· web view2020/08/14 · note: the question paper will consist of nine questions. the candidates...

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL (SONEPAT)

SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATIONS

Department of Biotechnology

B.Sc. (Hons)-M.Sc. Dual Degree in Biotechnology

(Effective from Session 2020-21)

Semester-VII

Category

Course Code

Course Title

Teaching Scheme

Examination Marks

Duration of exam

Credits

L

P

Marks of class work

External

Total

Core Course

DBT401

Microbiology II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

DBT403

Bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Ability enhancement

DBT405

Fermentation technology

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Skill enhancement

DBT407

Ecology and environment management

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Core Lab

DBT409

Microbiology Lab

-

4

20

30

50

3

2

DBT411

Biochemistry Lab

-

4

20

30

50

3

2

TOTAL

16

8

140

360

500

20






Semester-VIII

Category

Course Code

Course Title

Teaching Scheme

Examination Marks

Duration of exam

Credits

L

P

Marks of class work

External

Total

Core Course

DBT402

Molecular biology -II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

DBT404

Enzymology and enzyme technology

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Ability enhancement

DBT406

Immunology - II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Open elective

3

25

75

100

3

3

Core Lab

DBT408

Molecular biology- II

-

4

20

30

50

3

2

DBT410

Enzymology and enzyme technology Lab

-

4

20

30

50

3

2

TOTAL

16

8

140

360

500

19

**INTERDISCIPLINARY ELECTIVE: The student will opt for an Interdisciplinary Elective course offered by other departments in the ongoing semester.

LIST OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ELECTIVE I :offered by Department of Biotechnology for students of other departments.

1. DBT452: Diagnostic techniques

2. DBT454: Bioethics and IPR






Semester-IX

Category

Course Code

Course Title

Teaching Scheme

Examination Marks

Duration of exam

Credits

L

P

Marks of class work

External

Total

Core Course

DBT501

Plant Biotechnology II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

DBT503

Animal Biotechnology II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Disciplinary Elective

Elective I

4

25

75

100

3

4

Elective II

4

25

75

100

3

4

Open elective

3

25

75

100

3

3

Core Lab

DBT505

Plant and animal Biotechnology Lab

-

4

20

30

50

3

2

Dissertation Phase I

DBT507

Dissertation Phase I

6

20

30

50

6

TOTAL

19

10

165

435

600

27

LIST OF DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES:

Elective-I

Elective-II

DBT521

Evolutionary Biology

DBT531

Bio-nanotechnology

DBT523

Microbial Genetics

DBT533

Forensics Biotechnology

DBT525

Genomics and Proteomics

DBT535

Bioenergy and Biochemical Technology

**INTERDISCIPLINARY ELECTIVE: The student will opt for an Interdisciplinary Elective course offered by other departments in the ongoing semester.

LIST OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ELECTIVES: offered by Department of Biotechnology for students of other departments.

1. DBT553/BT653MSC: Bio-Instrumentation – Principles and Applications

2. DBT555/BT655MSC: Statistical Methods for Scientific Research






Semester-X

Category

Course Code

Course Title

Teaching Scheme

Examination Marks

Duration of exam

Credits

L

P

Marks of class work

External

Total

Core Course

DBT502

Application in Biotechnology II

4

-

25

75

100

3

4

Seminar

DBT504

Independent study seminar

4

50

-

50

2

Dissertation

DBT506

Dissertation Phase II

22

100

100

200

22

TOTAL

4

24

175

175

350

28

DBT-401 MICROBIOLOGY-II


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks

Duration of Examination

:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the scope of microbiology & study microbial nutrition

· To understand the fundamentals of microbial growth

· To familiarize students with basic methods of microbial control

· To acquaint the students with microbial genetics.

UNIT - I

History of Microbiology: A brief account, scope, Relevance and future of Microbiology, Members of microbial world

Microbial Nutrition: Nutritional types of microbes, Growth requirements, Culture medium, Isolation of pure cultures

UNIT - II

Microbial Growth: The prokaryotic cell cycle, Growth curve, Measurement of microbial growth, Batch and continuous cultures, Chemostat and Turbidostat

Influence of environmental factors on growth, Classification of microorganisms on the basis of temperature, pH, oxygen, requirement etc. Microbial growth in natural environments

UNIT - III

Control of Microorganisms: Sterilization, Disinfection, pattern of microbial death, conditions affecting effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Physical and chemical methods of control evaluation of effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.

