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Perspective Course Educational Technology Unit 2

2.1 Print media: Books, Journals, Magazines and News paperIntroduction:

Among various mass media, print can be considered to be the first born; Radio, films and television came much later. Printing was an ancient art among the Chinese. The print explosion can be attributed to the invention of movable type-writer by Johann Guttenberg in the 15 th

Century. Compared to other electronic media, print has its weak points: It lacks the human voice, which is present in all other media, print media requires that the reader to be literate and asks the reader to be conscious in assimilating what he has read. Print media includes a rich variety of production.

Books, Magazines, News paper, pamphlets, postures, brochures, cards, labels, tickets –in fact everything that comes out of a press is constitute print media. 1. Books :

A book is a collection of many printed papers which are bound together later. Books are the oldest form of print media that are used as a way of information and communication process. In education, books play a vital role in giving instructions and information regarding the subject. They can be of many types and mainly we consider Textbooks and handbooks.1.1 Text books:

These are the oldest type of learning material that are being used at present also. It is said that a textbook is a manual of instruction. The famous English essayist Bacon has defined textbook as book designed for classroom use, carefully prepared by experts in the field and equipped with usual teaching devices.Uses of textbooks:

Textbooks furnish the scattered bits of knowledge in a concentrated form and systematic as well as sequential manner.

It gives visual impression of subject matter read by the pupils. Text books provide constant flow of information allowing sufficient time for reading.

Limitations of textbooks: Textbooks are traditional learning materials which do not provide free thinking and

innovative ideas. Textbooks provide dry method of teaching and makes teaching less interested. Very often textbooks become outdated.

1.2 Handbooks:Dr. Priya Mathew St. Joseph’s College of Education, Mysore June 1st 2016 1

Unit-II Media in Education1. Print media- Books, Journals, Magazines and newspapers.2. Digital Media- Documentaries, still pictures, websites, webpage etc, 3. A-V Aids: definition, types audio aids, visual aids, A-V aids (Radio, T.V. and Films)4. Multi-media: Meaning & concept, scope and importance


Handbooks are mainly meant for teachers and its importance is not yet realized adequately. A handbook acts as friend, Philosopher and Guide to a teacher. Handbooks are rare and not available easily as it has to be prepared by a gang of people.

2. Journals: A Journal is a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually is usually referred to as a dairy. A News paper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day many publications issued at stated intervals, such as academic journals (including scientific journals), or the record of the transactions of a society are often called journals. There are varieties of types of journals and some of them are classified as follows:

1. Journal of posting: The process of transforming entries from journal of original entry to the ledger book.

2. Special journal: A record of transactions that serve a specific purpose in a business or company.

3. Wall street journal: It is one of the types of journals produced in America in 1800’s by Dew Jones company.

4. Business and accounting journal: A business journal may be a book or computer file in which mandatory transactions are entered the first time they are processed. This journal lists transactions in chronological sequence by date prior to a transfer of the some transactions to a ledger in the process of book keeping.

5. Public journal: It is a record of day by day events in a parliament or congress.6. Science journal: They include the current activities and researches in Science which

provides means for communication, concerns, ideas, association and information-etc.,Examples : SCIENCE REPORTER: it covers different aspects like Ligo laboratory, New elements founded-etc.,SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL INTERNATIONAL: It is a quarterly journal of the International Council of Assembly which acts as a chronicle of the advancement of Science Education throughout the world.

3. Magazines: A magazine is something that lies between a newspaper and a book. Unlike the book it is

published periodically in a series. . But it differs from a newspaper. The reporting of day to-day happening is not its main concern. Newspaper are read on the day and thrown away the next day. Magazine are read and reread and passed around to others or stored away for future reference. They travel far and reach a wider audience.

Educational magazines provide a variety of reading material which exposes children to literary genres including poetry, photo stories, short stories, fiction, non-fiction and current event

Dr. Priya Mathew St. Joseph’s College of Education, Mysore June 1st 2016 2


articles. Educational magazines supplement classroom instruction by providing additional material in different subjects.Educational magazines generally includes:

Writing and reading skills.Spelling, vocabulary and word analysis skills.Puzzles and riddles that develop critical thinking and reasoning power activities for

numerical data processing and chart reading skillProfessional development of teacher Provide different opportunities.

Advantages of magazines: The cover pages of magazine are often attractive. The magazine has a longer life compare to newspaper. More attention is paid to advertisement because of high reader involvement. Some magazines are good and attract lots of new customers hence good for

advertisement business.Disadvantages of magazines:

Magazines are expensive compared to newspaper. Less population read magazines compared to newspaper. The advertisement lost is high compared to newspaper. Limited flexibility for the ads placement and the format used.

