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Chapter 1: Music in Ancient Greece and Early Christian Rome
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Why, throughout history, do scholars know more about the music-making activities of elite members of any given society than of others in that society?
a.
b.
Music-making activities of the elite are probably representative of the society as a whole.
c.
Music of the elite constitutes most of what survives in written form.
d.
e.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 3
TOP: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds MSC: Conceptual
2. Monastic communities followed rituals and practices known as the Rule of
a.
Muhammad.
d.
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
3. The Byzantine Empire corresponds roughly to this modern region.
a.
b.
c.
e.
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
4. Charlemagne was a
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
5. From about 1050 to about 1300, Europe experienced
a.
b.
c.
e.
TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300 MSC: Conceptual
6. Broadly speaking, the fourteenth century is characterized by
a.
c.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 14
TOP: Overview of the Fourteenth Century MSC: Conceptual
7. The history of Western music can be traced primarily to
a.
Africa.
d.
Greece.
b.
China.
e.
India.
c.
Egypt.
MSC: Factual
8. All of the following types of evidence about musical culture from ancient Greece and Rome survive today except
a.
MSC: Factual
9. The Epitaph of Seikilos is a musical composition from
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
10. In ancient Greek mythology, the lyre was associated with
a.
Apollo.
d.
Homer.
b.
Aristotle.
e.
Plato.
c.
Dionysus.
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Factual
a.
aulos.
d.
lyre.
b.
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Applied
12. All of the following wrote about Greek music except
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
13. Plato asserted that music was an essential component of education because
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
14. According to Aristotle, different kinds of melodies could cause the listener to experience
a.
emotions.
d.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
15. ________ discovered the relationship between consonant intervals and mathematical ratios.
a.
Aristotle
d.
Ptolemy
b.
Aristoxenus
e.
Pythagoras
c.
Plato
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
16. Diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic are three types of
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
17. Who is likely to have written this: “It is . . . plain that music has the power of producing certain effects on the ethos of the soul, and if it has the power to do this, it is clear that the young must be directed to music and must be educated in it”?
a.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 19
TOP: Vignette: Aristotle on the Doctrine of Imitation, Ethos, and Music in Education
MSC: Applied
18. The group of influential Christian writers known as the Church Fathers includes all of the following except
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought MSC: Factual
19. The Church Fathers advocated the singing of psalms because it
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: C DIF: Hard REF: 21 | 23
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought| The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice
MSC: Applied
20. The main practice shared by early Judaism and early Christianity was
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Applied
21. The focal point of the Christian Mass is a symbolic reenactment of
a.
e.
c.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
22. When did the Roman Empire split into the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire, centered in Constantinople, and the Western Empire, centered in Rome and Milan?
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
23. Beginning in the ninth century, monks and nuns from this region played an essential role in copying the chant melodies associated with Christian worship.
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
24. The idea that the harmonious relationship of the planets as they revolved around the earth created unheard music is called
a.
TOP: In Context: Sounding and Silent Harmony: Music and Astronomy
MSC: Factual
25. The regional styles of chant used in Christian worship were absorbed into a uniform practice known as
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice| Postlude MSC: Factual
TRUE/FALSE
1. Scholars have been able to reconstruct a well-rounded view of musical culture from the ancient Near East (Babylonia, Mesopotamia, etc.).
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 4
TOP: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds MSC: Conceptual
2. From around 800 to around 1300, the Holy Roman Empire included most of modern-day France and Germany.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 8
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages: Political Change and Economic Development
MSC: Factual
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
4. Surviving examples of Greek music show a close correlation between theory and practice.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
5. The musical repertory of the early Christian world can be directly traced to that of ancient Greece.
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
6. Music was used in ancient Roman religious, state, and military ceremonies.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 20
TOP: Roman Music, 200 B.C.E.-500 C.E. MSC: Factual
7. There is much evidence that ancient Roman musical culture influenced western European musical culture.
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 20
TOP: Roman Music, 200 B.C.E.-500 C.E. MSC: Applied
8. Early Christians had a thorough and accurate understanding of ancient Greek music theory.
ANS: F DIF: Hard REF: 21 | 26
TOP: The Early Church: Musical Thought| Postlude MSC: Conceptual
9. The early church leaders discouraged the use of music for pleasure.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 22-23
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Applied
10. The music of ancient civilizations was largely improvised.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 26 TOP: Postlude
MSC: Conceptual
SHORT ANSWER
1. What were the three social classes into which society was organized in the Middle Ages?
ANS:
Nobility (nobility and knights); clergy (priests, monks, and nuns); and peasants.
