Chapter 6: The Development of British Colombia

The Oregon Territory

In the early 1800s, there was still not much settlement in “__________________________________”

(_____________________________________________________)

80,000 to 100,000 First Nations lived there, and the Hudson’s Bay were fur trading

The United States population was ________________________________, and they

needed to use more territory

Many Americans believed in “_________________________” and the U.S. Government encouraged Americans to move there from the east

HBC manager __________________________ toured the Oregon Territory trading posts,

and felt _________________________________________________________________

He built a new trading post called _________________________ on the north side of the Columbia River

It became the main HBC trading post in the Oregon Territory

John McLoughlin McLoughlin, a French Canadian, ___________________________

He was a __________________________________, and he knew more Americans were going to come to the region

He encouraged them to ________________________________________ away from the HBC fur trade

He even offered them supplies and money to stay south!

In 1841, __________________________________________________ in the west coast

He decided to ____________________________________ except for one, ___________

All of McLoughlin’s work seemed for nothing!

An Official Boundary With so _____________________________________________________, Britain and the

United States knew they needed an ________________________________________________

Simpson ordered Fort Vancouver’s chief factor

____________________ to build a new trading post

on Vancouver Island, called ___________________

James Polk

He was became the __________________________ in 1844 with the slogan “_____________________________”!

He wanted all the Oregon Territory up to the north boundary at 54˚40 N Latitude.

But he didn’t really want to go to war, in 1846 the boundary was set at the _____________ (________________________________________)

All of the operations in Fort Vancouver were transferred to _______________________

Fort Vancouver was officially closed in 1849

Now 54-40 is a Canadian rock band!

The Colony of Vancouver Island

In 1848, the British government _________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

____________________ was appointed governor, and was also chief factor of Fort Victoria

The Cariboo Gold Rush In the 19th Century, people hoped to get rich quick in the

gold rushes in North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand

Gold Rush: ______________________________________________________________

The California Gold Rush

In 1848, gold was discovered along the _________________________ in California.

In one year, thousands of people travelled there. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In reality, __________________ (searching) and _______________gold was very difficult.

Miners would __________________________-__ along the river, and dig from there.

________________________________________________________________________.

By the mid 1850s, San Francisco was filled with __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The Fraser River Gold Rush

In 1857, gold was discovered in the ______________ and ______________________

James Douglas knew about the troubles that the California gold rush caused

He worried that _______________________________________________

Remember, the mainland was under no_________________________________(control), and would be vulnerable to ______________________________________!

There were some Royal Navy warships on the island, but no other military

The Fraser Canyon War

By the end of 1858, there were over_____miners (mostly American) in the Fraser Canyon

Some sources say miners _______________________________ of the Nlaka’pamux tribe

The tribe killed many miners for revenge, and the miners formed ________________

(small armed groups)

Fortunately, when the militias moved up the river, several First Nations leaders met them _______________________________________.

The conflict was over, but why would this situation have worried James Douglas?

Ned McGowan’s War

Miners from San Fransisco in the Fraser Canyon were split into 2 groups:

___________________________________ and ___________________________________

The leader of the Law and Order was ____________

A British man was shot by an American, ________________________________________________

The Vigilance Committee thought they should _____ away from the Law and Order Party

McGowan told his men to _____________________________________ if fighting started

If this happened, __________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ James Douglas sent a group of soldiers, called

___________________________, as well as Judge ______________________and Colonel _______________________

Begbie and Moody ________________________________________________, and British control of the area was kept.

Begbie Moody

ROYAL ENGINEERS

_____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________The Colony of British Colombia

The Colony of British Colombia was created on the mainland in 1858

_____________________________ was chief justice

Gold Miners travelled up the Fraser River, looking for the _______________________: the source of the gold

“ __________________________”

The Cariboo Wagon Road

Getting to the goldfields was very difficult; the route was a combination of trails and water routes

In 1862, _________________________________________

________________________________________________

It was expensive took 3 years to build

When it finished in 1865, __________________________!