4. News paper :News papers are the written document containing news of varying general and specific

interests of concerning people and places. This scope and area of circulation may be too limited as happens in the case of local news paper to the lives and interests of the people belonging to a community, village, town, city or region or it may be too wide covering the national and international boundaries and touching the lives and interest of the people from all over the world. The newspapers one often comes across at home and libraries. Thus, may be categorized as local, daily, weekly, religion, etc. The use of newspaper for deriving national and instructional benefits needs their readings as well as comprehension of the inherent information and ideas.Advantages of newspaper:

Newspaper is read by huge number of population so news or information can be made available easily.

Newspaper is not very expensive so anyone can buy. Newspaper is available in various languages so you can choose the newspaper of your

choice. Newspaper is lighter in weight hence it is easy to carry anywhere you want.



We can also increase vocabulary and general knowledge by reading newspaper daily and regularly.

Now a day’s newspaper is made available directly to your house by many vendors so no need to go and buy newspaper every day.

Act as big helping hand for gaining useful learning experiences in any subjects of the school curriculum.

Helps students to be conscious, alert and aware about cultural, social, political environment.

News paper acts as an instructional material for both teachers and students. Events, writings and documents in the form of pictures, graphs, comics, cartoon, diagram-

etc., in newspaper can be used to relate to their curricular areas of study. Newspaper helps in reinforcing and developing higher order cognition and skills.

Disadvantages of newspaper: In some of the newspaper and advertisement space may be expensive. As the interest Television or radio are used widely by many people. So preference for

newspaper is less. Most of the times poor printed image quality is seen in the newspaper Sometimes in some newspaper the news will be false, even twisted and distorted.

2.2 Digital Media: Documentaries, Still pictures, Websites and WebPages Digital media play a fundamental role in the modern society. Digital media includes Videos, Pictures, Educational films, Web services –etc., people say that media is any extension of man which allow him to effect other people who are not in face to face contact with them. Digital media carry message quickly to audience in a larger manner. The digital media are remote and anonymous that carry message quickly to the people and makes it possible to deliver message to millions of people at a time.1. Documentaries :

Documentaries may be a film, a cartoon or a program which is created on a specific topic or an aspect. They are usually created by the film division of the country in different languages. Documentaries serve as supplementary material with relevance to the curriculum.Based on their function documentaries can be categorized as follows:

Instructional documentaries: They pertain to specific subject which may be about 15-20 minutes.Factual films: They provide information about facts, real events or happenings. And the facts are from real life.Problematic films: These provide food for thought by posing problems for discussion.Narrative films: They give a sequence account of an event or series of happenings. They also provide recreation to children by narrating story or fairy tale.



Emulative documentaries: They provided assistance to decide the pattern of behavior to be initiated by the observer.

2. Still pictures: Still pictures are the motion-less, un-disturbed and stationary images. These still pictures

provide necessary information about the topic or the content. Still pictures are speech-less which means that they are only visual. Still pictures can also be included in the videos and power point presentations which enhances the beauty of them. Still pictures are helpful in providing necessary information through vision and are a simple way of communication.

In modern text books, the still pictures not only illustrate the text material they also provide a high level of interest through clarification. A still picture is a two dimensional visual representation of persons, places or things. It is a photograph but it may be a sketch, poster, chart, cartoon or a graph. Just saying a name of the great personality student will neglect. Instead of that if we show by pictures they will understand well. Students will imitate them.

Still pictures help to express their feeling in proper way. A student will be curious to listen lessons. In some books by seeing pictures they love reading by themselves.

Example: Story books.But not all images can explain well, some images confuse them it will lead to

misunderstanding. And in some cases, pictures cannot explain their activity lively like video.

3. Websites: A collection of web Pages which are grouped together and usually connected together in

various ways is called a website. They are virtual locations containing several subject related web pages and data files with its own unique web address.Advantages of Websites:

The information is available to be accessed by anyone, anywhere, anytime and can be quickly accessed. There is no need to sift through several pages.

Website provides links to other sites on the same topic and can be updated to provide the latest information.

The site creator/author doesn’t need to be present when someone is retrieving information and the author can usually be contacted through an emailing address or a message board connected to the site.

There is no need to carry a hard copy of information with you and can look at more than one page or source at the one time by having numerous windows.

Information is easy to gather and print selectively and we can peruse the information at leisure taking as much time as needed.