DIF: Medium REF: 9 | 10, Figure 1.5
TOP: Political Change and Economic Development MSC: Conceptual
2. What is the word used to describe the architectural style of churches built in the Middle Ages, such as the one pictured?
ANS:
Gothic
TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300 MSC: Conceptual
3. Describe medieval courtly love literature.
ANS:
This is literature in the vernacular that presents a highly idealized image of love featuring knighthood and chivalry. The lover (knight) assumed a subordinate role to his lady as her loyal vassal.
DIF: Medium REF: 11 TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300
MSC: Conceptual
ANS:
A kithara is a large lyre that was used in ancient Greek processions and sacred ceremonies.
DIF: Medium REF: 17
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Applied
5. The concept in Greek philosophy that the universe is an orderly, unified system integrating everything from mathematical proportions, astronomy, philosophy, and social structures to a person’s soul is called
ANS:
harmonia.
DIF: Medium REF: 18 TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought
MSC: Conceptual
6. In 1969 the British band The Who created a rock opera called Tommy, an album of rock and roll songs produced in a recording studio that tells a story about a visually, hearing-, and speech-impaired youth who excels at pinball despite his disabilities. The songs on the album are sung by the different vocalists, each representing a character in the story. Eventually the album was turned into a film, a live theater work, and a ballet. Would Plato have approved of this fusion of classical and popular idioms and adaptations to different mediums? Why or why not?
ANS:
No. Plato did not approve of the mixing of genres and instruments and thought that musical conventions should not be changed. This reflected a well-ordered society. Opera is a classical genre and rock is a popular genre, so Plato would not have approved of a “rock opera.” Breaking conventions, such as turning a film into a live theater work, could lead to anarchy.
or
Yes. “Perfect melos” is when melody, text, and stylized dance are conceived as a whole. Any opera, whether “classical” or “rock,” is conceived as whole (music, text, dance, staging, costumes, etc.). One can argue that opera is an extension of perfect melos.
DIF: Hard REF: 16-18 TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought
MSC: Applied
7. Why did early Christians regard music as a mathematical discipline, along with geometry, astronomy, and arithmetic?
ANS:
Precise numerical relationships were a key to explaining the universe, including music. In music, numerical relationships and proportions determine intervals, consonances, scales, and tuning.
DIF: Medium REF: 21 | 24
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought| In Context: Sounding and Silent Harmony: Music and Astronomy MSC: Conceptual
8. This music theorist divided music into three categories: musica mundana (music of the universe), musica humana (human music), and musica instrumentalis (instrumental music).
ANS:
Boethius
DIF: Easy REF: 22 TOP: A Closer Look: Boethius’s Fundamentals
MSC: Factual
9. Why did the Church Fathers disapprove of using musical instruments in church?
ANS:
They believed that only music that delivered Christian teaching and holy thoughts was worthy of hearing in church and that music without words could not do this. The ban on musical instruments also distanced them from pagan spectacles involving large choruses, instruments, and dancing.
DIF: Hard REF: 23 TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought
MSC: Conceptual
10. Why did different dialects of chant develop in various regions of western Europe in the fifth through the ninth centuries?
ANS:
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was controlled by different groups of people in different regions, such as the Franks in Gaul (approximate modern-day France). They all had different local and regional rites with their own bodies of chant, or dialects.
DIF: Hard REF: 23 | 25 TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice
MSC: Conceptual
a.
a.
Aristotle
d.
Plato
b.
Boethius
e.
8. The Marriage of Mercury and Philology
9. Poetics and Politics
10. Republic and Timaeus
ESSAY
1. Discuss how theories and practices of music-making in ancient Greece are similar to those still in use today.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
2. In what ways is the history of Western music indebted to and intertwined with Christianity?
ANS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Why, throughout history, do scholars know more about the music-making activities of elite members of any given society than of others in that society?
a.
b.
Music-making activities of the elite are probably representative of the society as a whole.
c.