The colony of British Colombia was now _____________

Barkerville

The main town of the Cariboo Gold Rush was ______________, at the end of the Cariboo Wagon Road

Life was difficult for miners there, but as more miners came, it became a community

There were general stores, hotels, a post office, a drugstore, a barbershop, a theatre

People came from all over there world:

• Chinese settlers: ___________________________

• Black Settlers (from San Fransico): ____________________

• German Women: “_________________________” –

____________________________________________ End of the Gold

In 1868, most of Barkerville was ________________________________________

By the early 1870s, most of the easily mined gold had been removed

By 1920, Barkerville was almost a _________________________

The Creation of British Colombia

The Smallpox Epidemic

In 1855, a ___________________ (population study) of Vancouver Island was taken

There were______ non-First Nations people, and __________ First Nations people

In 1862, a San Francisco miner brought a disease called ______________to Victoria

The disease spread quickly

Colonists were _________, but First Nations villages were _______________

Vaccinate:

Quarantine:

By the time the smallpox epidemic ended, over half of the coastal First Nations had died

James Douglas Until 1856, Govenor James Douglas had almost

___________________________________________

There were ______________________________________, and

_________________________________________________________ were chosen by him

People protested his autocratic rule

In 1856, Britain ordered Douglas to create ______________________________________ for Vancouver Island

Douglas only allowed ___________________________________ (40% of male population)

The legislative assembly could pass resolutions, but not enforce them

Douglas ___________________________________________

When the gold rush ended, more than ________________________________________

The colony of Vancouver Island was in debt $300,000 and British Columbia owed more than $1,000,000

So the joined to form a single colony of ____________________________

The Confederation Debate in British Columbia Confederationists Annexationists Anti-Confederationists

Confederationists

Union did not solve the economic problems of the (BC) coloniesIn1868, confederationists pressed for _____________________________________They wanted:

• ______________________________________________________________• ______________________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________________Annexationists

Annexationists wanted ____________________________________________________The US was closer than Canada (Ontario and Quebec)Nearby ________________________________________________________________

Anti-Confederationists

Anti-Confederationists wanted _______________________________________________Why?They mistrusted Confederationists Who was not consulted?

Anthony Musgrave

In 1869, then __________________________________________________________ died and was replaced by ___________________________Musgrave was a personal friend of ____________________________________His job was clear: _____________________________________________________________________________ (125 petition signatures in Victoria, population 3000)Musgrave attracted anti-confederationists by _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________, BC joins Confederation

The location that would become Vancouver was __________________________________________________________________

Richard Moody saw the potential in the _______________________________, so he had the Royal Engineers cut trails through the forest from the Inlet to ____________________

Gassy Jack

The area began to develop around forestry, mills and communities were built

The area was dry (_____________) until John “___________________” Deighton arrived

He built a popular saloon, and then more saloons were built The area became known as _____________, but was better known as

“_____________”

The Railway Arrives

In 1881, the Canadian Pacific Railway was to reach ________________________

People imagined Port Moody would be great city one day In 1884 _______________ of the CPR arrive at Port Moody

He decided the site was terrible for the CPR terminus: ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

So he went down the inlet and found a better spot, and named the location ____________

New Economic Opportunities for British Columbia

BC was no connected with the rest of Canada The CPR and Confederation

________________________________________________ BC prospered from exporting its resources ___________________________ west became more popular Vancouver would become Canada’s most important port

A Province of Diversity: The Chinese

In 1800s, living conditions in Southern China were difficult The first immigrants __________________________________________, and

followed ________________________________

They also set up stores, restaurants, laundries, vegetable farms

Between 1881-1885, __________________ Chinese immigrants came to British Columbia _____________________

They _________________________________, were paid less than half the amount paid to European workers, and lived in separate camps

