Chapter 251. Analyze the positive and negative results of mass production.

2. What were characteristics of the economic boom from 1922-1929?

3. What was key to the new affluence of the 1920s? Why is this significant?

4. Approximately how many cars were produced each year? What helped influence Americans to buy the automobile?

5. How did the automobile industry impact the American economy?

6. What were other mass produced consumer products enjoyed by Americans?

7. How was the agricultural sector affected in the 1920s?

8. How did employers keep their workers from joining a union and participating in collective bargaining? (open shop, yellow-dog contract, welfare capitalism)

9. What was the black experience of the 1920s?

10. How were middle class Americans affected in the 1920s?

11. How were metropolitan cities like Detroit and New York affected? What accounted for these cities to grow even more in size?

12. What is the Equal Rights Amendment? Why didn’t it pass in Congress?

13. What were aspects of the flapper image? Why were women portraying such an image?

14. How did the family change in the 1920s (women and adolescents)?

15. What happened to the crime rate in the 1920s? Why?

16. What booms occurred in the sports world?

17. How did American society deal with the new popular topic of sex?

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18. Writers like T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Sinclair Lewis were popular writers. Why were they popular, what were their famous works and what did they write about?

Author Reason for popularity Famous works Wrote about…T.S. Eliot

Ernest Hemingway

F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby

Sinclair Lewis

19. How did African Americans who migrated North during WWI (The Great Migration) contribute most to American music?

20. What is the significance of the newspaper, The Crisis?

21. What was the Harlem Renaissance? Give specific examples of its leaders and outcomes (art, music, literature, higher education, civil rights)

22. Who was Marcus Garvey? What impact did he have on American society?

23. What did black and white writers cry out against? What were they criticized of?

24. After the war, American nationalism heightened. How were immigrants treated by groups like the American Legion?

25. What was the Red Scare?

26. What influenced Mitchell Palmer to attack aliens (Palmer Raids)? How did he conduct the raids?

27. How did the Red Scare reflect views of the American people?

28. What happened to Sacco and Vanzetti? How did the trial reflect attitudes toward immigrants?

29. The Volstead Act enforced Prohibition but what were effects in the 1920s?

30. How did the KKK of the 1920s contrast to the KKK of the post-civil war era socially and politically?

31. After WWI, did more or less immigrants want to come to the US? Why/why not?

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32. What was the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and its results?

33. What was the National Origins Act and how did it impact Mexican laborers?

34. How and why did fundamentalism rise in the 1920s?

35. What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?

36. How did the Harding administration “return to normalcy” with Republican policies after the war economically and politically?

37. How were the Democrats divided?

38. How were the 1920s a mix of the old and new?

39. What was the role of the American Civil Liberties Union in the Scopes Trial?

40. What were the arguments made by Bryan and Darrow during the Scopes Trial?

41. What was the significance of the Scopes Trial? What were the lasting effects of the trial?

***Refer to mspena.weebly.com and watch America: The Story of US “Boom”Henry Ford

Great Migration

Chicago Race Riots

Billy Sunday

Al Capone and Prohibition

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Racial Discrimination in the 1920s

Review: African Americans’ rights leading up to the 1920s13th Amendment: 1865 Banned _____________ in the U.S. forever14th Amendment: 1868

15th Amendment: 1869 All __________________ are allowed to vote regardless of raceCreation of the NAACP: 1909(NAACP stands for ________________________________________________________________________________)

NAACP aimed to fight battles against segregation, discrimination & violence.

Background: By 1920, Jim Crow (segregation) laws dominated in the south. Many African Americans moved north during the Great Migration both for work & better living conditions. Yet many blacks were disappointed to see that racial conditions in the north were not much better. Even though Jim Crow laws weren’t in existence in the north, segregation & violence existed anyway.

