Cell Structure and Function

Practice Packet

Please read Sections 7.1 and 7.2 in your textbook to complete the worksheets attached. Use the Internet as an additional resource if needed!

HW # 1 Cell Structure

BUILD UnderstandingVenn Diagram A Venn diagram is made up of overlapping circles. It is a useful tool for comparing two or even three topics.

Use terms from the box to complete the Venn diagram. Write the letters that represent the words to save space.

Cell OrganizationFollow the directions.

1. Use the words below to label the plant cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

A. cell membrane F. cytoskeleton K. mitochondria B. cell wall G . DNA found in cytoplasm L. nucleus containing DNA C. centriole H. endoplasmic reticulum M. ribosome D. chloroplast I. Golgi apparatus N. vacuole E. cytoplasm J. lysosome

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Both

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Both

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A, B, E, M,F(recently described, primitive)

GC (animal cells), D (plant cells), H, I, J, K, L, N

C, J B, D, A, E, H, I, K, L, M, F, N

2. Use the words below to label the animal cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

Use the words below to label the plant cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

Use the diagrams to answer the questions.

3. Which structure is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell? Circle the correct answer.chloroplast cell membrane ribosome

4. What is the main function of vacuoles? Store water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates

cell wall mitochondrion ribosomechloroplast nucleus vacuole

Plant Cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

cell membrane mitochondrion rough endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatus nucleus ribosome

Animal Cell

smoothendoplasmicreticulum

centrioles

Rough ER

nucleusribosome

Golgi Apparatus

Cell membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondrion

vacuole

mitochondrioncholoroplast

Cell wall

ribosome

nucleus

HW #2 Comparing Animal, Plant and Prokaryotic Cells

Read section 7.2 in your textbook. See pages 206-207 as especially helpful references for the questions below!

1. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that capture and release energy”? chloroplasts and mitochondria

2. Which cell structures are categorized as “cellular boundaries”? cell wall and cell membrane

3. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that store, clean-up and support”? vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton (centrioles)

4. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that build proteins”? ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

5. Name two cell structures that are found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells. Chloroplast and cell wall

__E, G, H, J___6. Which of the following are common to ALL cells? (Select all correct answers.)

a. nucleus b. cell wall c. lysosomes d. mitochondria

e. cell membrane f. chloroplasts g. cytoplasm h. DNA

i. Golgi j. ribosomes k. ER l. nucleolus

__________7. Which cells are generally larger and more complex, containing a variety of internal organelles?

a. prokaryotic b. eukaryotic

8. Label the parts of the Prokaryotic Cell shown at right.

Word bank: cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

**Challenge: can you also label cilia and flagella?**

cilia

flagella

Cell wall

Cell membrane

DNA

ribosomes

HW #3: Functions of Cell Organelles

Match the following organelles with their functions:

______1) J - Proteins are absorbed, modified, packaged and distributed to their destination in this organelle.

______2) O - Although not membrane bound, this organelle is the site of protein synthesis.

______3) A - The “Powerhouse” of the cell, this organelle is the site of cellular respiration and production of ATP.

______4) L - The “skeleton” and “muscles” of the cell, this structure is made of microtubules that also form cilia, flagella and centrioles.

______5) E - This organelle is green due to the presence of chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

______6) H - This set of smooth membranes functions to synthesize lipids and detoxify drugs and toxins.

______7) M - This membrane holds the chromosomes within the nucleus.

______8) N - This organelle is very large in plant cells and contains food, enzymes, minerals, wastes and water.

______9) D - This, the largest object in a eukaryotic cell, holds the cell’s genetic information.

______10) P - Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Contains all organelles and cytosol (solution in the cell).

______11) G - Composed of cellulose, this gives plant cells stability.

______12) C / M This selectively permeable structure is composed of phospholipids embedded with proteins.

______13) K - This extensive network of membranes is studded with ribosomes and functions as a surface for protein synthesis and transport of materials.