An overview of microbial metabolism

UNIT - IV

Microbial Genetics: Mechanisms of genetic variations in microbes. Mutations, Transposable elements, Plasmids Bacterial Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation

A review of significance of microbes in human diseases environment and in food and industrial microbiology

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to identify the nutritional types of microbes and methods for their isolation and preservation

· Describe different types of microbial growth patterns

· To identify various methods of microbial control

· Will gain insight into microbial recombination mechanisms

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS

· Microbiology,ed. Prescott etal. 2007,McGraw Hill, USA.

· Microbiology,ed. Pelczaretal.Tata Mc Graw Hill, New York.

· Principles of microbiology, edR.M . Atlas, Mac Millian Publishing Co. New York.

· Immunology, ed. Kubyetal W.H. Freeman &Company, New York.

Note: The question paper will consist of nine questions. The candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all. The Question No. 1 will be compulsory and comprising five short answer type questions of equal marks spread over the whole syllabus. The candidate shall attempt four more questions selecting at least one from each Unit. All questions will carry equal marks.

DBT-403 BIOENERGETICS AND INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To acquire the basic knowledge of knowledge of Bioenergetics.

· To study how the living cells harness energy and channel it to biological work.

· To study intermediary metabolism to know the utilization of energy through numerous enzyme catalyzed reactions.

· To study the various metabolic pathways with relevant details.

UNIT - I

Bioenergetics and Introduction to Metabolism Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics; Concept of free energy, and standard free energy change; Determination of free energy change for a reaction; Equilibrium constant and standard free energy change; Biological oxidation-reduction reactions; Standard reduction potential and its relationship with free energy change.

High energy compounds: ATP as universal energy currency in biological systems; Processes that generate and utilize ATP in the cell; Other high-energy compounds; Role of NADH and NADPH in metabolism.

UNIT - II

Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and their regulation;, Order, organization and function of electron carriers in mitochondrial respiratory chain (electron transport), chemo-osmotic theory, oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway and its regulation; Glycogenolysis; glycogenesis; Gluconeogenesis.

UNIT - III

Lipid metabolism: Main and alternative pathways of fatty acid oxidation; Oxidation of odd carbon number and unsaturated fatty acids; Significance and metabolism of ketone bodies; Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; fatty acid synthase complex; Metabolism of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and ketone bodies.

UNIT - IV

Amino acid metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids and their regulation; Urea cycle and its regulation.

Nucleic acid metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines; Regulation of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and degradation.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand various biochemical changes that obey the basic thermodynamic principles.

· Students will be able to correlate how the living organisms exchange energy and matter with the surroundings.

· Students will be able to correlate how catabolic breakdown of the substances is associated with release of free energy.

· Students will be able to apply the knowledge of metabolic pathways to biotechnological and biochemical research.


· Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman (2008).

· Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry, WH Freeman and Company (2006).

· Jain, J.L., Jain, S. and Jain, N., Fundamentals of Biochemistry, S. Chand and Company Ltd. (2005).


DBT-405 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To impact knowledge about biological and biochemical technology

· To emphasize on purification of biological products

· To learn about design and operation of industrial practices.

UNIT - I

Introduction to fermentation technology: Interaction between biochemical engineering; Introduction to fermentation processes; Microbial culture; Screening and selection for fermentation processes; Preservation and improvement of industrially important microorganisms; Inoculum production for bacterial and fungal processes

UNIT - II

Media for Industrial Fermentation: Raw material and media formulation for fermentation process: Fermentation media; Natural media; synthetic media. Sources of Carbon; Nitrogen and vitamins; antifoams and optimization; Types of Fermentation: Solid Substrate fermentation and submerged fermentation; Process parameters: measurement of temperature; pressure and pH; dissolved Oxygen; foam etc.