Violence Against African Americans During the summer of 1919, mob violence between white and black Americans erupted in about 25 cities. That summer became known as the "Red Summer" for all the blood that was spilled. Omaha, Tulsa, and Washington, D.C., all suffered periods of racial turmoil. The worst of these race riots, however, occurred in Chicago.The African American population of Chicago had doubled since 1910. This increase led to overcrowded neighborhoods and heightened tensions between blacks and whites. An incident at a beach on Lake Michigan touched off the violence. On one especially hot July day, stone-throwing had erupted between whites and blacks on a beach typically used only by whites. Meanwhile, a 17-year-old black teen, swimming just offshore with his friends, accidentally floated into the "whites only" area. A white man, who had been throwing rocks at the swimmers for some time, struck the boy, and he drowned. Furious blacks accused the whites of killing him, and more fights broke out. The riot spread through the city. For several days, chaos reigned in parts of Chicago. By the end, some 23 African Americans and 15 whites were dead, another 537 people were wounded, and the destruction caused by rioting had left hundreds homeless. Some whites also directed racial violence against specific individuals. During the 1920s, the lynchings of the Jim Crow era continued. Many of these new crimes were the work of an old enemy of racial harmony, the Ku Klux Klan.Types of violence taken against African Americans (Example: Chicago):

1.2.3.

Why were racial tensions so high in Chicago?

Summarize, the riot that happened in Chicago:

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Revival Of the Klan During 1920sBetween Reconstruction and the First World War, newly-created, large-scale manufacturing

and mass production industries materially transformed the United States and reconfigured the way Americans worked and lived. Industrial growth required huge supplies of labor, a need met in large part by the 20 million immigrants who, between 1870 and 1915, arrived in the United States in search of work and opportunity. This great wave of immigrants stimulated an anti-immigrant backlash. Nativism, a term used to denote (signifiy) anti-immigrant sentiment, became widespread during the early twentieth century. Many Americans blamed the problems caused by rapid modernization on the foreign-born. In addition, political, economic, and social changes led to the rise of the New Woman, the changing face of American's cities, and an increasing role for African Americans. The anxiety created by the threat to "traditional American values" peaked after World War I. In response, some Americans during the 1920's sought to restrict certain kinds of immigrants while others resurrected the Ku Klux Klan and similar "protective" organizations.

Like many nativist organizations opposed to immigration, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan responded to cultural changes brought about not only by immigration, but also by changes in the American economy and society after the First World War. Rapid technological, economic, demographic, social, and cultural changes understandably created confusion and cultural tension in the early 1920s. Mass production, mass consumption, mass communications, and mass culture undermined the familiar cultural codes and traditional morals and values. The Ku Klux Klan attempted to resist challenges to traditional morality by enlisting native, white, Protestant Americans who exhibited character, morality, Christian values, and "pure Americanism." During the end of the Reconstruction era (1870s) President Grant's campaign against the Ku Klux Klan had largely eliminated it, but, in 1915 a former Methodist circuit preacher from Atlanta, Colonel William J. Simmons, revived the organization. The Klan used modern fundraising and publicity methods to increase its influence and size. By 1922, Klan membership had grown to about 100,000. Two years later, it had ballooned to 4 million. The new Klan was no longer just a southern organization. In fact, the state with the greatest number of Klansmen was Indiana. The Klan's focus shifted, too. The organization vowed to defend their own white-Protestant culture against any group, not just blacks, that seemed to them un-American:

"Klansmen are to be examples of pure patriotism. They are to organize the patriotic sentiment of native-born white, Protestant Americans for the defense of distinctively American institutions. Klansmen are dedicated to the principle that America shall be made American through the promulgation [circulation] of American doctrines, the dissemination [spread] of American ideals, the creation of wholesome American sentiment, the preservation of American institutions.^ —Klansman's Manual, 1925. During the early 1920s, Klan members carried out many crimes against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and others. They rode by night, beating, whipping, even killing their victims, terrorizing blacks and whites alike. Then, in 1925, the head of the Klan in Indiana was sentenced to life imprisonment for assaulting a girl who later poisoned herself. The nation was finally shocked into action, and police began to step up enforcement. By 1927, Klan activity had diminished once again.

Quickly increasing membership in the Klan:Year # of KKK members19221924

Where were KKK members organized during this time period?What types of actions/crimes did the KKK commit?

Who did the KKK commit these acts against?

