New Indications for Brainsway – Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – PART 1

1. Pain syndromes:

In the United States, chronic pain and fatigue are extremely prevalent in the general

population,[60, 73, 74] especially among women and persons of lower socioeconomic

status. The prevalence of regional pain is 20%; widespread pain, 11%; and chronic

fatigue, approximately 20%. See the Israeli review by Treister R et al1

1.1. FIBROMYALGIA:

Fibromyalgia is a disorder of chronic, widespread pain and tenderness. It

typically presents in young or middle-aged women but can affect patients of

either sex and at any age.

Fibromyalgia, as defined by the 1990 American College of Rheumatology

(ACR) classification criteria,[10] has a prevalence of 3-5% in females and 0.5-

1.6% in males. Because the ACR criteria are insensitive, the actual

prevalence offibromyalgia is higher, particularly in men.

Fibromyalgia is the second most common disorder that rheumatologists

encounter, seen in 15% of evaluated patients. Approximately 8% of patients

cared for in primary care clinics have fibromyalgia.

The annual economic burden of fibromyalgia in 2005 was $10,199 per patient

per year, nearly double that of matched controls. [75] It has been estimated that

overall,fibromyalgia costs the US economy over $9 billion annually.[76]

TMS:

Maestú C, Blanco M, Nevado A, Romero J, Rodríguez-Rubio P, Galindo

J, Bautista Lorite J, de Las Morenas F, Fernández-Argüelles P. Reduction of pain thresholds in fibromyalgia after very low-intensity magnetic stimulation: A double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain Res Manag. 2013 Nov-Dec;18(6):e101-6.

Tzabazis A, Aparici CM, Rowbotham MC, Schneider MB, Etkin A, Yeomans

DC.Mol Shaped   magnetic   field pulses by multi-coil repetitive   transcranial magnetic stimulation   (rTMS) differentially modulate anterior cingulate cortex responses and pain in volunteers andfibromyalgia   patients. Pain.  2013 Jul 2;9(1):33. [Epub ahead of print]

Lee SJ, Kim DY, Chun MH, Kim YG. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on fibromyalgia: a randomized sham-controlled trial with 1-mo follow-up. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Dec;91(12):1077-

85. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182745a04.

Short EB, Borckardt JJ, Anderson BS, Frohman H, Beam W, Reeves

ST, George MS. Ten sessions of adjunctive left prefrontal rTMS significantly reduces fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pain. 2011 Nov;152(11):2477-84. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.033.

Epub 2011 Jul 20.

Mhalla A, Baudic S, Ciampi de Andrade D, Gautron M, Perrot S, Teixeira

MJ, Attal N, Bouhassira D. Long-term maintenance of the analgesic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation infibromyalgia. Pain. 2011

Jul;152(7):1478-85. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.034. Epub 2011 Mar 11.

Carretero B, Martín MJ, Juan A, Pradana ML, Martín B, Carral M, Jimeno

T, Pareja A, Montoya P, Aguirre I, Salva J, Roca M, Gili M,Garcia-Toro M.

Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia and major depression. Pain Med. 2009 May-

Jun;10(4):748-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00625.x. Epub 2009 May 4.

Sampson SM, Rome JD, Rummans TA. Slow-frequency rTMS reduces fibromyalgia pain. Pain Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):115-8.

1.2. CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME

Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is a common problem that presents a major

challenge to health-care providers because of its complex natural history,

unclear etiology, and poor response to therapy. CPS is a poorly defined

condition. Most authors consider ongoing pain lasting longer than 6 months

as diagnostic, and others have used 3 months as the minimum criterion.

In chronic pain, the duration parameter is used arbitrarily. Some authors

suggest that any pain that persists longer than the reasonably expected

healing time for the involved tissues should be considered chronic pain. CPS

is a constellation of syndromes that usually do not respond to the medical

model of care.

Approximately 35% of Americans have some element of chronic pain,and

approximately 50 million Americans are disabled partially or totally due

to chronic pain. Major effects on the patient's life are depressed mood,

fatigue, reduced activity, excessive use of drugs, dependent behavior,

disability, and in some cases suicidal thoughts/actions.

Parental chronic pain increases the risk of internalizing symptoms, including

anxiety and depression in adolescents. 77 

TMS:

Lefaucheur JP. Is rTMS a therapeutic option in chronic pain syndrome? Insights from the treatment offibromyalgia. Pain. 2011 Jul;152(7):1447-8.

doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.004. Epub 2011 Mar 29.Ahdab R, Ayache SS, Brugières P, Goujon C, Lefaucheur JP.