______14) B - This specialized vesicle contains digestive enzymes and is the site of hydrolysis in animal cells

______15) Q - These small microtubules are involved in animal cell division.

______16) F - Dark sections of DNA and proteins in the nucleus which are the site of ribosome synthesis.

______17) I - Structures within the nucleus that are composed of DNA. Called chromatin in a non-dividing cell.

a. mitochondriab. lysosomec. cell membraned. nucleuse. chloroplastf. nucleoli

g. cell wallh. smooth ERi. chromosomesj. Golgi apparatusk. rough ERl. cytoskeleton

m. nuclear envelopen. vacuoleo. ribosomesp. cytoplasm

q. centrioles

HW #4 Key Words in Function of OrganellesUsing the list below, fill in the “Key Word(s)” which describes each organelle or cell structure.

___________________________1) CELL MEMBRANE selectively permeable

___________________________2) NUCLEUS control center

___________________________3) CHROMOSOMES genetic information

___________________________4) MITOCHONDRIA power house

___________________________5) CHLOROPLASTS food production

___________________________6) LYSOSOMES digestion/hydrolysis

___________________________7) CYTOSKELETON internal support, cilia and flagella

___________________________8) CELL WALL support structure (plants, bacteria & fungi)

___________________________9) RIBOSOMES site of protein synthesis

___________________________10) ROUGH ER surface for protein synthesis and transport

___________________________11) SMOOTH ER detoxification/ lipid synthesis

___________________________12) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE protects chromosomes

___________________________13) CENTRIOLES used in animal cell division only

___________________________14) CYTOPLASM cell contents

___________________________15) CENTRAL VACUOLE water and solute compartment in plant cells

___________________________16) GOLGI protein package and distribution center

___________________________17) NUCLEOLI site of ribosome synthesis

Lysosome cell membrane

Nucleus chloroplast

cell wall nucleoli

smooth ER mitochondria

chromosomes Golgi apparatus

rough ER centrioles

cytoskeleton

nuclear envelope

large, central vacuole

ribosomes

cytoplasm

HW #5: How to Interpret Drawings of Plant and Animal Cells

Objective: You will be asked to label the different structures in a cell and will use simple techniques to determine the identity of structures.

Information: Use the following characteristics to help identify parts of a cell.

1) cell membrane—Outermost part of cell. Can easily be confused with the cell wall (see below).

2) cell wall—If the cell is labeled plant, bacteria or fungi, look for a cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane. Sometimes drawn as mesh or fiber-like material.

3) nucleus—Usually easy to locate, the largest structure in the cell. Normally oval or round in shape. The nucleus usually has a line to the center of the circular body.

4) nuclear envelope—The membrane around the nucleus. Usually with obvious nuclear pores or holes. Can be confused with the nucleus so look for labels that might apply to each part.

5) chromosomes—Usually in the form of chromatin, a spaghetti like group of DNA strands. Occasionally the chromosomes are shown as X-shaped structures within the nucleus.

6) nucleolus—Dark area(s) (nucleoli) within the nucleus. It is part of the DNA and will be mixed in with the chromatin. Each nucleus will have one to three nucleoli drawn in.

7) mitochondria—Usually peanut or jelly bean shaped with a squiggle or worm shape within. May be confused with the chloroplast in a plant cell.

8) chloroplast—Usually has oval to mound shape. Membranes inside are usually stacked like papers.

9) rough ER—Membranes normally located just outside the nucleus and dotted with obvious ribosomes.

10) ribosomes—Represented as small, free floating dots in the cytoplasm or attached to the outside of the rough ER.

11) smooth ER—Similar to rough ER, usually further away from the nucleus than the ER, never with dots.

12) Golgi apparatus—Shown further away from the nucleus than the ER, looks like stacks of pita bread with small dots (vesicles) to each side.

13) vacuole—Easily identified as a large, central, fluid filled space in a plant cell. Food vacuoles are much smaller. Contractile vacuoles are star-shaped.

14) vesicle—Small, fluid filled organelles in animal cells. Easily confused with the lysosome in an animal cell.

15) lysosome—Found in animal cells. They are easily confused with vesicles but sometimes with various internal features such as small food particles.