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The Garvey Movement Some African Americans, frustrated by continued violence and discrimination, dreamed of a new

homeland where they could live in peace. An African American named Marcus Garvey worked to make that dream a reality. Garvey had come to New York City from his native Jamaica in 1916 to establish a new headquarters for his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Through the UNIA, Garvey sought to build up African Americans' self-respect and economic power. African Americans were encouraged to buy shares in Garvey's Negro Factories Corporation, a set of small black-owned businesses. He also urged African Americans to return to "Motherland Africa" to create a self-governing nation. This was known as the “Back to Africa” Movement. Garvey's message of racial pride and independence attracted a large number of followers to his black nationalist movement. Garvey held regular UNIA meetings in Harlem, and his followers could be seen in military-style uniforms reflecting their status, whether as members of the marching band, the Black Cross Nurses, or the African Legion. Several respected African American leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, criticized the movement, however. They objected to Garvey's call for separation of the races, as well as his careless business practices. Garvey gathered $10 million for a steamship company, the Black Star Line, that would carry his followers back to the motherland. Corruption and mismanagement plagued the shipping line, however, and in 1925, Garvey was jailed on mail fraud charges relating to the sale of stock in the steamship company. From prison the same year, he wrote in an essay: "Why should we be discouraged because somebody laughs at us today? Who [is] to tell what tomorrow will bring forth? ...We see and have changes every day, so pray, work, be steadfast and be not dismayed." Garvey's sentence was later commuted, and he was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Without his leadership, the UNIA in America collapsed. Still, Garvey's ideas remained an inspiration to later "black pride" movements.Garvey’s ideas:

Garvey’s actions:

Garvey’s impact:

Chapter 261. How did consumerism contribute to its own demise?

2. How did investors play the stock market? Why is this significant?

3. What happened as a result of October 24?

4. How did the Great Crash effect the economy?

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5.What were the social and psychological effects the Great Depression had on Americans, minorities, the poor and middle class?

6. How did President Hoover respond to the Great Depression? What did he expect voluntary efforts to do?

7. Why did Hoover create projects like the Boulder Dam?

8. Why did General MacArthur clear out the Bonus Army in Washington, D.C.? What does this say about the Hoover administration’s response to American needs during the Great Depression?

9. What were reasons why FDR won the election of 1932?

10. Compare and contrast FDR and Herbert Hoover.

11. What were FDR’s fireside chats?

12. What were the 1st 100 Days?

13. Characterize FDR’s first New Deal from 1933 to 1935 by explaining several measures of relief, recovery, and reform passed in the first hundred days.

Examples of “Relief” Examples of “Recovery” Examples of “Reform”Public Works Administration

14. Explain how the Social Security Act and the Works Progress Administration exemplified the move of the Second New Deal toward goals of social reform and social justice.

15. Explain the significance of the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) and its impact on organized labor.

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16. How did the New Deal expand the role of the federal (national) government?

17. List evidence of the Great Depression’s impact on American cultural life during the 1930s.

18. What were the limits of the New Deal’s reforms?

19. Briefly describe criticisms of FDR’s New Deal reforms:Coughlin Townsend Long

20. How were African Americans affected with unemployment and racial inequality as a result of the Great Depression?

21. How were Mexican Americans and Native Americans affected by the Great Depression?

22. How did women experience setbacks during the 1930s?

23. What were the reasons for Roosevelt’s lopsided victory in the election of 1936?

24. Explain FDR’s court-packing scheme. Why did Roosevelt’s plan to pack the Supreme Court fail?

25. What was/has been the legacy of the New Deal?

***Refer to mspena.weebly.com and watch America: The Story of US “Bust”Great Crash

Hoover Dam

Dust Bowl

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Mt. Rushmore

Chapter 271. Explain the Good Neighbor Policy and discuss relations with Latin America during the 1930s.

2. Briefly explain Adolf Hitler’s agenda on the European continent. List his early successes in realizingan expansionist foreign policy in Europe.

3. List the members of the Axis Powers.

4. Define the term blitzkrieg and explain its relevance to German military tactics.

5. What were the main elements (laws, policies, decisions, etc.) of FDR’s foreign policy?

Law/policy/decision, etc.

Year(s) Summarize the policy What was the effect of the policy?

Neutrality Acts

Cash and Carry Policy

Four Freedoms Speech

Cutting off trade w/Japan

Lend-Lease Act

Manhattan Project

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6. Identify and explain the historical significance of the Lend-Lease program. Briefly comment on thenational debate regarding Lend-Lease.