Comparison of "standard" and "navigated" procedures of TMS coil positioning over motor, premotor and prefrontal targets in patients with chronic pain and depression. Neurophysiol Clin. 2010 Mar;40(1):27-36.

doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2010.01.001. Epub 2010 Jan 22.

1.3. NEUROPATHIC PAIN (TRIGIMINAL NEURALGIA, DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN)Neuropathic pain (NP) develops as a consequence of a lesion or disease

affecting the somatosensory pathways in the peripheral or central nervous

system, and occurs in many neurological diseases (eg, peripheral

neuropathy, radiculopathy, spinal cord injury, stroke and multiple sclerosis). It

affects 6%–8% of the general population and its impact on quality of life,

mood and sleep exceeds the burden of its causative pathology. A peculiar

feature of NP is the coexistence of negative and positive symptoms and

signs, reflecting loss-of-function and gain-of-function of the somatosensory

system, respectively. NP has long been considered a difficult clinical issue

because of the lack of a diagnostic gold standard and the unsatisfactory

response to treatment 78. 

TMS:

Saitoh Y, Maruo T, Yokoe M, Matsuzaki T, Sekino M. Electrical or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for intractableneuropathic pain. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol

Soc. 2013;2013:6163-6. Doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610960.

Hosomi K, Shimokawa T, Ikoma K, Nakamura Y, Sugiyama K, Ugawa

Y, Uozumi T, Yamamoto T, Saitoh Y. Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex for neuropathic pain: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover, sham-controlled trial. Pain. 2013

Jul;154(7):1065-72. Doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.016. Epub 2013 Mar 15.

Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS, Sorel M, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Ciampi de

Andrade D, Ahdab R, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Brugières P,Goujon C.

Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: influence of theta

burst stimulation priming. Eur J Pain. 2012 Nov;16(10):1403-13. Doi:

10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00150.x. Epub 2012 Apr 16.

Sampson SM, Kung S, McAlpine DE, Sandroni P. The use of slow-frequency prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in refractory neuropathic pain. J ECT. 2011 Mar;27(1):33-7. Doi:

10.1097/YCT.0b013e31820c6270.

Lefaucheur JP, Jarry G, Drouot X, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Keravel Y, Nguyen

JP.

Motor cortex Rtms reduces acute pain provoked by laser stimulation in patients with chronicneuropathic pain. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010

Jun;121(6):895-901. Doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.12.028. Epub 2010 Jan 25.

Borckardt JJ, Smith AR, Reeves ST, Madan A, Shelley N, Branham R, Nahas

Z, George MS. A pilot study investigating the effects of fast left prefrontal Rtms on chronic neuropathic pain. Pain   Med.  2009 Jul-

Aug;10(5):840-9. Doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00657.x. Epub 2009 Jul 6.

André-Obadia N, Mertens P, Gueguen A, Peyron R, Garcia-Larrea L.

Pain relief by Rtms: differential effect of current flow but no specific action on pain subtypes. Neurology. 2008 Sep 9;71(11):833-40. Doi:

10.1212/01.wnl.0000325481.61471.f0.

Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP.

Motor cortex Rtms in chronic neuropathic pain: pain relief is associated with thermal sensory perception improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg

Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;79(9):1044-9. Doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.135327. Epub

2008 Jan 25.

Khedr EM, Kotb H, Kamel NF, Ahmed MA, Sadek R, Rothwell JC.

Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J

Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;76(6):833-8.

Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Nguyen JP.

Neuropathic pain controlled for more than a year by monthly sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurophysiol Clin. 2004 Apr;34(2):91-5.

Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Menard-Lefaucheur I, Zerah F, Bendib B, Cesaro

P, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP.Neurogenic pain relief by repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Cortical Stimulation depends on the origin and the site of pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;75(4):612-6.

1.4. PHANTOM PAIN:

A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb (even an

organ, like the appendix) is still attached to the body and is moving

appropriately with other body parts.[79][80][81] Approximately 60 to 80% of

individuals with an amputation experience phantom sensations in their

amputated limb, and the majority of the sensations are pain ful .[82] Phantom

sensations may also occur after the removal of body parts other than

the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth

(phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom   eye syndrome ). The

missing limb often feels shorter and may feel as if it is in a distorted

and painful position. Occasionally, the pain can be made worse

by stress, anxiety, and weather changes. Phantom limb pain is usually

intermittent. The frequency and intensity of attacks usually declines with time.[83]

TMS:

Ahmed MA, Mohamed SA, Sayed D. Long-term antalgic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and serum beta-endorphin in patients with phantom pain. Neurol Res. 2011

Nov;33(9):953-8. doi: 10.1179/1743132811Y.0000000045.

Di Rollo A, Pallanti S. Phantom limb pain: low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in unaffected hemisphere. Case Rep Med. 2011;2011:130751. doi: 10.1155/2011/130751. Epub 2011

May 11.

Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;114(8):1521-30. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex transiently ameliorates phantom limb pain-like syndrome.

Töpper R, Foltys H, Meister IG, Sparing R, Boroojerdi B.

1.5. POST SPINAL CORD INJURY PAIN AND DISABILITY:

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change,

either temporary or permanent, in the cord’s normal motor, sensory, or

autonomic function. Patients with spinal cord injury usually have permanent

and often devastating neurologic deficits and disability.

The incidence of spinal cord injury in the United States is approximately 40

cases per million population, or about 12,000 patients, per year based on

data in the National Spinal Cord Injury database.[84] However, this estimate is

based on older data from the 1990s as there has not been any new overall

incidence studies completed.[84] Estimates from various studies suggest that

the number of people in the United States alive in 2010

with spinal cord injury was about 265,000 persons (range, 232,000-316,000).[84]

Studies have found that patients with spinal cord injury who suffer from pain

have less life satisfaction than do patients in whom pain is well controlled;

this may also affect the patients' general outlook on life.[85, 86]

TMS:

Pain:

Jetté F, Côté I, Meziane HB, Mercier C. Effect of single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the hand versus leg motor area on pain after spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil

Neural Repair. 2013 Sep;27(7):636-43. doi: 10.1177/1545968313484810.

Epub 2013 Apr 11.

Kim JY, Choi GS, Cho YW, Cho H, Hwang SJ, Ahn SH. Attenuation of spinal cord injury-induced astroglial and microglial activation by repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation in rats. J Korean Med

Sci. 2013 Feb;28(2):295-9. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.295. Epub 2013 Jan

29.

Kang BS, Shin HI, Bang MS. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the hand motor cortical area on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Oct;90(10):1766-71.

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.04.008.

Defrin R, Grunhaus L, Zamir D, Zeilig G. The effect of a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations of the motor cortex on central pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007

Dec;88(12):1574-80.

Disability:

Kumru H, Benito J, Murillo N, Valls-Sole J, Valles M, Lopez-Blazquez

R, Costa U, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone A, Vidal J. Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor and gait improvement in incomplete spinal cord injury patients. Neurorehabil

Neural Repair. 2013 Jun;27(5):421-9. doi: 10.1177/1545968312471901. Epub

2013 Jan 15.

Benito J, Kumru H, Murillo N, Costa U, Medina J, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone

A, Vidal J. Motor and gait improvement in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury induced by high-frequency repetitive transcranial

magnetic stimulation. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012 Spring;18(2):106-

12. doi: 10.1310/sci1802-106.

Kuppuswamy A, Balasubramaniam AV, Maksimovic R, Mathias CJ, Gall

A, Craggs MD, Ellaway PH. Action of 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on sensory, motor and autonomic function in human spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Dec;122(12):2452-61.

doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.022. Epub 2011 May 19.

Kumru H, Murillo N, Samso JV, Valls-Sole J, Edwards D, Pelayo R, Valero-

Cabre A, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone A. Reduction of spasticity with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010 Jun;24(5):435-41. doi:

10.1177/1545968309356095. Epub 2010 Jan 6.

Benito Penalva J, Opisso E, Medina J, Corrons M, Kumru H, Vidal J, Valls-

Solé J.

H reflex modulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation in spinal cord injury subjects after gait training with electromechanical systems. Spinal   Cord.  2010 May;48(5):400-6. doi: 10.1038/sc.2009.151. Epub 2009

Nov 24.

Belci M, Catley M, Husain M, Frankel HL, Davey NJ. Magnetic Brain stimulation can improve clinical outcome in incomplete spinal cord injured patients. Spinal   Cord.  2004 Jul;42(7):417-9.

Poirrier AL, Nyssen Y, Scholtes F, Multon S, Rinkin C, Weber G, Bouhy

D, Brook G, Franzen R, Schoenen J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves open field locomotor recovery after low but not high thoracic spinal cord compression-injury in adult rats. J Neurosci

Res. 2004 Jan 15;75(2):253-61.

1.6. COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME (CRPS):

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or "causalgia", reflex neurovascular dystrophy (RND),

or amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome (AMPS), is a chronic

systemic disease characterized by severe pain, swelling, and changes in the

skin. CRPS is expected to worsen over time. It often initially affects an arm or

a leg and often spreads throughout the body; 92% of patients state that they

have experienced a spread, and 35% of patients report symptoms in their

whole body. Recent evidence has led to the conclusion

that ComplexRegional Pain Syndrome is a multifactorial disorder with clinical

features of neurogenic inflammation, nociceptive sensitisation (which causes

extreme sensitivity or allodynia),vasomotor dysfunction, and

maladaptive neuroplasticity, generated by an aberrant response to tissue

injury. Treatment is complicated, involving drugs, physical therapy,

psychologic treatments, and neuromodulation and usually unsatisfactory,

especially if begun late.

A population-based study by Sandroni et al showed an incidence of

approximately 5.5 per 100,000 person-years at risk and a prevalence of about

21 per 100,000 for CRPS type I.[87] The same study showed an incidence of

0.8 per 100,000 and a prevalence of about 4 per 100,000 for CRPS type II.[87] Therefore, the incidence of CRPS type I is higher than that of CRPS type

II.[87] The reported incidence of CRPS type I is 1-2% after various fractures [88],

while that of CRPS type II approximates 1-5% after peripheral nerve injury [88,

89] . The incidence of CRPS is 12% after a brain injury [90]   and 5% after

a myocardial infarction [91]   .

TMS:

Picarelli H, Teixeira MJ, de Andrade DC, Myczkowski ML, Luvisotto TB, Yeng

LT, Fonoff ET, Pridmore S, Marcolin MA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is efficacious as an add-on to pharmacological therapy in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I. J Pain. 2010

Nov;11(11):1203-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.006. Epub 2010 Apr 28.

Pleger B, Janssen F, Schwenkreis P, Völker B, Maier C, Tegenthoff M.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex attenuates pain perception in complex regional pain syndrome type I. Neurosci Lett. 2004 Feb 12;356(2):87-90.

1.7. MIGRAINE: (May consider research on variants like Abdominal migraine, Cyclic vomiting et)

Migraine is a complex disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of

headache, most often unilateral and in some cases associated with visual or

sensory symptoms—collectively known as an aura—that arise most often

before the head pain but that may occur during or afterward. Migraine is most

common in women and has a strong genetic component.

Migraine is a disorder affecting more than 13% of the general population in

the United States. In the United States, more than 30 million people have 1 or

more migraine headaches per year. This corresponds to approximately 18%

of females and 6% of males.[92] Migraine accounts for 64% of severe

headaches in females and 43% of severe headaches in males.

The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in

the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the

form of reduced work productivity.

TMS:

Neurol Res. 2012 Jul;34(6):547-51. doi: 10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000045.

Epub 2012 Jun 20.

High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in migraineprophylaxis: an open labeled study.

Misra UK, Kalita J, Bhoi SK.

Lancet Neurol. 2010 Apr;9(4):373-80. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70054-5.

Epub 2010 Mar 4.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation for acute treatment of migraine with aura: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, sham-controlled trial.

Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Aurora SK, Pearlman

SH, Fischell RE, Ruppel PL, Goadsby PJ.

Cephalalgia. 2010 Feb;30(2):137-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01911.x.

Low-frequency rTMS of the vertex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine.

Teepker M, Hötzel J, Timmesfeld N, Reis J, Mylius V, Haag A, Oertel

WH, Rosenow F, Schepelmann K.

CNS Spectr. 2007 Dec;12(12):921-5.

Unexpected reduction in migraine and psychogenic headaches following rTMS treatment for major depression: a report of two cases.

O'Reardon JP, Fontecha JF, Cristancho MA, Newman S.

J Headache Pain. 2006 Oct;7(5):341-6. Epub 2006 Oct 25.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation for migraine: clinical effects.

Clarke BM, Upton AR, Kamath MV, Al-Harbi T, Castellanos CM.

2. TINNITUS:

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the head or the ears. The term tinnitus

derives from the Latin word tinnire, meaning to ring. Typically, an individual

perceives the sound in the absence of outside sounds, and the perception is

unrelated to any external source. Sound that only the patient hears is

subjective tinnitus, while sound that others can hear as well is called

objective tinnitus. Estimates of patients with tinnitus range from 10-15% of

the population (30-40 million people). 