16) centrioles--Always shown as a pair, next to the nucleus, and only in animal cells. Look like little, cylindrical stacks of tubes. Sometimes shown in cross section as a swirl of lines or commas.

17) cytoplasm—Usually labeled with a line pointing to the inside of a cell but not to any particular structure.

Continue on next page

Directions: Label the organelles in the diagram below of a typical PLANT cell. Note that there isn’t a line to label the chromosomes or cytoskeleton. You won’t find centrioles, vesicles, or lysosomes in a plant cell.

Label the following Animal cell: Note that there isn’t a line to label the cytoskeleton. You won’t find a chloroplast, vacuoles or cell wall in an animal cell.

HW #6 Cell Structure and Function Review

Directions: Use your text book to answer the following questions about cell structures and functions. You should also use the internet and library as additional resources.

Part I: Fill in the functions for each of the cell structures below:

Cell Structure FunctionCell membrane Barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Mitochondria Converts chemical energy (glucose) into cellular energy (ATP)

Lysosome Breaks down large molecules (hydrolysis/ digestion)

Nucleus Contains and protects DNA

Cholorplast Captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy (glucose)

Nucleoli Area of the nucleus that helps make RNA which is important for protein synthesis

Cell wall Provides strength and structure for the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Helps synthesize lipids and remove toxins (detoxify)

Chromosomes Condensed form of DNA (with proteins)- stores genetic information.

Golgi apparatus Packages molecules for transport around or out of the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesis of proteins (on ribosomes) and modification of proteins for secretion

Cytoskeleton Proteins that provide cell structure and transport of molecules

Nuclear envelope Protect and encloses DNA

Vacuole Stores water, salts , carbohydrates, and proteins

Ribosome Production of proteins

Cytoplasm Contains organelles, site of many chemical reactions

Centrioles Important in cell division (organization of chromosomes)

Vesicles Store large molecules

Part 2: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the lines provided.

___D__1. The basic unit of life is the:a. organ c. moleculeb. atom d. cell

___C__2. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells; cells are the most basic unit of life anda. all existing cells spontaneous appearb. all cells are eukaryoticc. all existing cells are produced by other living cellsd. all cells have a nucleus

3. Use complete sentences to summarize the role of the microscope in the development of the cell theory. (use your text book and additional resources to fully answer the question!)

Microscopes helped scientists to observe cells for the first time. So they could collect data and make hypotheses and study cells. Through many observations and over time several scientists contributed to the Cell Theory

______________________________________________________________________________

__A___4. Specialized structures that work together inside a cell are calleda. organelleb. prokaryotesc. eukaryotesd. nucleus

___C__5. The specialized structure of different types of cells are related to the cell’s:a. energy c. functionb. homeostasis d. mass

___A, D__6. The type of lipids that serve as components of cell membranes is a(n): (2 answers)a. cholesterol c. fatty acidb. glycerol d. phospholipid

__A__7. What is the term for the jellylike substances that is contained inside the cell membrane?a. cytoplasmb. DNAc. organelled. nucleus

__B___8. Organisms must maintain homeostasis because cells function best when internal conditions:a. change at regular intervalsb. remain within a limited rangec. reflect external conditionsd. respond to positive feedback

__D___9. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?a. cilia c. cytoplasmb. mitochondria d. cytoskeleton

__A___10. Which organelle contains enzymes that break down damaged cell parts?a. lysosomes c. centriolesb. vesicles d. vacuole

___B__11. A structure that contains a cell’s genetic information is calleda. nucleolus c. DNAb. chromosome d. RNA

___B__12. What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?a. nucleus c. mitochondriab. ribosome d. centrioles

___B__13. Muscle cells would have more _______ than skin cells. (Structure related to function)a. cilia c. phospholipidsb. mitochondria d. ribosomes

14. Choose one organelle and relate the structure of the organelle to its function.

______________Answers will vary. Example: The cell membrane is made up of different components (lipids and proteins) to make it selectively permeable.

______________________________________________________________________________

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