UNIT - III

Design of bioreactors: Basic objective of fermenter design, aseptic operation & containment, body construction, agitator and sparger design, baffles, stirrer glands and bearings. Process parameters and measurement techniques: measurement of temperature, pressure and pH, DO, foam etc.; flow rate of liquid and gases; Automation (processes computerization). Validation of Fermentor

UNIT - IV

Biomass separation by centrifugation; filtration; flocculation and other methods; Cell disintegration: Physical; chemical and enzymatic methods; Separation of solid and liquid phases; isolation and purification techniques for proteins and other products based on different physico-chemical properties; Principles of bioprocess control; recombinant products with representative examples.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Enhance knowledge on fermentation process and its types

· Evaluate factors in enhancement of cell and product formation during fermentation process.

· Analyse kinetics of cell and product formation in batch, continuous and fed-batch cultures

· Differentiate the rheological changes during fermentation process


· Principles of fermentation technology, Stanbury P.F. et al, Butterworth-HeinemannLtd, Oxford

· Industrial Microbiology by Casida.

· Industrial Microbiology by Cruger

· Food Microbiology by Frazier.


DBT-407 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the structures function of environment.

· To understand the fundamentals of environment pollution and remediation.

· To understand research area in environmental remediation.

· To understand the role of Biotechnology in environmental management.

UNIT - I

Principles and Concepts of Environment: Ecosystem: types, characteristics, structure and function. Concept of biosphere. Food chains, food webs and trophic structures. Ecological pyramids, Biodiversity and its conservation strategies: global scenario, Natural resources, Current status of major resources. Population ecology

Environmental Pollution and Current Environmental Issues: Environmental Pollution and its impacts, Global warming and greenhouse effect, Global Ozone Problem, Acid rain, Land degradation, Biomagnification.

UNIT - II

Waste Water management: Need for water management, Conventional and advanced treatment technology, methanogenesis, methanogenic, and fermentative bacteria, emerging biotechnological processes in waste water treatment, Eutrophication, Effects of eutrophication on the quality of water environment, factors influencing eutrophication. Algae in eutrophication, algal blooms, Physico-chemical and biological measures to control.

UNIT - III

Solid waste management: Industrial solid waste; Domestic solid waste; Agricultural solid waste; Municipal solid waste; Effects of solid waste generation on quality of air, water and public health; Technical approach for solid waste management; Disposal of organic and medical waste; Recovery and recycling of metallic waste; Disposal of plastic waste and hazardous wastes: source management and safety.

UNIT - IV

Environment protection through Biotechnology: Biodegradation and bioremediation of pollutants, Biomineralization, Biofertilizers, Biopesticides and Vermicomposting, degradative plasmids, release of genetically engineered microbes in environment.

Environmental Quality Assessment and Protection Acts: Environmental Protection standards in India, Environmental impact assessment, EnvironmentalLegislations: National and International.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the concepts and structure of environment and ecological concepts.

· Students will be able to differentiate between normal and cancerous cells.

· Students will be able to understand the water quality and waste management.

· To apply the knowledge gained through this course in environmental management


· Fundamentals of ecology: M. C. Dash, TMH Publication

· Text Book of Environmental Biotechnology, Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra

· Ecology, Odum

· Environmental Chemistry, AK De

· Environmental Biotechnology, BD Singh

· Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf and Reddy

· Bioremediation Protocols, Sheham

· Biotechnology of Biofertilizers, Kannaiyan

· Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Hurstetc

· Environmental Microbiology: W.D. Grant & P.E. Long, Blakie, Glassgow and London..


DBT-409 MICROBIOLOGY LAB


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

-

4

2

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand basic principle and theory of each experiment

· To understand applicability of microbiological methods to practice.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. To isolate a pure culture of bacteria by quadrant streak plating method

2. To preserve microbial cultures by employing variable methods

3. To isolate and identify bacteria and fungi from soil

4. To isolate and identify bacteria and fungi from air

5. To isolate and identify bacteria and fungi from water

6. To evaluate the efficacy of a given antimicrobial agent

7. To demonstrate the effect of environmental factors on growth of microorganisms

8. To isolate and identify microbes from spoiled food material

9. To perform MBRT to check the quality of given milk sample

10. To isolate microbes from skin and oral cavity of humans

11. To characterize the microbial pathogens by staining procedures like gram staining and lactophenolcotton blue staining

12. To perform biochemical tests for the industrially important and / or pathogenic bacteria

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Get first hand experience on isolation, identification and preservation of Microorganisms

· Aquire skills to check efficacy of antimicrobial agents and to detect food Spoilage & disease causations


· Microbiology- A lab manual, ed. Cappuccino and Sherman, 4 th Edition, Addison Wesley California, USA, 1999.

· Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology,tissue culture & mushroom production technology ed. Aneja K.R, New Age International publishers New Delhi.

Note: The students will be required to perform 08 experiments/ exercises from the above list and the other two experiments may be designed by the department based on the related theory course

DBT-411 BIOCHEMISTRY LAB


Semester-VII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

-

4

2

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· Understand principle, theory and calculation of each experiment.

· Understand the applicability of the biochemical methods.

· Learn fundamental approaches for experimentally investigating biochemical problems.

· Understand the basic concepts of chemical reactions that occur in living systems.


1. To prepare normal, molar solutions and percent solutions and determination of their pH.

2. To perform quantitative tests for carbohydrates.

3. To perform quantitative test for lipids.

4. To determine total protein in a given sample.

5. To determine saponification value/ iodine value of free fatty acids.

6. To perform gel electrophoretic separation of proteins/DNA.

7. To analyze blood / urine samples for sugars / urea / bile pigments.

8. To verify Beer Lambert’s Law and determination of absorption of Coefficient.

9. To perform paper chromatography for separation of amino acids / Carbohydrates.

10. To perform thin Layer chromatography for separation of fatty Acids.

11. To perform column chromatography for separation of a mixture of Protein & Salts using Sephadex column.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Acquaintance the theoretical foundations for the methods used.

· Get first-hand experience that will coincide with what is taught in the lecture portion of the class.

· Acquire and demonstrate competency in laboratory safety in routine and specialized laboratory skills.

· Students will be able to use current biochemical techniques to plan and carry out experiments.


· Introductory Practical Biochemistry (2014) .,S.K. Sawhney& R. Singh (Eds) Published by Narosa Publishing House, ISBN 10: 8173193029 / ISBN 13: 9788173193026.Practical Biochemistry (1990) David Plummer. Tata Mc-Graw Hill

· Biochemical Methods (1996) Sadasivam&Manickam New Age International (P) Ltd.


DBT-402 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY -II


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the structures and function of DNA.

· To understand the fundamentals of gene expression and gene rege regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes.

· To learn the role of diagnostic techniques in biological research.

· To understand that role of monoclonal antibodies and medical biology.

UNIT - I

Structure of DNA, DNA replication and repair: Structure and various forms of DNA, DNA as genetic material, Origin of DNA replication, replication of bacterial & eukaryotic chromosomes, rolling circle replication, DNA polymerases, mechanism of DNA replication and its regulation, telomere replication, DNA repair mechanisms: photo- reactivation, excision, mismatch, post replication recombination repair, SOS repair.

Gene Expression I- Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- transcriptional unit, bacterial and eukaryotic RNA polymerases, role of sigma factor, promoter recognition, initiation, elongation & termination of transcription, role of transcription factors, promoters and enhancers.

UNIT - II

RNA Processing: Processing of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, poly-A tailing, 5’ capping, nuclear splicing, RNA editing.

Regulation of Gene Expression: Regulation in prokaryotes, operon concept, lac, trpand araoperon, catabolite repression, attenuation, gene regulation in eukaryotes- methylation & acetylation, hormonal control of gene expression, RNA silencing.

UNIT - III

Monoclonal Antibodies: Formation and selection of hybrid cells, screening for specific antibodies producing hybrid cell lines.

Non-radioactive Hybridization procedures: Use of chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates and specific enzymes for detecting signal amplification.

Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases: Significance in prenatal diagnosis, diagnosis before onset of symptoms and identification of carriers of hereditary disorders, Special diagnostic tools: DNA finger printing and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as diagnostic tools.

UNIT - IV

Diagnostic in Medical Biology: Use of nucleic acid and antibodies as a specific probe in clinical diagnosis and tissue typing; custom made animals as different disease models comparable to human system; Gene therapy and its utilization; Protein and DNA vaccines; Production of Edible vaccines in plant system; synthetic DNAs; drug delivery; Gene mapping. Use of molecular biology in forensic medicine RFLP and applications

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the DNA replication and structure. After successful completion of this course students are expected to be able to:

· Promote molecular mechanism in their future research needs.

· Apply the knowledge in finding the solution to current genetic problems and disease targets.

· To apply latest developments in molecular biology and diagnostic tools.


· Genes, Ed. Benjamin Lewin, Oxford University Press, U.K.

· Genomes, Ed. T.A. Brown, John Wiley & Sons Pvt. Ltd.

· Molecular biology of Cell, ed. Bruce Alberts, James D.Watson, Garland Publising.

· Molecular Cell Biology, ed. H. Lodish and Baltimore, W.H., 2000, Freeman &Co

· Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology, ed. Lissa Anne Shimeld.

· Recombinant DNA, ed. James D Watson and Michael Gilman, 2001, W. H Freeman and Company New York.

· Molecular Biotechnology: Principles Application of Recombinant DNA, ed. Bernard R Glick and Jack J. Pasternak, ASM press Washington DC.


DBT-404 ENZYMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· Understand fundamentals of enzyme structure, function and different methods of isolation , production and purification of enzyme

· Discuss Mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

· Understand the study kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

· Describe industrial application of enzyme.

UNIT - I

Introduction and historic background- General Terminology, Nomenclature and classification of Enzymes. Criteria of purity of enzymes - Specific activity. Enzyme units- Katal and IU. Enzyme activity - chemical nature of enzymes. Concept of active site and energetics of enzyme substrate. Protein nature of enzymes and Non protein enzymes- Ribozymes and DNAymes.. Isozymes, multienzyme complex, Abzymes, Synzyme– A brief account Strategies used for enzyme production, isolation and purification, method of calculating the purification fold, estimation of enzyme activity.

UNIT - II

Enzyme Catalysis: Lock and key, Induced fit and Transition state Hypotheses. Mechanism of enzyme

catalysis- Acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, Metal ion catalysis, Proximity and orientation effects etc.

Mechanism of Serine proteases- Chymotryspin, Lysozyme,Carboxypeptidase A and Ribonuclease.,

Proenzymes (Zymogens).

UNIT - III

Enzyme Kinetics: Enzyme kinetics and its importance, methods used for investigating the kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions, factors affecting the velocity of enzyme catalysed reaction, Michaelis-Menten equation, Vmax, Km and its significance, Lineweaver Burk plot- its advantages and limitations, Eadie- Hofstee and Hanes plots, enzyme inhibition, types of enzyme inhibitions- competitive, uncompetitive, noncompetitive, mixed type inhibition and determination of Ki, feedback inhibition, Bisubstrate reactions- brief introduction to sequential and ping -pong mechanism with examples.

UNIT - IV

Applications of Enzymes and Immobilized Enzymes in: medicine, textile, leather, detergent, paper,

bakery, dairy industry, beverage and food processing, clinical applications of enzyme estimation,

enzymes as biosensors.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Analyse structure/function relationships in biocatalysed reactions and also understand the different methods of isolation and purification enzyme

· Predict possible catalytic mechanisms of given reaction types

· To present strategies for the analysis of kinetic mechanisms of catalysed reactions.

· To account for industrial applications of enzyme.

TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Enzymes By M Dixon and EC Webb. EC Longmans, London.

2. Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins (Paperback) by Nicholas C. Price and Lewis Stevens. Oxford University Press.

3. Advances in Enzymology: v. 47 (Hardcover) by Alton Meister. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 4th EdBy David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox,WH Freeman and Company.

5. Principles of Biochemistry (Hardcover) by Geoffrey Zubay. Publisher: McGraw Hill College.

6. Biochemistry: Biomolecules, Mechanisms of Enzyme Action and Metabolism Vol 1 (Hardcover) By D Voet. John Wiley and Sons.

7. Understanding Enzymes by Palmer, T. 4th Edition,Prentice Hall.


DBT-406 IMMUNOLOGY -II


Semester-VIIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· Review immune system

· To study hypersensitivity and transplantation

· To be acquainted with diseases like cancer etc.

· To learn various immunodiagnostics methods.

UNIT - I

A review of important components of immune system: Innate, Cell mediated and humoral immune response, Antigens and Antibodies. B cell & T cell, Activation and development. Antigen presentation and processing, Elimination of pathogen

Vaccines: Types and new vaccines strategies

UNIT - II

Hypersensitivity: Type I,II,III&IV.

Cell migration and inflammatory response: Process of inflammation-localized and systemic and anti inflammatory agents

Immune response to infectious agents: Bacteria and viruses

Transplantation immunology: A brief account, graft rejection and immunosuppressive therapies

UNIT - III

Cancer and immune system: Evasion of immune response by tumours; immunotherapy for cancer

Immunodeficiency diseases and their treatment approaches.

Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: organ specific and systemic therapeutic approaches to autoimmune diseases

UNIT - IV

Immunodiagnostics: Rabbit immunization protocol, Purification of antibodies-Ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filteration etc., Antibody assays- Immunodiffusion: Ouchterlony’s and Mancini’s method, Immuno electrophoresis-Rocket, crossed and counter, Agglutination reactions, complement fixation test, radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-Direct, Indirect, Sandwich etc.,Immunofluorescence, western blotting

Production and applications of monoclonal antibodies

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will develop an overview of immune system & its mechanisms

· Will be familiarized with hypersensitivity and transplantation cpncepts

· Develop an insight into cancer, autoimmunity & immunodeficiency diseases

· Analyse& employ the various immunodiagnostics methods


· Essentials of Immunology, ed. Ivan Roittetal. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

· Fundamentals of Immunology, ed. Paul WZ, Raven Press, New York.

· Immunology, ed. Kubyetal W.H. Freeman &Company, New York.

· Microbiology ,ed. Prescott etal. 2007,McGraw Hill, USA.

Note: The question paper will consist of nine questions. The candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all. The Question No. 1 will be compulsory and comprising five short answer type questions of equal marks spread over the whole syllabus. The candidate shall attempt four more questions selecting at least one from each Unit. All questions will carry equal marks

DBT-408 MOLECULAR BIOLOGYLAB – II


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

-

4

2

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the fundamentals of DNA isolation and characterization

· To understand research problem formulation and analyze research related information.

· To review the basic concept of molecular biology and diagnostic techniques.

· To illustrate creative use of techniques in molecular biology lab and instrument working and handling


1. Isolation of plasmid DNA from prokaryotic cell.

2. Isolation of genomic DNA from prokaryotic cells.

3. Isolation of DNA from eukaryotic cells.

4. Gel electrophoretic separation of DNA & molecular weight determination.

5. Restriction mapping of plasmid DNA, involving single & double digestion of the plasmid with restriction enzyme.

6. Perform the technique of ELISA.

7. ABO Blood group determination

8. Study the diagnosis of VDRL by immunoassay.

9. To study the significance of PCR in disease diagnosis.

10. Detection of pathogens by SRID and DID.

11. Study techniques of Immunoblot.

12. Perform the Widal test.

12. Detection of microbial pathogens by immunoelectrophoresis.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· To understand the lab organization and handling of chemicals.

· To apply the practical knowledge of molecular biology and diagnostic tools.

· To learn about the DNA isolation and characterization.

· To apply diagnostic knowledge through hands on traing of this course.


· Antibodies: A laboratory manual, ed. Harlow and David Lane, 1988, Cold Spring Harber laboratory Press.

· Molecular Cloning – A laboratory manual, ed. J. Sambrook and D.W. Russell, 2001, Cold Spring Harbor laboratory Press, New York.

· DNA cloning: A Practical Approach, ed. Glover and Hames.


DBT-410 ENZMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY LAB


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

-

4

2

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the applicability & mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

· To demonstrate different methods of isolation, production and purification of enzyme

· To understand principle, theory and calculation of each experiment.

· To study kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions.


1. Isolation/Extraction of Intracellular Enzyme.

2. Isolation/Extraction of Extracellular Enzyme.

3. Construction of purification table for any one Enzyme.

4. Partial purification of an enzyme by ammonium sulphate fractionation

5. Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE.

6. Assay of enzyme catalysed reaction.

7. To study time course of the reaction catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase.

8. To examine the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction.

9. To determine temperature optima for alkaline phosphatase.

10. To examine the effect of pH on activity of alkaline phosphatase.

11. To study the effect of substrate concentration on activity of alkaline phosphatase and determine Km and Vmax of the reaction.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this lab course, students will be able:

· Get first-hand experience that will coincide with what is taught in the lecture portion of the class.