Music of the elite constitutes most of what survives in written form.
d.
e.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 3
TOP: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds MSC: Conceptual
2. Monastic communities followed rituals and practices known as the Rule of
a.
Muhammad.
d.
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
3. The Byzantine Empire corresponds roughly to this modern region.
a.
b.
c.
e.
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
4. Charlemagne was a
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages MSC: Factual
5. From about 1050 to about 1300, Europe experienced
a.
b.
c.
e.
TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300 MSC: Conceptual
6. Broadly speaking, the fourteenth century is characterized by
a.
c.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 14
TOP: Overview of the Fourteenth Century MSC: Conceptual
7. The history of Western music can be traced primarily to
a.
Africa.
d.
Greece.
b.
China.
e.
India.
c.
Egypt.
MSC: Factual
8. All of the following types of evidence about musical culture from ancient Greece and Rome survive today except
a.
MSC: Factual
9. The Epitaph of Seikilos is a musical composition from
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
10. In ancient Greek mythology, the lyre was associated with
a.
Apollo.
d.
Homer.
b.
Aristotle.
e.
Plato.
c.
Dionysus.
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Factual
a.
aulos.
d.
lyre.
b.
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Applied
12. All of the following wrote about Greek music except
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
13. Plato asserted that music was an essential component of education because
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
14. According to Aristotle, different kinds of melodies could cause the listener to experience
a.
emotions.
d.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
15. ________ discovered the relationship between consonant intervals and mathematical ratios.
a.
Aristotle
d.
Ptolemy
b.
Aristoxenus
e.
Pythagoras
c.
Plato
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
16. Diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic are three types of
a.
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
17. Who is likely to have written this: “It is . . . plain that music has the power of producing certain effects on the ethos of the soul, and if it has the power to do this, it is clear that the young must be directed to music and must be educated in it”?
a.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 19
TOP: Vignette: Aristotle on the Doctrine of Imitation, Ethos, and Music in Education
MSC: Applied
18. The group of influential Christian writers known as the Church Fathers includes all of the following except
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought MSC: Factual
19. The Church Fathers advocated the singing of psalms because it
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ANS: C DIF: Hard REF: 21 | 23
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought| The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice
MSC: Applied
20. The main practice shared by early Judaism and early Christianity was
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Applied
21. The focal point of the Christian Mass is a symbolic reenactment of
a.
e.
c.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
22. When did the Roman Empire split into the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire, centered in Constantinople, and the Western Empire, centered in Rome and Milan?
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
23. Beginning in the ninth century, monks and nuns from this region played an essential role in copying the chant melodies associated with Christian worship.
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Factual
24. The idea that the harmonious relationship of the planets as they revolved around the earth created unheard music is called
a.
TOP: In Context: Sounding and Silent Harmony: Music and Astronomy
MSC: Factual
25. The regional styles of chant used in Christian worship were absorbed into a uniform practice known as
a.
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice| Postlude MSC: Factual
TRUE/FALSE
1. Scholars have been able to reconstruct a well-rounded view of musical culture from the ancient Near East (Babylonia, Mesopotamia, etc.).
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 4
TOP: The Ancient and Medieval Worlds MSC: Conceptual
2. From around 800 to around 1300, the Holy Roman Empire included most of modern-day France and Germany.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 8
TOP: Overview of the Early Middle Ages: Political Change and Economic Development
MSC: Factual
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Factual
4. Surviving examples of Greek music show a close correlation between theory and practice.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
5. The musical repertory of the early Christian world can be directly traced to that of ancient Greece.
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 16
TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought MSC: Conceptual
6. Music was used in ancient Roman religious, state, and military ceremonies.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: 20
TOP: Roman Music, 200 B.C.E.-500 C.E. MSC: Factual
7. There is much evidence that ancient Roman musical culture influenced western European musical culture.
ANS: F DIF: Medium REF: 20
TOP: Roman Music, 200 B.C.E.-500 C.E. MSC: Applied
8. Early Christians had a thorough and accurate understanding of ancient Greek music theory.
ANS: F DIF: Hard REF: 21 | 26
TOP: The Early Church: Musical Thought| Postlude MSC: Conceptual
9. The early church leaders discouraged the use of music for pleasure.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 22-23
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice MSC: Applied
10. The music of ancient civilizations was largely improvised.
ANS: T DIF: Medium REF: 26 TOP: Postlude
MSC: Conceptual
SHORT ANSWER
1. What were the three social classes into which society was organized in the Middle Ages?
ANS:
Nobility (nobility and knights); clergy (priests, monks, and nuns); and peasants.