TMS:

Bilici S, Yigit O, Taskin U, Gor AP, Yilmaz ED. Medium-term results of combined treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation and antidepressant drug for chronic tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013

Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]

Hoekstra CE, Versnel H, Neggers SF, Niesten ME, van Zanten GA. Bilateral low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the auditory cortex intinnitus patients is not effective: a randomised controlled trial. Audiol Neurootol. 2013;18(6):362-73. doi:

10.1159/000354977. Epub 2013 Oct 19.

Lehner A, Schecklmann M, Kreuzer PM, Poeppl TB, Rupprecht R, Langguth

B. Comparing single-site with multisite rTMS for the treatment of chronic tinnitus - clinical effects and neuroscientific insights: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013 Aug 23;14:269. doi:

10.1186/1745-6215-14-269.

Forogh B, Yazdi-Bahri SM, Ahadi T, Fereshtehnejad SM, Raissi GR.

Comparison of two protocols of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of chronictinnitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial of burst repetitive versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]

Lee HY, Yoo SD, Ryu EW, Byun JY, Yeo SG, Park MS. Short term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with catastrophic intractable tinnitus: preliminary report. Clin Exp

Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Jun;6(2):63-7. doi: 10.3342/ceo.2013.6.2.63. Epub

2013 Jun 14.

Kim BG, Kim DY, Kim SK, Kim JM, Baek SH, Moon IS. Comparison of the outcomes of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the ipsilateral and contralateral auditory cortex in unilateral tinnitus. Electromagn Biol Med. 2013 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]

Piccirillo JF, Kallogjeri D, Nicklaus J, Wineland A, Spitznagel EL

Jr, Vlassenko AG, Benzinger T, Mathews J, Garcia KS. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the temporoparietal junction fortinnitus: four-week stimulation trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head

Neck Surg. 2013 Apr;139(4):388-95. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.233.

Barwood CH, Wilson WJ, Malicka AN, McPherson B, Lloyd D, Munt

K, Murdoch BE.The effect of rTMS on auditory processing in adults with chronic, bilateral tinnitus: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Brain

Stimul. 2013 Sep;6(5):752-9. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.015. Epub 2013 Feb

21.

Park S, Park HJ, Kyeong SH, Moon IS, Kim M, Kim HN, Choi JY. Combined rTMS to the auditory cortex and prefrontal cortex for tinnitus control in patients with depression: a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013

Jun;133(6):600-6. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2012.763181. Epub 2013 Feb 28.

Langguth B, Landgrebe M, Frank E, Schecklmann M, Sand PG, Vielsmeier

V, Hajak G, Kleinjung T. Efficacy of different protocols of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: Pooled analysis of two randomized controlled studies. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 22.

[Epub ahead of print]

Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Frank E, Langguth B. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus after traumatic brain injury: a case study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013 Sep-

Oct;28(5):386-9. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318254736e.

Plewnia C, Vonthein R, Wasserka B, Arfeller C, Naumann A, Schraven

SP, Plontke SK. Treatment of chronic tinnitus with θ burst stimulation: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2012 May 22;78(21):1628-34. doi:

10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182574ef9. Epub 2012 Apr 25.

Lehner A, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Kreuzer PM, Poeppl TB, Frank

E, Vielsmeier V, Kleinjung T, Rupprecht R, Langguth B. Predictors for rTMS response in chronic tinnitus. Front Syst Neurosci. 2012 Feb 23;6:11. doi:

10.3389/fnsys.2012.00011. eCollection 2012.

Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Schecklmann M, Poeppl TB, Vielsmeier V, Hajak

G, Kleinjung T, Langguth B. Can Temporal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation be Enhanced by Targeting Affective Components of Tinnitus with Frontal rTMS? A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Front Syst Neurosci. 2011 Nov 4;5:88. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00088.

eCollection 2011.

Burger J, Frank E, Kreuzer P, Kleinjung T, Vielsmeier V, Landgrebe M, Hajak

G, Langguth B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: 4-year follow-up in treatment responders--a retrospective analysis. Brain Stimul. 2011 Oct;4(4):222-7. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2010.11.003.

Epub 2010 Dec 28.