7. Explain how the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere reflected Japanese ambitions in Asia.

8. Briefly describe political, economic, and military relations between Japan and the United States in1941. Explain the historical significance of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

9. Explain the importance of the Eastern Front to Allied military strategy in 1942.

10. Define the term island hopping and explain its significance to Allied military tactics in the Pacific in 1944.

11. Identify the new opportunities created for women by the wartime economy.

12. Describe the impact of WWII on African Americans.Impact of WWII on African Americans on the

homefrontImpact of WWII on African Americans serving

in the US military

13. Identify means used by the federal government to maintain American loyalty to the war cause.

14. Identify the candidates and indicate the outcome of the presidential election of 1944.

15. When and why was the military desegregated? Who was responsible for this action? Be sure to stress

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both the role of politics and black activism.

16. What does the Detroit race riot indicate about black and white relations in the 1940s? How did itstart, and how did each group interpret the riot? What came out of it?

17. Outline the major provisions of the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta Conference (aka Crimea Conference) in February 1945.

18. Define the term concentration camp and explain its significance to Hitler’s political agenda. How didUS internment camps differ from these?

Hitler’s Concentration Camps US’ Japanese Internment Camps

Purpose:

Justification:

Purpose:

Justification:

19. Outline the factors that influenced Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Read, Highlight, and Annotate

ROSIE THE RIVETER Rosie the Riveter stands for all the women who left home during World War II and went to work producing the weapons so crucial to America’s victory over Japan and Germany. Rosie became a heroine during the war, and she remains today a loved and relevant figure. The city of Richmond, California, recently dedicated a monument to her. Ironically, Rosie was never meant to outlive the war, and her survival may be used to illustrate to your students the mutability of symbols. What was created by the government for a patriotic purpose became, in time, subversive of the established social order.

Rosie was born from the government’s fear that women would not replace men in the heavy industrial plants that produced tanks, planes, ships, explosives, and the other material necessary for modern warfare. On the eve of Pearl Harbor, fewer than a third of all adult women worked for wages, and the rate was even lower for married women. Those statistics seemed to confirm the conventional wisdom that women did not like working outside the home and took wage work only until they married. In order to mount a fully effective industrial offensive, the United States would have to persuade millions of women to leave the kitchen and the nursery, where they held socially honored positions, and enter the grungy world of the factory, to work eight hours a day, six days a week. The factories paid well, thirty to fifty dollars a week, but government officials did not believe that high wages would attract women who

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had husbands to support them. It would be necessary to appeal to the patriotism of American women. That was Rosie’s mission.

Rosie was not the first or only symbol of the woman war worker. There was Wendy the Welder, Miss Victory, and a slew of posters without names, like the WE CAN DO IT! woman, going off to the factory in overalls, her sleeves rolled up, flexing her muscles. Rosie the Riveter did not become the eponym of the women factory workers until the song of that name, written by John Jacob Loeb and Redd Evans in 1942, began to catch on. As it did, government public relations agencies and the news media found and publicized real Rosies, like Rose Monroe who worked as a welder in a plane factory in Ypsilanti, Michigan. By war’s end, every woman working in a war plant was a Rosie, but the most famous of all was the Rosie drawn by Norman Rockwell for the May 29, 1943, cover of The Saturday Evening Post. This Rosie was a redhead of bulging biceps and prodigious thighs, who sat saucily, her goggles and face visor thrown back, eating a sandwich, her massive rivet gun slung easily across her ample lap.

So far as the government was concerned, Rosie was meant to recruit women into war work only for the duration. She was not supposed to lead women into thinking that their factory jobs would last into the postwar period. With victory, the government hoped, women would happily return to the kitchen. Rosie was therefore depicted as inescapably feminine and a bit out of place in the factory. The Rosie of the WE CAN DO IT! poster wore mascara and nail polish to work. The Rosie of the song longed for the life of nightclubs and cocktail parties that she patriotically denied herself while her boyfriend fought in the Marines. Even Rockwell’s muscular Rosie carried a compact and a dainty handkerchief into the factory. Rosie was supposed to rivet until the war was over and then rediscover her true self in changing diapers.

The women war workers did not buy the last part of the government’s message. A survey in 1944 found that 85 percent of women war workers wanted to remain in heavy industry after the war, mainly because they needed money for such family expenses as rent, food, and medical attention. Since few women were willing to give up jobs that the government, employers, and union leaders had reserved for the men returning from military service, women were simply fired in massive numbers at the end of the war. Almost all of the women who made tanks during the war were dismissed within a year of V-J Day, as those factories converted to the production of cars. Altogether, nearly three million women who had jobs in 1945 were unemployed in 1946.

Had Rosie been no more than a tool of government propaganda, she would have been long forgotten, and if she were only the symbol of women betrayed by false promises, she would be hardly interesting. Rosie became much more. She became a symbol of women’s pride in doing a job well that they were not supposed to be able to do at all. Those women who entered the war plants confronted a hostile, macho culture in which dirt, discomfort, and danger were supposed to be scorned or ignored. One woman, assigned to a small platform sixty feet above a concrete floor, asked nervously how often people fell off. “Just once,” the foreman grimly replied. Toilets in the plants were usually so foul that only desperation made them endurable, and the constant noise of screeching and pounding, of metal against metal, of grinding and hammering, made it impossible to hear or think. Despite the odds, women were amazed to discover that they worked as well as men once they had the necessary training and experience. It was a two-woman team who set the record for most rivets shot during a ten-hour shift. Furthermore, in small ways and large, women made the workplace less hostile. Because of their demands, factories became cleaner and safer, employers set up child-care facilities, the government mandated equal pay for equal work. Though Rosie riveted for only a few years, she performed so well that she now speaks to succeeding generations of women of their right to work to the limits of their abilities at whatever they wish.

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NEW WAR TACTICS IN WWIIOn August 6, 1945, the world entered the age of atomic warfare. The specially trained crew of the B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, left Tinian early that morning and flew for seven hours until they were over Hiroshima. Everything about the flight was absolutely routine. As usual, in the final minute or so of the bombing run, the pilot handed over control of the plane to the bombardier. At 9:13:30 the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, radioed the bombardier, Major Tom Ferebee, “It’s all yours.” Ferebee guided the plane over his aiming point and at 9:14:17 pushed a button. Exactly one minute later, the bomb fell from the plane, and its release was noted in the log: “Bomb away.” Forty-three seconds later there was a blinding flash, followed by a tremendous shock wave. Even those aboard the Enola Gay who understood the weapon were surprised by the force of the explosion. The commanding officer, Captain Bob Lewis, wrote in his own log book: “My God. What have we done?” On the way back, the crew noted the presence of eight ships in Mishima, the potential target for another day.

America: The Story of Us “World War II”Who were the Axis Powers who were at war against the Allies?

What happened to industry/production during WWII?

Who were the “Rosies”?

What did the war mean for the US economy?

What was the date of the Pearl Harbor attack?

In which US state did the attack take place?

Why was Pearl Harbor a likely place for an attack?

Which new technology identified something coming into the coast?

What events did the Pearl Harbor attack lead to?

When was D-Day?

Where did it take place?

What were the Allies trying to accomplish?

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What important event took place in Alamagordo, NM?

Who was the lead scientist in the project?

What important implication did this new technology have for the war?

Notes: The American Presidents

Warren G. Harding “A return to normalcy!”

Calvin Coolidge “Keep Cool with Coolidge”

Herbert Hoover

Franklin Delano Roosevelt “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” “December 7, 1941. A date which will live in infamy”

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APUSH UNIT 7 STUDY GUIDE A Roaring, Depressing, Warring America (Ch. 25-28)

Covered in class: Jan. 28-Feb. 14________________________________________________________________________________________________

This time period (1920-1945) represents 20% of the content that will be tested on the AP US History Exam.***It is highly recommended you fill in the outline from this page onto a separate notebook as you

read through each chapter as another study tool for the unit exam and for the AP test in May. _________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. The New Era: 1920s A. The business of America and consumer economy

B. Republican Politics: Harding, Coolidge and Hoover

C. The culture of Modernism: the arts, entertainment and science

D. Responses to Modernism: religious fundamentalism, nativism and Prohibition

E. The ongoing struggle for equality: African Americans and women

20. The Great Depression and the New DealA. Causes of the Great Depression

B. The Hoover Administration’s Response

C. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal

D. Labor unions and recognition

E. The New Deal coalition and its critics from the Right and the Left

F. Surviving hard times: American society during the Great Depression

21. The Second World WarA. The rise of Fascism and militarism in Japan, Italy and Germany

B. Prelude to war: policy of neutrality

C. The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States declaration of war

D. Fighting a multifront war

E. Diplomacy, war aims and wartime conferences

F. The United States as a global power in the atomic age

22. The Home Front During the WarA. Wartime mobilization and the economy

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B. Urban migration and demographic changes

C. Women, work and family during the war

D. Civil rights and civil liberties during the warE. War and regional developmentF. Expansion of government power

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