Disadvantages of Websites: It may be difficult for researchers to locate, especially if there are many similar sites.

Because it is not “published” or authorized by a reputable source, the site may be disregarded as inaccurate.

The information on the site may not be reliable ass the information may be interpreted incorrectly or used inappropriately.

A connection to the web is needed to access the information, which will be impossible if a computer and connection is not available and it may be difficult to reach your target audience.

Because the author is not present when others are retrieving information there is no opportunity to ask questions or have things explained in greater detail etc.

The site may go down or the computer may crash and site may be difficult to use if experience with the internet is limited.

4. Web pages: A document which can be displayed in a web browser such as Google, Yahoo, Firefox, Microsoft internet explorer or Edge or Apple’s Safari is called as a web page and they are the building blocks of web sites. They are the hypertext documents connected to the World Wide Web. It is a web document that works well with the browser providing necessary information for the user. The web pages display terms in written HTML language in the form of Film, Picture, Video, PPT etc. Web pages provide enhanced knowledge about the subject. The learner can study through this without anybody's guidance. It is independent easy and can be accessed with the help of internet.Advantages of Web pages:

We can find wider and detailed information to the particular topic with A\advance features which makes the reader feel happy.

A web page is online and accessible for 24hours in a day and it reaches its information world wide

Easy to access Anytime, Anywhere and Anyone and Web page is very important as the data carried in each page is different

Disadvantages of Web pages: Impossible if a computer and net connection is not available. In some cases finding particular information is very difficult and need to spend a lot of

time. Web pages do not carry a guide hence it creates confusion to select the information.



2.3 A-V AIDS - definition, types of audio visual aidsTeaching aids which affect our organs of “audibility” and “sight” are called as “Audio-

Visual Aids”. In education the aids are to help in teaching not to be substituted for the teaching or for teachers. Mechanical learning is easily forgotten, where as learning through sensory experience is long lasting and sometimes life lasting.

Audio visual materials strengthen the spoken or written words with concrete images. They provide rich perceptual experience which is the base for learning. They offer different experience to stimulate self activity on the part of the pupils. They contribute to the depth and variety of learning and then make learning more permanent.Meaning of Audio-Visual Aids

Audio-visual aids or devices or technology media or learning devices are called added devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish, co-relate and co-ordinate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciations and enable him to make learning more concrete, effective, interesting, inspirational and meaningful.Definition of Audio-Visual Aids

According to Burton, Audio-Visual aids are those sensory objects or images which intimate, stimulate and reinforce learning.

According to Carter V Good, Audio-Visual aids are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning i,e motivation, classification and stimulation.

According to Edgar Dale, Audio-Visual are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials.General Principles of Using Audio-Visual Aids

1. Showing of visual aids should not be considered as a substitute for teaching. It is only meant to supplement oral and written presentation.

2. Use of aids in the classroom should not be confused with providing entertainment. The aim of using aids should be to make learning more interesting and effective.

3. Aids should be realistic in nature. The use of actual specimens should be preferred to showing a photograph or slide of a specimen.



4. Aids must be suited to the age and intellectual level of the pupils and to the nature and extent of their previous experiences.

Advantages of Audio-Visual Aids The A-V aids compel and check the attention of the pupils. They are new media for knowledge communication. Teaching aids are the best devices to cover the new wider curricula of education. They are good servants and their effect is durable. They reduce verbalism and give acceleration towards phase of activities. They present inevasible objects. They break monotony and provide variety. They bring reality in classroom and avoid boredom due to chalk and talk only. They help in teaching the memory of historical events, place, and dates. Help to learn more and remember for long. Give reality and vividness to learning situations. Motivate the learners. Give clarity to learning. Make the abstract concrete. Provide variety in methods of teaching and learning. Make learning interesting, meaningful and permanent. Develop deeper understanding. Arouse curiosity and stimulate self activity.

Types of Audio-Visual Aids1) Projected Aids: Projected aids are the one in which items to be observed are projected

on a wide screen by using mechanical devices like OHP, slides, filmstrips, films, LCD projector, ELMO, Audio Video Conferencing projector.

2) Non- Projected Aids: Non projected visuals are those aids which are used without any projection. They allow instruction to move from verbal representation to more concrete level. Example: Books, journals, instructional manuals, handouts, chalkboards, charts or graphs, flip charts, models, puppets, flannel boards.

3) Electronic: The devices which work with the help of power. Example: Computer, internet, simulation activities, record player, T.V.

4) Activity Aids: Activity aids are the natural medium of instruction suitable for developmental education.

I. Field Trips and Excursions: Excursion usually involves a tour by a person or a group of persons to some selected place. When an excursion is undertaken for gathering objective based learning experiences it becomes a study tour.



II. Exhibition: Exhibitions are effective modes of mass communication and instruction. If it is organized by the pupils themselves they get opportunity for self activity.

Audio visual aids - Radio, Television, FilmsRadio:

Radio is an effective medium, it is comparatively inexpensive it has occupied a significant place in education. It is playing an important role in providing effective education, it not only informs but also inspires and also inculcates values and virtues, but also creates attitudes and interests. It can cover a wide area at the same time, there is already a well developed infrastructure a background of long experience to its advantage.

Educational Importance of Radio: It provides the current information It is very useful for group instruction It is very useful for the broadcast of lectures, discussions etc of educational importance It carries information to a large number of people at the same time It helps for the development of vocabulary and correct way of information of words It enhances the imaginative power and develop it It entertains the pupils and helps them to make use of their leisure time usefully The radio lessons can be delivered to the resource persons It is useful to inculcate the feeling of nationality and international understanding among

pupils It is also useful in providing classroom teachers proper guidance regarding teching learning

process It provides platform for the discussion of problems of education and to find out solutions

Limitations: Generally it is not going to repeat the program and it is only one way, the listener cannot

express his opinion. But some programs are broadcast live, by using telephone the listeners can also interact with the speakers. Anyway it will provide only limited interaction.

Television: Television has been given considerable importance in many countries as a source and a

tool of teaching. Educational television is the most recent audio- visual media for class instruction. There are programmes on the television especially for the school children and they in still good moral values. Television can give a very good idea of the history of the country through classes, short films on historical places, museums etcAdvantages of Educational TelevisionDr. Priya Mathew St. Joseph’s College of Education, Mysore June 1st 2016 9


1. Training for citizenship: Citizenship training is the biggest task of a democratic country, television plays a pivotal role to achieve this objective through documentaries debate and discussion serials. The programmes telecasted to develop patriotic feeling and ensures obligation of people to country and creates awareness about rights and duties of the citizen

2. Fostering the sense of National Integration and International understanding: The sense of unity cooperation and mutual relation are to be fostered among people to ensure a peaceful living in the globe, TV programmes on the role of UNESCO, UNO and world bank as well as common cultural programmes like celebration of National day, Birth centenary of great men for strengthening national integration is widely welcome.

3. Environmental awareness: Necessity of clear environment for health and hygiene, needy of sanitation etc are to be taught to mass through different programme. General awareness about the environment and its problems are raised through TV programmes

4. Inculcation of socio-political and cultural values: Socio political and cultural achievement of the country described through different television programs to foster the sense of brotherhood among the people of different caste and sex

Film Strips and Slides: A film strip is a strip of 35 millimeter film with a series of related still images that are

displayed by a projector. Filmstrip projector can be controlled by hand or electrically by remote units, a record player or tape recorder attached to the projector may provide sound. 35- Millimeter slide projector is used to show slides, which are individual transparent photographs.Films:

Films are effective mass media of communication and provide education as well as entertainment. India entered into the era of film production in 1912 with “Pundalik” a silent film produced by R.G. Torney documentary films are useful for the mass communication and most of these are produced by the film division of the government of India. Its headquarters is at Bombay and branch offices in different states for the distribution of the films. Films are produced almost on all subjects of national interest and include documentaries, cartoons and TV films in almost all important languages of country. Educational films are very interesting mediums of education. Educational films produced with specific academic theme and suitable methods as well as techniques are helpful in imparting instructions and happiness. They provide reality and imagination, variety and motion and animation by making instruction interesting. Students learn from educational films without boredom or without any strain. They enjoy and get themselves lightened.Uses of Audio-Visual Materials

1) They stimulate learning: More explanation in the classroom, without the use of Audio- Visual materials makes teaching and learning a boring activity. Therefore to overcome



this kind of boredom, the audio-visual materials help a lot and make learning interesting and teaching a pleasure.

2) They save time and energy: The use of A-V aids helps in quick learning. A number of subjects can be taught within a short time. Teachers can save their energy by speaking less while they use A-V aid. This will not only increase the efficiency of teachers but also make teaching more effective.

3) Minimize the use of words: We know that a picture will tell more than a 100 words. Thus the use of A-V materials helps the teacher to present things before the students and use only minimum words.

4) It helps to maintain classroom discipline: When the students watch the pictures on the screen and hear the voice, their attention is completely centered on watching and hearing and nothing else. Thus they concentrate on what they have to learn. Therefore there is no room for indiscipline in the classroom.

2.4 MULTI-MEDIA: MEANING & CONCEPT, SCOPE AND IMPORTNCE

Multimedia = Information collection, processing, representation, storage and transmission and exchange.Meaning and concept of education: The use of appropriate and carefully selected varieties of learning experience which was presented by the learner through selected teaching strategies will reinforce and strengthen one another in such a way that learner will achieve predetermined objectives in an effective way. According to Weindong exchange multimedia is a hot topic in education because it represents the latest technology and introduces into classroom whole new ways of thinking about curriculum, interaction with students and the nature of learning itself.Characteristic of multimedia: Multimedia is a word originated from two Latin words multum and medium means media that uses multiple forms of information processing to inform or entertain the audience. Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio images, graphics vide, an animation in addition to traditional media.

1. Multi-media approach calls for the use of a number of media, devices and techniques for teaching-learning.

2. Multi-media approach is the contribution and net result of the researches and experiments going on the subject educational technology for improving the process and products of the acts of teaching.



3. The variety of media are carefully selected as to prove quite effective in providing desirable learning experiences to the learner for achieving the predetermined teaching learning objectives.

4. These media are not used hazardly used as only to increase the size and number of media for being named as multi-media approach, instead of it there are so selected and planned as to yield in best possible results in a most appropriate economical combination.

5. While selecting the different media for adopting multimedia approach it is cared that the presence of one must increase the effect of others in the realization of the wet teaching learning objectives with reference to a particular teaching- learning situation.

6. Multi-media approach asks for the individual and planned use of the hardware and software available in the field of education technology.

7. In multi-media approach the several media and techniques can be effectively used as appropriate vehicles for the needed communication of ideas in the process of teaching learning.

Scope and Importance of Multimedia Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, images, animation, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text only or traditional forms of printed or hand produced material. Multimedia can be recorded and played, displayed, dynamic, interacted with or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance.Role of the teacher in multimedia:

Lecture or chalk and talk method will not be sufficient. The teacher has to learn and adopt a number of methods and techniques like questions and answer, demonstrating, problem solving, analytical-synthetic, assignment depending upon the demands of the teaching-learning situation.

Teacher has to learn the use and application of different media select and utilize them in proper combination for the attainment of teaching learning objectives in a particular instructional situation. He has to gain mastery over the use of different audio-visual aids, software and hardware etc.

Multimedia approach ultimately aims for the creation of such teaching learning environment that may prove helpful in making students learning and independent and individualized activity.

The teacher or one hand has to lead his students for independent individualized learning with the use of television lesson, audio-visual cassettes, recorded and printed programmed materials, teaching machines and computer assisted instruction etc. On other



hand like group activities like seminar, workshops, symposium, panel discussion and interacting.

The teacher has to play a very constructive role in making his students learn the things in a quite practical ay by gaining through concrete and living experience. The teacher must himself know the application and use of the facts and principles learnt theoretically in any curricular area, he may be able to plan and organize field work, laboratory and worship activities etc.

Uses and Advantages of Multimedia1. Making education interesting, purposeful and effective: Use of single like lecturing

book reading etc, may result in monotony and dullness both to the teacher and learner. The use of multimedia in terms of methods, techniques and materials brings life in the process of teaching learning.

2. Use of multimedia provides opportunity for the utilization of senses sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste for gaining the direct and lively experiences.

3. Meeting the needs of the learners: The multimedia approach to teaching learning work satisfactory in meeting the intellectual and psychological needs of the individual learners. It also helps in training their emotions and providing useful energy.

4. Making the learning highly individual and self dependent: Multi-media approach to teaching learning aims towards making the learning individuals and self dependent as possible.

5. Starting from the use of simple software like charts and pictures to the application of sophisticated hardware like computer and teaching machines aided instruction the multimedia approach helps the individual learners.

6. Relieving teacher from routine duties: multimedia approach is capable of reducing the load and tensions of the teacher with regard to their different roles. Radio and television lesson, slides with audio tapes, educational films, video cassettes program packages, teaching machines and computerized instruction.

7. Proper appealing and spreading education mass: Multi-media approach possess enough potentiality to eater to the needs of mass through judicious efforts of mass media ;like radio television, video films, newspaper printing materials and naturally circulated magazines and commercial motion pictures.

8. Capable of providing advantages of both group and individual learning: Multimedia besides aiming for the individuals of instruction proves equally competent for group and cooperate learning. Multimedia approach to teaching learning can be characterized for its inherent advantages of both individual and group learning.


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