Chung HK, Tsai CH, Lin YC, Chen JM, Tsou YA, Wang CY, Lin CD, Jeng

FC, Chung JG, Tsai MH. Effectiveness of theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating chronic tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol. 2012;17(2):112-20. doi: 10.1159/000330882. Epub 2011

Mar 11.

Ting SK, Chan YM, Cheong PW, Wong M, Fook-Chong S, Lo YL. Short duration repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus treatment: a prospective Asian study. Clin Neurol

Neurosurg. 2011 Sep;113(7):556-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.03.015.

Epub 2011 Apr 20.

Piccirillo JF, Garcia KS, Nicklaus J, Pierce K, Burton H, Vlassenko

AG, Mintun M, Duddy D, Kallogjeri D, Spitznagel EL Jr. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the temporoparietal junction fortinnitus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011

Mar;137(3):221-8. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.3.

Minami SB, Shinden S, Okamoto Y, Watada Y, Watabe T, Oishi N, Kanzaki

S, Saito H, Inoue Y, Ogawa K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment of chronic tinnitus. Auris Nasus

Larynx. 2011 Jun;38(3):301-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.09.007. Epub 2010

Oct 23.

Anders M, Dvorakova J, Rathova L, Havrankova P, Pelcova P, Vaneckova

M, Jech R, Holcat M, Seidl Z, Raboch J. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of refractory chronictinnitus: a randomized, placebo controlled study. Neuro Endocrinol

Lett. 2010;31(2):238-49.

Khedr EM, Abo-Elfetoh N, Rothwell JC, El-Atar A, Sayed E, Khalifa H.

Contralateral versus ipsilateral rTMS of temporoparietal cortex for the treatment of chronic unilateral tinnitus: comparative study. Eur J

Neurol. 2010 Jul;17(7):976-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02965.x. Epub

2010 Mar 4.

Marcondes RA, Sanchez TG, Kii MA, Ono CR, Buchpiguel CA, Langguth

B, Marcolin MA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improve tinnitus in normal hearing patients: a double-blind controlled, clinical and neuroimaging outcome study. Eur J Neurol. 2010

Jan;17(1):38-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02730.x. Epub 2009 Jul 9.

Poreisz C, Paulus W, Moser T, Lang N. Does a single session of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of inferior temporal cortex affect tinnitus perception? BMC Neurosci. 2009 May 29;10:54. doi:

10.1186/1471-2202-10-54.

Soekadar SR, Arfeller C, Rilk A, Plontke SK, Plewnia C. Theta burst stimulation in the treatment of incapacitating tinnitus accompanied by severe depression. CNS

Spectr. 2009 Apr;14(4):208-11.

Khedr EM, Rothwell JC, El-Atar A. One-year follow up of patients with chronic tinnitus treated with left temporoparietal rTMS. Eur J

Neurol. 2009 Mar;16(3):404-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02522.x.

Mennemeier M, Chelette KC, Myhill J, Taylor-Cooke P, Bartel T, Triggs

W, Kimbrell T, Dornhoffer J. Maintenance repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can inhibit the return of tinnitus. Laryngoscope. 2008

Jul;118(7):1228-32. doi: 10.1097/MLG.0b013e318170f8ac.

Landgrebe M, Binder H, Koller M, Eberl Y, Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P, Graf

E, Hajak G, Langguth B. Design of a placebo-controlled, randomized study of the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic tinnitus. BMC Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 15;8:23. doi:

10.1186/1471-244X-8-23.

Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P, Landgrebe M, Sand P, Hajak G, Steffens

T, Strutz J, Langguth B. Combined temporal and prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus treatment: a pilot study. Otolaryngol

Head Neck Surg. 2008 Apr;138(4):497-501. doi:

10.1016/j.otohns.2007.12.022.

Lee SL, Abraham M, Cacace AT, Silver SM. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in veterans with debilitating tinnitus: a pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Mar;138(3):398-9. doi:

10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.035.

Khedr EM, Rothwell JC, Ahmed MA, El-Atar A. Effect of daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of tinnitus: comparison of different stimulus frequencies. J Neurol Neurosurg

Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;79(2):212-5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.127712.

Langguth B, Kleinjung T, Frank E, Landgrebe M, Sand P, Dvorakova J, Frick

U, Eichhammer P, Hajak G. High-frequency priming stimulation does not

enhance the effect of low-frequency rTMS in the treatment of tinnitus. Exp Brain Res. 2008 Feb;184(4):587-91. Epub 2007 Dec 7.

