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CHAPTER

1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Objectives

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions.

Explain the principle of complementarity.

Levels of Structural Organization Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body,

and explain their relationships.

List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system.

Maintaining Life List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.

List the survival needs of the body.

Homeostasis Define homeostasis and explain its significance.

Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis.

Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.

The Language of Anatomy Describe the anatomical position.

Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, and body planes or sections.

Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and associated membranes, and list the major organs contained within them.

Name the four quadrants or nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the organs they contain.

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An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology (pp. 2-3)

A. Anatomy =

B. Topics of Anatomy (p. 2)

1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy –

a. Regional anatomy –

b. Systemic anatomy –

c. Surface anatomy –

2. Microscopic anatomy –

a. Cytology –

b. Histology –

3. Developmental anatomy –

4. Specialized branches of Anatomy –

a. Pathological anatomy –

b. Radiographic anatomy –

c. Molecular biology –

Essential tools for studying anatomy1. 2.3.4.5.

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C. Physiology =

D. Topics of Physiology (pp. 2-3)

Subdivisions are based on __________________________________________________________________

Examples of subdivisions

1.

2.

3.

Physiology often focuses on events at the _______________ or __________________ level.

E. Principle of complementarity of structure and function (p. 3)

Check Your Understanding

1. In what ways does physiology depend on anatomy?

2. Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

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Levels of Structural Organization (pp. 3-4; Fig. 1-1; Fig. 1.3

Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization

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Organ System Major component organs Function

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

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Organ System Major component organs Function

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

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Maintaining Life (pp. 4-8; Figs. 1.2-1.3)

A. Necessary Life Functions (pp.4-8, Fig 1.2)

a. Maintaining Boundaries –

b. Movement –

c. Responsiveness –

d. Digestion –

e. Metabolism –

f. Excretion –

g. Reproduction –

h. Growth –

B. Survival Needs (p. 8)

a. Nutrients –

b. Oxygen –

c. Water –

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d. Normal Body Temperature –

e. Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure –

Homeostasis (pp. 8-11; Figs. 1.4-1.6)

A. Homeostasis =

Dynamic state of equilibrium –

B. Homeostatic control (pp. 9-11; Figs 1.4-1.6)

a. Components

i. Variable =

ii. Receptor =

iii. Control Center =

iv. Effector =

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Figure 1.4 Interactions among the elements of a homeostatic control system maintain stable internal conditions.

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a. Negative Feedback Mechanisms =

Example of Homeostasis:

Figure 1.5 Body Temperature is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism.

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Both the __________________ system and the ________________ system are

important in the maintenance of homeostasis.

The goal of negative feedback mechanism:

b. Positive Feedback Mechanisms =

Explain how positive feedback mechanisms differ from negative feedback mechanisms.

Two familiar examples of positive feedback mechanisms used as homeostatic mechanisms:

1. Labor Contractions

2. Blood Clotting

Explain the positive feedback mechanism of labor contractions

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Explain the positive feedback mechanism of blood clotting.

Figure 1.6 A positive feedback mechanism regulates formation of a platelet plug.

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c. Homeostatic Imbalance

What is homeostatic imbalance? How does homeostatic imbalance impact our health as we age?

Check Your Understanding

1. What process allows us to adapt to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

2. When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluid. Is thirst part of a negative feedback or positive feedback system? Defend your choice.

3. Why is blood clotting considered a positive feedback mechanism? What event ends it?

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The Language of Anatomy (pp. 11-20; Figs. 1.7-1.12; Table 1.1)

A. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms (pp. 11-13; Table 1.1)

a. Anatomical position =

i. In anatomical position…

*In anatomy, anatomical position is always assumed, regardless of the actual position of the body.

*Another point to remember is that the terms “right” and “left” refer to those sides of the person, picture, or the cadaver (body of deceased person) being viewed—not those of the observer.

b. Directional terms –

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Term Definition Example (Picture & Words)

Superior (cranial)

Inferior (caudal)

Ventral (anterior)*

Dorsal (posterior)*

Medial

Lateral

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Term Definition Example (Picture & Words)

Intermediate

Proximal

Distal

Superficial (external)

Deep (internal)

B. Regional Terms (p.13; Fig. 1.7)

a. The two fundamental divisions of the body:

i. Axial part –

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ii. Appendicular part -

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b. Regional terms designate specific areas within the axial and appendicular divisions.

Figure 1.7 Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

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C. Anatomical Variability (p. 14)

Explain what is meant by anatomical variability.

D. Body Planes and Sections (p. 14; Fig 1.8)

Body planes are flat surfaces that lie at right angles to each other. a. Sagittal plane =

i. Median, or midsagittal plane =

ii. Parasagittal plane =

b. Frontal plane =

c. Transverse plane =

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d. Sections are cuts made along specific planes.

i. Transverse (cross) section =

ii. Oblique sections =

E. Body Cavities and Membranes (pp. 14-20; Figs 1.9-1.12)

Body cavities are spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain internal organs.

a. Dorsal cavity =

i. Subdivisions of dorsal cavity =

1. Cranial cavity –

2. Vertebral cavity –

b. Ventral cavity =

i. Subdivisions of ventral cavity =

1. Thoracic cavity –

2. Abdominal cavity –

3. Pelvic cavity –

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Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

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c. Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity

i. Serous membranes –

ii. Parietal serosa –

iii. Visceral serosa –

Explain how serous membranes are separated.

Explain how serous membranes are named.

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d. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants

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Figure 1.12 Nine regions delineated by four planes.

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