Their work was difficult and dangerous, many died building the railway

They were ____________________________________________________________, and often could not afford to bring back their families, or travel home

Your Assignment There were immigrants from other parts of the world too Create a postcard written by one of these people to their family:

• A Kanaka from the Hawaii who came as a sailor and stayed to work at Hastings Mill

• A Black American from San Francisco who joined the militia to protect Vancouver Island

• A Jewish immigrant from Europe who started a business in Vancouver

Use the textbook information on the back of this page The postcard must be 2 sided with a picture on one side (drawn like a

photograph) and a short letter on the other side Due Tuesday May 3rd

Discrimination

Many immigrant groups _________________________________, especially the ChineseSome people in Vancouver wanted all the Chinese to leaveThey _____________________ businesses that would sell to Chinese customersChinese workers usually performed ___________________________________Sometimes, _______________________________________________________

The Chinese Head Tax

In 1885, the government created a racist lawThe railway was finished, so the government decided to limit Chinese immigrationThey created the __________________________: each Chinese immigrant was required to pay $50 for entry to CanadaThe number of ___________________________________________

The Chinese Head Tax:

In 1885: _________ In 1900: _________ In 1903: _________ In 1923: _____________________________________________

They government collected (the equivalent) of millions of dollars on the tax

The Apology

In 2006, The Canadian government, led by __________________, officially apologized for the head taxThey paid every survivor _____________There were only ____________________________

Notable Vancouverites

Joe Fortes

Joseph Seraphim Fortes was born in Port of Spain, TrinidadHe sailed to Vancouver in 1884, working in a saloonA man of strong morals, he ____________________________________________ and often ______________________________________________________________ In the early 1890s, Joe discovered ________________________ He moved to a small house there, and often slept in a tent on the beach in the summerJoe _________________________________________________________, and was an unofficial unpaid life/security guard (the city eventually named him _____________________)He is credited with _____________________________________________

The Oppenheimers

The 5 Oppenheimer brothers moved from Germany to California and 1848, and opened up several supply storesTen years later, _____________________________________David Oppenheimer led the campaign to ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

He foresaw the ____________________________________________________________ and that ______________________________________________________

He bought a _________________________ and ___________________________________When William Van Horne came in 1884, ________________________________________So David offered half of the land he had to the CPR… for FREE!!! WHY?????

David Oppenheimer: “Father of Vancouver”

Oppenheimer became ________________________________ in 1888His contributions:

__________________________ to bring fresh water to the __________________Financed the North America’s 3rd street car systemBuilt a sewage system Donated land for __________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 6 Test: The Development of British Columbia

The Oregon Territory- 54° 40 (James Polk)- The 49th Parallel

Vancouver Island- James Douglas

The California Gold Rush

The Cariboo Gold Rush

The Fraser Canyon War

Ned McGowan’s War- The Vigilance Committee- The Law and Order Party- The Royal Engineers

- Matthew Begbie- Richard Moody

The Colony of British Columbia

The Cariboo Wagon Road

Barkerville

Smallpox epidemic

B.C. Confederation: 1870- Reasons for and Against- confederationists, anti-confederationists,

annexationists- Amor de Cosmos- Anthony Musgrave

Vancouver- Richard Moody- Port Moody- Burrard Inlet- New Westminister- Granville / Gastown

Immigrants- Chinese - Head Tax- Kanakas- Jewish Immigrants – Black immigrants (US)

Notable Vancouverites: “Gassy Jack” Deighton, Joe Fortes, David Oppenheimer

A cartoon from the "Canadian Illustrated News", 1879, entitled"The Heathen Chinee in British Columbia",with the caption:“Amor de Cosmos, i.e.:-The Love of the World or the Lover of Mankind.”

Heathen Chinee:-Why you sendee me offee?A.D.C.:--Because you can't or won't 'assimilate' with us-Heathen Chinee:-What is datee?-A.D.C.:-You won't drink whiskey and talk politics and vote like us."