De Ridder D, van der Loo E, Van der Kelen K, Menovsky T, van de Heyning

P, Moller A. Theta, alpha and beta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation: brain modulation in tinnitus. Int J Med Sci. 2007 Oct

9;4(5):237-41.

Smith JA, Mennemeier M, Bartel T, Chelette KC, Kimbrell T, Triggs

W, Dornhoffer JL.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: a pilot study. Laryngoscope. 2007 Mar;117(3):529-

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Rossi S, De Capua A, Ulivelli M, Bartalini S, Falzarano V, Filippone

G, Passero S. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic tinnitus: a randomised, crossover, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;78(8):857-63.

Epub 2007 Feb 21.

Folmer RL, Carroll JR, Rahim A, Shi Y, Hal Martin W. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on chronic tinnitus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2006 Dec;(556):96-101.

Richter GT, Mennemeier M, Bartel T, Chelette KC, Kimbrell T, Triggs

W, Dornhoffer JL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: a case study. Laryngoscope. 2006

Oct;116(10):1867-72.

Plewnia C, Reimold M, Najib A, Reischl G, Plontke SK, Gerloff C. Moderate therapeutic efficacy of positron emission tomography-navigated repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation for chronic tinnitus: a randomised, controlled pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007

Feb;78(2):152-6. Epub 2006 Aug 4.

De Ridder D, Verstraeten E, Van der Kelen K, De Mulder G, Sunaert

S, Verlooy J, Van de Heyning P, Moller A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus: influence of tinnitus duration on stimulationparameter choice and maximal tinnitus suppression. Otol

Neurotol. 2005 Jul;26(4):616-9.

Kleinjung T, Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Jacob P, Marienhagen J, Hajak

G, Wolf SR, Strutz J. Long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with chronictinnitus. Otolaryngol

Head Neck Surg. 2005 Apr;132(4):566-9.

Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Marienhagen J, Kleinjung T, Hajak G.

Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with tinnitus: a short case series. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct 15;54(8):862-

5.

Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Wiegand R, Marienhegen J, Maenner P, Jacob

P, Hajak G. Neuronavigated rTMS in a patient with chronic tinnitus. Effects of 4 weeks treatment. Neuroreport. 2003 May 23;14(7):977-80.

3. CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder characterized by a state of

chronic fatigue that persists for more than 6 months, has no clear cause, and

is accompanied by cognitive difficulties. It was initially termed

encephalomyalgia (or myalgic encephalomyelitis) because British clinicians

noted that the essential clinical features of CFS included both an encephalitic

component (manifesting as cognitive difficulties) and a skeletal muscle

component (manifesting as chronic fatigue). 

A 2003 review states that studies have reported between 7 and 3,000 cases

of CFS for every 100,000 adults.[93] Ranjith reviewed the epidemiological

literature on CFS and suggested that the wide variance of

the prevalence estimates may be due to the different definitions of CFS in

use, the settings in which patients were selected, and the methodology used

to exclude study participants with possible alternative diagnoses.[94] The Centers for Disease Control reports that more than 1 million

Americans have CFS and approximately 80% of the cases are undiagnosed.[95] Approximately 250,000 people in the UK are affected with the illness

according to the National Health Service.[96]

Many people do not fully recover from CFS even with treatment.[97] Cognitive

behavioural therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy(GET) have shown

moderate effectiveness for many people in multiple randomized controlled

trials.[98][99][100][101] As many of the CBT and GET studies required visits to a

clinic, those severely affected may not have been included. [99] Two large

surveys of patients indicated that pacing is a helpful intervention, or is

considered useful by 82-96% of participants.[102][103] Medication plays a minor

role in management.[104] No intervention has been proven effective in

restoring the ability to work.[99]

TMS:

Only one article is Russian.

Sholomov II, Cherevashchenko LA, Bolotova NV, Manukian VY.

[Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the chronic fatigue syndrome]. Zh

Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2010;110(11 Pt 2):55-6.

The association of CFS and fibromyalgia is well known. It is reasonable that

TMS would be effective.

4. PERSISTANT SEXUAL AROUSAL SYNDROME

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD), originally called Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome (PSAS) and also known asRestless Genital Syndrome (ReGS or RGS), results in a spontaneous, persistent, and

uncontrollable genital arousal in women, with or without orgasm or genital

engorgement, unrelated to any feelings of sexual desire. It was first

documented by Dr. Sandra Leiblum in 2001,[105] . In 2004, PSAS was

recognized as a clinical entity by an International Definitions Committee [106].Leiblum subsequently renamed it as the persistent genital arousal

disorder (PGAD). PGAD had until recently been rarely reported [107] implying it

is a rare condition. However, a recent study of its prevalence in young women

would suggest that as many as 1% of young women have the full-blown

syndrome (L Garvey, personal communication) [108].