DIF: Medium REF: 9 | 10, Figure 1.5
TOP: Political Change and Economic Development MSC: Conceptual
2. What is the word used to describe the architectural style of churches built in the Middle Ages, such as the one pictured?
ANS:
Gothic
TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300 MSC: Conceptual
3. Describe medieval courtly love literature.
ANS:
This is literature in the vernacular that presents a highly idealized image of love featuring knighthood and chivalry. The lover (knight) assumed a subordinate role to his lady as her loyal vassal.
DIF: Medium REF: 11 TOP: Learning and the Arts, 1050-1300
MSC: Conceptual
ANS:
A kithara is a large lyre that was used in ancient Greek processions and sacred ceremonies.
DIF: Medium REF: 17
TOP: A Closer Look: Ancient Greek Music: Kithara and Aulos
MSC: Applied
5. The concept in Greek philosophy that the universe is an orderly, unified system integrating everything from mathematical proportions, astronomy, philosophy, and social structures to a person’s soul is called
ANS:
harmonia.
DIF: Medium REF: 18 TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought
MSC: Conceptual
6. In 1969 the British band The Who created a rock opera called Tommy, an album of rock and roll songs produced in a recording studio that tells a story about a visually, hearing-, and speech-impaired youth who excels at pinball despite his disabilities. The songs on the album are sung by the different vocalists, each representing a character in the story. Eventually the album was turned into a film, a live theater work, and a ballet. Would Plato have approved of this fusion of classical and popular idioms and adaptations to different mediums? Why or why not?
ANS:
No. Plato did not approve of the mixing of genres and instruments and thought that musical conventions should not be changed. This reflected a well-ordered society. Opera is a classical genre and rock is a popular genre, so Plato would not have approved of a “rock opera.” Breaking conventions, such as turning a film into a live theater work, could lead to anarchy.
or
Yes. “Perfect melos” is when melody, text, and stylized dance are conceived as a whole. Any opera, whether “classical” or “rock,” is conceived as whole (music, text, dance, staging, costumes, etc.). One can argue that opera is an extension of perfect melos.
DIF: Hard REF: 16-18 TOP: Music in Ancient Greek Life and Thought
MSC: Applied
7. Why did early Christians regard music as a mathematical discipline, along with geometry, astronomy, and arithmetic?
ANS:
Precise numerical relationships were a key to explaining the universe, including music. In music, numerical relationships and proportions determine intervals, consonances, scales, and tuning.
DIF: Medium REF: 21 | 24
TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought| In Context: Sounding and Silent Harmony: Music and Astronomy MSC: Conceptual
8. This music theorist divided music into three categories: musica mundana (music of the universe), musica humana (human music), and musica instrumentalis (instrumental music).
ANS:
Boethius
DIF: Easy REF: 22 TOP: A Closer Look: Boethius’s Fundamentals
MSC: Factual
9. Why did the Church Fathers disapprove of using musical instruments in church?
ANS:
They believed that only music that delivered Christian teaching and holy thoughts was worthy of hearing in church and that music without words could not do this. The ban on musical instruments also distanced them from pagan spectacles involving large choruses, instruments, and dancing.
DIF: Hard REF: 23 TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Thought
MSC: Conceptual
10. Why did different dialects of chant develop in various regions of western Europe in the fifth through the ninth centuries?
ANS:
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was controlled by different groups of people in different regions, such as the Franks in Gaul (approximate modern-day France). They all had different local and regional rites with their own bodies of chant, or dialects.
DIF: Hard REF: 23 | 25 TOP: The Early Christian Church: Musical Practice
MSC: Conceptual
a.
a.
Aristotle
d.
Plato
b.
Boethius
e.
8. The Marriage of Mercury and Philology
9. Poetics and Politics
10. Republic and Timaeus
ESSAY
1. Discuss how theories and practices of music-making in ancient Greece are similar to those still in use today.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
2. In what ways is the history of Western music indebted to and intertwined with Christianity?
ANS: