who printed a publication called The NEW YORK WEEKLY JOURNAL.

This publication harshly pointed out the actions of the corrupt royal governor, WILLIAM S. COSBY. It accused the government of rigging elections and allowing the French enemy to explore New York harbor. It accused the governor of an assortment of crimes and basically labeled him an idiot. Although Zenger merely printed the articles, he was hauled into jail. The authors were anonymous, and Zenger would not name them. --- leads to Freedom of the Press

14. Describe the division in America over the coming split with Britain. There was a divide between the Loyalist- those in support of Great Britain and

Patriots- those in support of splitting from Great Britain

Patriots subjected Loyalists to public humiliation and violence. Many Loyalists found their property vandalized, looted, and burned. The patriots controlled public discourse. Woe to the citizen who publicly proclaimed sympathy to Britain.

Families were sometimes divided over the revolution. Benjamin Franklin's son, William, a Loyalist governor of New Jersey, supported the British effort during the war.

15. What was the Sons of Liberty? see above

16. Describe the role of each of the following leading up to the American Revolution:

Person Role in Conflicts Leading Up to WarJohn Locke Two Treasties of Government

King George II The King of England that largely ignored the issues and request of the colonists

Thomas Paine --Author of Common Sense-challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.--he published Common Sense, the first pamphlet to advocate American independence. It outlined ideas that would remain central to Paine’s thought: the superiority of republican government over a monarchical system, equality of rights among all citizens

George Washington First Commander of the militia in the colonies

Samuel Adams Leading Patriot and Leader of the Sons of Liberty

Benjamin Franklin Albany Plan of the UnionOne of the authors of the Declaration of IndependenceBenjamin Franklin first propose American representation in British Parliament

Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence

17. What does the phrase “Join or Die” refer to? The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of

the colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. At the time, there was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the pieces were put together before sunset.

18. In what ways did the colonists try to avoid war? Sent many request to Great Britain for their voices to be heard

19. What was the main idea of the Declaration of Independence? They are letting everyone know their intentions on splitting from Great Britain

20. When was war with Great Britain declared? July 4

Goal Three Review

1. What was Pontiac’s Rebellion? How did that contribute to the American Revolution?

After the French and Indian War, Chief Pontiac leads a raid against the British. In order to avoid any further fighting, the British sign the Proclamation of 1763 with the Native Americans. The colonists hate this agreement because it prevents their expansion, aka their livelihood.

2. Fill in the chart below: Advantages Disadvantages

Colonists Leadership Passion Defensive War Colonizing were self-

sustaining

Badly organized Not Unified Sectional jealousy Inflation

British Population Navy Soldiers: Trained

soldiers, hired soldiers (Hessians), and Loyalists

Wealth

Ireland Generals aren’t very

good France supports the

colonies Internal division Distance

3. Describe how each of the following contributed to the American Revolutiono George Washington

oNamed commander of the colonial military at the Second Continental Congress

oStrong patriot who supported independenceoKnown for his famous crossing of the Delaware River after the Battle of

Trentono Baron von Steuben

oPrussian drillmasteroTrained American troops at Valley ForgeoWrote Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the

United States which served as the U.S. war manual through the War of 1812.

o Marquis de LafayetteoProvided key leadership for the colonial militaryoFrench

oReturned home and helped the French fight for democracy during the French Revolution

o Lord CornwallisoLeader of British troops during the American Revolution oFamous surrender at Yorktown led to colonial victory in the

Revolutionary Waro Benedict Arnold

oOne of the best colonial generalso In 1780, he turned traitor and plotted the surrender of West Point to

the British for $6,300 and an officer’s commission.o Benjamin Franklin

oFirst to suggest colonial unification with the Albany Plan of UnionoHelped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783oAdvocates for a strong central government that can provide protection

and safety.o Richard Henry Lee

oUrged Virginians to declare their independenceoA lot of his ideas are used in the Declaration of Independence

o John Paul JonesoConsidered the Father of the U.S. NavyoHe fought outnumbered against the British and won

4. Fill in the chart below: Battle/Event Date Key Facts

Lexington and Concord

April 1775 “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” British surprise the unprepared

minutemen at Lexington, but the colonists are ready at Concord

One the fighting is over, the British know the colonists are ready for war

British are forced to retreatBunker Hill June 1775 The colonial minutemen killed

many British as they tried to attack them

Finally the minutemen are forced to surrender when they ran out of supplies

Trenton December 1776

Washington was able to escape after the American defeat and retreat at the Battle of Long Island across the Delaware River.

Washington crosses back over the Delaware and surprised the Redcoats here on Christmas capturing over a thousand

Valley Forge Winter of 1777

Washington’s men were cold, frostbitten, and starving

Baron von Steuben helped drill Washington’s army in tactics, battle formations, and discipline while they were in winter quarters here

Saratoga October 1777

Britain is forced to surrender American victory here was the

turning point in the war because after this battle, the French decided to help the colonists which proved to be invaluable

Yorktown October 1781

British were forced to surrender Song “The World Turned Upside

Down” played by the British as they surrendered. Their world had been turned upside down by their defeat.

Symbolized the end of the war and an American victory

War actually continued for another year and a half.

5. What was the official beginning of the American Revolution? The Declaration of the Independence being signed: July 4th, 1776

6. What was the end of the American Revolution? The Treaty of Paris, 1783

7. How was the Enlightenment related to the American Revolution? Who were some of the key figures?

The Enlightenment was a time period that emphasized gaining of knowledge and not solely relying upon religion. Some of the key writers from this time period spoke about the role of government and the rights of man.

The figures that most influenced the American Revolution were: John Locke, Thomas Paine, and Jean Jacques Rousseau

8. What song played after the Battle of Yorktown? The World Turned Upside Down

9. What are two ways the American Revolution changed Europe? Many Europeans began thinking about gaining more freedoms from their

government (French Revolution) Many Europeans began moving away from the idea of colonization

10. Who were the Americans sent to Europe as delegates to end the Revolution? John Adams Benjamin Franklin John Jay

11. Fill in the chart belowWeakness of Articles Rationale for Weakness Problems Weakness

Causes

No President Didn’t want to have another tyrant like King George III

No one to enforce the laws

No Federal Court System Felt as though the British were not treating them fairly by transporting them back to Britain for their trials. Felt as though trials only by the state would be fairer.

There was no one to settle disputes between states

No Power to Tax Hated all the taxes leading up to the Revolutionary War

The government had no money to do anything

No Power to Regulate Trade

No state wanted to give up their right to control their own trade after they got away from mercantilism by the British

States did not really trade very well with one another since they all had their own money system so the national economy suffered.

No Power to Raise a Military

The Quartering Act left many Americans sensitive to the idea of a national military.

Made the national government’s power to declare war pointless since they had no troops to do so. It also created a completely disorganized military of donated troops to protect the colonies.

Congress: Unicameral1 vote/state

Unanimous for amendments2/3 for laws

States wanted to maintain most of the power for themselves and not have a national government that would be making a lot of laws.

The national government was basically ineffectual and could do nothing

12. What was the Annapolis Convention? Meeting planned to fix the Articles of Confederation in regards to Shays’

Rebellion and trade problems. Only 5 states were represented so they decided to meet the next year in

Philadelphia13. What was established by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

The process by which territories would become states The one and only success of the Articles of Confederation

14. What was Shays’ Rebellion? How did it impact American government? Daniel Shays was a farmer upset over taxes so he and a group of 1200 men led

a rebellion against the government of Massachusetts. It went on for over a year and with hundreds of thousands of dollars of damage done to government property and people dying. It proved the government set up under the Articles

of Confederation was too weak and led to the meeting in Annapolis and later Philadelphia where the writing of the Constitution took place.

15. What was the initial purpose of what we now know as the “Constitutional Convention?” Where was it located? The initial purpose was to reform the Articles of Confederation. It took place in Philadephia, Pennsylvania. Because they were only supposed to reform the Articles, the Anti-Federalists

said the delegates did not have the power to write a new government.16. Who is considered to be the Father of the Constitution? Why?

James Madison because he took the best notes of the meeting letting us know what happened there. He also was probably one of the most skilled, legal minds present.

17. Who was president of the Constitutional Convention? George Washington

18. What were the 3 compromises made during the Constitutional Convention? What did each say? The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise): This took the New Jersey

Plan and the Virginia Plan and combined them. It said that Congress would be bicameral (2 houses) and one house, the Senate, would have equal representation for each state and the other house, the House of Representatives, representation would depend on the size of a state’s population

The 3/5 Compromise: This decided that states could include in their overall total population, 3/5 of their slave population.

The Slave Trade Compromise: This decided that the national government could not outlaw the TransAtlantic slave trade until at least 1807, but that the government could tax $10 per slave brought into the U.S.

19. What were the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan? What eventually solved the dispute? Virginia Plan: Representation in government should be based on population

(Virginia was the most populous state in the U.S.) New Jersey Plan: Representation in government should be equal for all states. Solved with the Great Compromise (Also known as the Connecticut

Compromise)20. What did the Federalists want? Who were some authors of the Federalist

Papers? They wanted to ratify the Constitution because they believed in a stronger

national government. Some of the authors were: Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

21. What did the Anti-Federalists what? Who were some authors of the Anti-Federalist Papers? The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution because they felt as

though it gave the national government too much power. Some of the authors were Patrick Henry and George Mason.

22. What did the Federalists finally give to the Anti-Federalists to make them go along with the Constitution? Bill of Rights- Father of the Bill of Rights was George Mason

23. What is the difference between strict and loose interpretation of the Constitution? Strict: the government can only do what is specifically written in the

Constitution. If it isn’t mentioned, the national government does not have that power.

Loose: the powers of the government can be stretched to meet the needs of the nation through the elastic clause.

24. Who is known as the “Father of the Bill of Rights?” Why? George Mason because he negotiates with the Federalists to get a Bill of Rights

included in the Constitution25. What does the phrase “checks and balances” mean? Why were Americans

so insistent on including these in the new government? It meant that no one branch of government could get too much power. America wanted to make sure that one person or branch could not become

tyrannical. 26. How does the Electoral College help prove that America was not truly a

democracy? The Electors for each state do NOT have to vote the way of the voters from that

state. They have the freedom to vote for whomever. This was a fail-safe added to make some reassured that the “common” people in society would not ruin the government with their votes.

27. What was the first capital of the United States? New York City

28. What was the second capital of the United States? Philadelphia

29. What was the first state to ratify the Constitution? What was the last? Delaware was the first Rhode Island was the last

30. What was the official date of the Constitution government beginning? What happened on that date to make it official? Which states had not yet ratified the Constitution on that date? June 21st, 1788 New Hampshire ratifies the Constitution as the 9th state which met the 2/3

requirement Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the

Constitution.

Goal 4 Review

1. How would the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 help the development of the United States?

These were the only 2 significant laws passed by the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Land Ordinance surveyed and divided the Northwest Territory into 36 mile sections. The Northwest Ordinance did the following for the Northwest Territory: abolished slavery, established a government, started the process for it to become a state, and stated that citizens living in the territory had the same rights as citizens of the states.

2. What was Shays’ Rebellion? How did the Rebellion point out the weaknesses of the government under the Articles of Confederation?

Shays’ Rebellion took place in 1786 after the American Revolution. Revolutionary War veterans were unhappy that they had not been paid bonuses they had been promised, and many were facing financial hardship after the war. The federal government did not have the power to deal with the rebellion, and so this event proved the weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation.

3. Why is the Elastic Clause an important power of Congress?The Elastic Clause (also known as the Necessary and Proper Clause) allows the federal government to exercise powers that aren’t specifically listed in the Constitution. This allows the federal government’s power to increase to fit different situations.

4. What is the difference between a strict and a loose interpretation of the Constitution?A strict interpretation means that you believe the federal government only has the power to do what is specifically written in the Constitution. A loose interpretation means that you believe the federal government should have the ability to stretch its power (Elastic Clause) to fit different situations – therefore increasing its power.

5. Who was the first president of the United States?George Washington was inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789.

6. Explain why Alexander Hamilton’s believed each of the following components were important for his Economic Plan:

Bank of the United States Hamilton wanted the federal government to have a place to keep the tax money it collected

Protective tariff Hamilton wanted this protective tariff in place to protect American made goods – he wanted to encourage people to buy American goods to make industries in the US more profitable

Assume states’ debts Hamilton wanted the federal government to assume the debts of the states (called assumption) in order to establish a line of credit – therefore foreign countries would be more willing to lend us money

7. What was the significance of Washington’s neutrality acts?Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 in response to the ongoing conflicts between Great Britain and France. He did not want the US to enter on either side because he felt that the US was a new country and was therefore too weak and unprepared to fight against either Britain or France.

8. What was the Whiskey Rebellion? How was it handled? Why was it important for establishing federal power in the new nation?

The Whiskey Rebellion was a rebellion led by farmers in Pennsylvania. They were rebelling due to the excise tax that had been place on whiskey by Hamilton’s Economic Plan. President Washington dealt with this event by personally leading troops into Pennsylvania to suppress the rebellion. This event showed the power of the federal government, and proved that it would enforce the laws that it passed.

9. What was the significance of Jay’s Treaty?Jay’s Treaty was a treaty signed between the US and Great Britain in 1794. This treaty resolved some issues over fur trading west of the Mississippi River, but the importance of it lies in the American public’s reaction to the treaty. The majority of American citizens overwhelmingly disagreed with this treaty because they saw it as an alliance with Great Britain. It also angered France because we had promised to stay neutral, and now they believed that we were choosing sides – France begins to harass our merchant ships and interrupt our trade.

10. How many terms in office did Washington serve and what advice did he give the nation in his farewell address?Washington served 2 terms as president (8 years). He was not required by the Constitution to step down, but he believed it was the right time to do so, and he was tired of the growing disputes and arguments between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. As he left office, he gave a speech known as “Washington’s Farewell Address.” In this speech he warns against 3 things: alliances with foreign countries, the formation of political parties, and sectionalism (favoring the interests of your particular region over the interests of the country as a whole).

11. What were the first two political parties to develop during Washington’s administration? What types of people joined each party?

The two political parties that developed were the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton, and those who joined this party tended to be wealthy, bankers, merchants, landowners, etc. The Democratic-Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson, and those who joined this party tended to be farmers, tradesmen, artisans, etc.

12. What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the US Supreme Court (with a Chief Justice & 5 associate justices), as well as the system of lower federal courts we still have in place to this day.

13. What was the XYZ Affair and why did almost cause a war between the United States and France?The XYZ Affair came about as a result of Jay’s Treaty. France was still upset about the US signing Jay’s Treaty with Britain and continued to harass our merchant ships. President John Adams sent a peace delegation to France to try and resolve this issue. When they arrive they are told they must pay a bribe just to speak with the French officials. This is the XYZ Affair, and it led to outrage across the US, as well as to the beginning of the undeclared naval war between the US & France called the Quasi-War.

14. How were the Alien and Sedition Acts an attempt to silence Republican opposition?With the Quasi-War going on many Federalists feared the influence of newspapers, and individuals, that spoke out against the government’s actions. They believed that it would be harmful to protecting US interests, and so they passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws silenced Republican opposition by requiring immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming American citizens (most immigrants tended to support the Democratic-Republicans). These laws also made it illegal to speak out / criticize the government’s policies and actions.

15. What did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison write in retaliation to the Alien and Sedition Acts? Jefferson and Madison write the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions in response to the Alien & Sedition Acts.

16. What theory did the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions introduce to American politics? These writings proposed the theory of nullification. This meant that they believed the states should be able to declare federal laws unconstitutional (cancel them out) if they disagreed with them.

17. Why was the Election of 1800 a “revolution?”The Election of 1800 is also referred to as the “Revolution of 1800” because it was the first time that political power was peacefully transferred from one party to another – from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

18. What was Jefferson’s goal as president?Jefferson campaigned on the promise to shrink and limit the power of the federal government. He believed that “the government which governs least governs best.” He also wanted to reverse many of the policies the Federalists had put in place.However, once he became president he ended up increasing the power of the federal government, and keeping many of the Federalist’s policies in place.

19. What was the Judiciary Act of 1801?The Judiciary Act of 1801 was the last law signed by President Adams before he left office. It increased the number of federal judge positions, which Adams filled with Federalists (to try and increase the power of the Federalists in the court system).

20. What was the significance of the court case Marbury v. Madison?This court case was heard by the US Supreme Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice. The significance of this case was that the Supreme Court gained the power of judicial review – they were able to rule on whether or not laws were constitutional.

21. What was the significance of the Marshall court?The Marshall court refers to the time period where John Marshall was Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court. The decisions made by the court during this time tended to increase the power of the federal government.

22. Why did Jefferson have a problem with buying the Louisiana Territory?

Jefferson followed a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and since the Constitution did not specifically give the president the power to buy land he was unsure on whether he should go through with it. But, eventually he deemed it was necessary to buy for the good of the country.

23. Why did the US want the Louisiana territory?The US wanted to buy the Louisiana territory from France because they wanted to control the majority of the North American continent. They did not want a large piece of land controlled by France just to the west of the US.

24. Who explored the Louisiana territory and what did they find?Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were given the task of exploring the Louisiana territory by President Jefferson. They found new Native American tribes, new plants and animals, and they mapped the route they took to get to the Pacific coast.

25. Why did Jefferson pass the Embargo Act of 1807? How did it affect the US?Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807 because he wanted to try and punish the European countries who were practicing impressment. This law cut off trade with ALL foreign countries. The US economy greatly suffered from this law, and it was repealed 2 years later.

26. How did the following help lead the War of 1812?a. Impressment- impressment was the practice of, mainly, the British boarding American ships and forcing

American sailors to work on British ships. b. Chesapeake incident- this was a specific incident of impressment directly off the coast of the US. This event,

and impressment in general, led President Jefferson to sign the Embargo Act.

c. War Hawks- this was a group of congressmen from the South and the West who wanted to go to war with Britain in the 1810’s. They felt that the US had to go to war in order to establish ourselves as a sovereign, independent country. The War Hawks were led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky.

d. Indian resistance- Native Americans were tired of the US taking more and more of their land. They began to organize a coalition of tribes that sided with the British, received guns and ammunition from the British, and fought against the US in the War of 1812. They were led by the Shawnee chief Tecumseh.

27. What was the nickname for the War of 1812? Why?The nickname for the War of 1812 was “Mr. Madison’s War.” This was a nickname given to it by the Federalist Party. They did not agree with the US fighting against Britain because the majority of Federalists depended on trade with Britain to make money. Some also gave the War of 1812 the nickname “The Second War for American Independence.” This is due to the fact that we were once again fighting Britain to establish ourselves as a sovereign and independent nation.

28. Who was Francis Scott Key and how was he related to the War of 1812?Francis Scott Key wrote the US’ national anthem, the Star-Spangled Banner, after witnessing the Battle of Fort McHenry.

29. What was the most significant battle of the war? Why? Who became a national hero?The most significant battle of the War of 1812 took place after the peace treaty had already been signed – the Battle of New Orleans. This was an overwhelming victory for the US, which led to a large increase in nationalism across the country. Andrew Jackson led the US troops during this battle and became a national hero after the war ended.

30. Who fought in the War of 1812? Who won?The War of 1812 involved the US and Great Britain. The US did not win this war due to the fact that we were beaten and outmatched, in most cases, on land and at sea.

31. What treaty was signed to end the war?

The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did not settle the biggest issue that started the war (impressment), and returned boundaries to the way they were before the war began – neither side really gained or lost anything (other than soldiers).

32. When did the United States experience its’ first economic depression?The US experienced its first economic depression after the War of 1812 ended. It was called the Panic of 1819.

33. What was the Missouri Compromise? Why was this compromise significant to the coming of the Civil War in 1861?

The Missouri Compromise was a political agreement between the Northern and Southern states that divided the country between those states that would allow slavery, and those states that did not allow slavery. It also set rules for states that would join the US in the future – any state above the 36’30’ line of latitude would be a “free state” (did not allow slavery) and any state below that line would be a “slave state” (did allow slavery). This would begin the division of the country between North and South, and would be one of the factors that contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.