TMS:

No literature at all.

No specific treatment

5. MOVMENT DISORDERS

5.1. HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that

affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric

problems. It typically becomes noticeable in mid-adult life. HD is the most

common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements

called chorea, which is why the disease used to be calledHuntington's chorea.

It is much more common in people of Western European descent than in

those of Asian or African ancestry. The disease can affect both men and

women. The disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in either

of an individual's two copies of a gene calledHuntingtin, which means any

child of an affected person typically has a 50% chance of inheriting the

disease. Physical symptoms of Huntington's disease can begin at any age

from infancy to old age, but usually begin between 35 and 44 years of age.

Throughgenetic anticipation, the disease may develop earlier in life in each

successive generation. About 6% of cases start before the age of 21 years

with an akinetic-rigid syndrome; they progress faster and vary slightly. The

variant is classified as juvenile, akinetic-rigid orWestphal variant HD.

The late onset of Huntington's disease means it does not usually affect

reproduction.[109] The worldwide prevalence of HD is 5–10 cases per 100,000

persons,[110][111] but varies greatly geographically as a result of ethnicity, local

migration and past immigration patterns.[109]Prevalence is similar for men and

women.

There is no cure for HD, but there are treatments available to reduce the

severity of some of its symptoms.

TMS: Very few…

Shukla A, Jayarajan RN, Muralidharan K, Jain S.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation not beneficial in severe choreiform movements ofHuntington disease. J ECT. 2013 Jun;29(2):e16-7. doi:

10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182711dfc.

Túnez I, Drucker-Colín R, Jimena I, Medina FJ, Muñoz Mdel C, Peña

J, Montilla P.Transcranial magnetic stimulation attenuates cell loss and oxidative damage in the striatum induced in the 3-nitropropionic model of Huntington's disease. J Neurochem. 2006 May;97(3):619-30. Epub 2006

Mar 8.

Brusa L, Versace V, Koch G, Bernardi G, Iani C, Stanzione P, Centonze D.

Improvement of choreic movements by 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation inHuntington's disease patients. Ann Neurol. 2005

Oct;58(4):655-6.

5.2. RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME:

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED) or Wittmaack-Ekbom syndrome, is a neurological

disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop

uncomfortable or odd sensations. It most commonly affects the legs, but can

affect the arms, torso, head, and even phantom limbs. Moving the affected

body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief.

Claims about the prevalence of Willis-Ekbom Disease/restless legs syndrome

can be confusing because its severity and frequency varies enormously

between individual sufferers. WED/RLS affects an estimated 7% to 10% of

the general population in North America and Europe.[112][113][114] A minority of

sufferers (around 2.7% of the population) experience daily or severe

symptoms.[113] RLS is twice as common in women as in men,[115]

In about two thirds of RLS patients, the symptoms progress over time. The

severity of symptoms in patients with RLS ranges from mild to intolerable. In

addition to being experienced in the legs, sensations also may occur in the

arms or elsewhere. RLS symptoms are generally worse in the evening and

night and less severe in the morning.

Whereas RLS may present early in adult life with mild symptoms, by age 50

years it usually progresses to severe, daily disruption of sleep leading to

decreased daytime alertness. RLS has been associated with reduced quality

of life in cross-sectional analysis

TMS: I didn’t find a real trail

Civardi C, Collini A, Monaco F, Cantello R. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in sleep medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2009

Feb;13(1):35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.001. Epub 2008 Dec 31.

Cantello R.Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in movement disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Aug;19(4):272-93.

5.3.MAL DE DEBARQUEMENT SYNDROMEMal de debarquement (or Mal de débarquement) syndrome (MdDS,

or disembarkment syndrome) is a rare condition usually occurring after a

cruise, aircraft flight, or other sustained motion event. It has only recently

received attention and very little scientific research has been conducted. The

phrase "mal de débarquement" is French for "disembarkation sickness".

The condition is thought to be under-reported in the medical literature, where

fewer than 100 cases have been studied.

There is no known cure for the condition.

TMS:

Cha YH, Cui Y, Baloh RW. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for mal de debarquement syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2013

Jan;34(1):175-9. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e318278bf7c.