· To comprehend different methods of enzymology.

· To acquire understanding for the different methods of isolation and purification of enzymes.

· To learn kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions.


· Introductory Practical Biochemistry (2014) .,S.K. Sawhney& R. Singh (Eds) Published by Narosa Publishing House,ISBN 10: 8173193029 / ISBN 13: 9788173193026.

· Practical Biochemistry (1990) David Plummer. Tata Mc-Graw Hill

· Biochemical Methods (1996) Sadasivam&Manickam New Age International (P) Ltd.

Note: The students will be required to perform 08 experiments/ exercises from the above list and the other two experiments may be designed by the department based on the related theory course.

DBT-452 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (OPEN ELECTIVE)


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

3

-

3

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To impart knowledge of basic concepts of immunology and its applications in diagnostics

· To learn the concepts of monoclonal antibodies and its applications

· Study the isolation and characterization of antibodies.

· Learn about the diagnosis of genetic diseases.

UNIT - I

Introduction and Basic Considerations: Immunological diagnostic procedures- isolation and characterization of antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, immuno assay systems, signal amplification systems, reagent formulation and their shelf life evaluation.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) system: Applications in clinical diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, membrane based rapid immuno assays.

UNIT - II


Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies: Detection of polypeptide hormones, tumor markers and cytokines, diagnosis of infectious diseases and drug monitoring, detection of miscellaneous targets.

DNA Diagnostic Systems: Nucleic acid hybridization assay systems, basic considerations, production of various types of hybridization probes, diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Trypanosoma cruziand sickle cell by DNA hybridization.

UNIT - III


Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies: Detection of polypeptide hormones, tumor markers and cytokines, diagnosis of infectious diseases and drug monitoring, detection of miscellaneous targets.

DNA Diagnostic Systems: Nucleic acid hybridization assay systems, basic considerations, production of various types of hybridization probes, diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Trypanosoma cruziand sickle cell by DNA hybridization.

UNIT - IV

Special diagnostic tools: Recombinant DNA Technology, Applications of recombinant DNA, Diagnosis of hereditary diseases caused by mutations not affecting restriction endonuclease sites, Polymerase chain reaction, application of PCR in Diagnostics of pathogens identification, Site directed mutagenesis, DNA finger printing, DNA Foot Printing, RAPD, RFLP, Yeast Two hybrid systems, antisense-RNA technology, gene therapy and recombinant vaccines.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· To Account for the individual steps in isolation and characterization of antibodies.

· Explain the overall Immunological diagnostic procedures

· This course helps the students to Identify Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases

· Explain the applications of monoclonal antibodies.


· Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology, ed. Lissa Anne Shimeld.

· Diagnostic Microbiology, ed. Balley and Scott

· Recombinant DNA, ed. James D Watson and Michael Gilman, 2001, W. H Freeman and Company New York.

· Molecular Biotechnology: Principles Application of Recombinant DNA, ed. Bernard R Glick and Jack J. Pasternak, ASM press Washington DC.

· Methodology of immunochemical and immuno-logical research, ed. Kwapinski-Willey inter science.

· A handbook of practical immunology, ed. G.P Talwar, Vikas Publishing house Pvt Ltd.


DBT-454 BIOETHICS AND IPR (OPEN ELECTIVE)


Semester-VIII

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

3

-

3

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the patent types and their filing procedure.

· To learn and follow research ethics in biotechnology based research.

· To understand IPR and bioehics in changing climate.

· To learn about Intellectual Property Right to be promoted among students.

UNIT - I

Introduction to Intellectual Property: Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of GMOs IP as a factor in R&D; IPs of relevance to Biotechnology and few Case Studies

Biosafety: Introduction; Historical Backround; Introduction to Biological Safety Cabinets; Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels; Biosafety Levels of Specific Microorganisms

UNIT - II

Basics of Patents and Concept of Prior Art: Introduction to Patents; Types of patent applications: Ordinary, PCT, Conventional, Divisional and Patent of Addition; Specifications: Provisional and complete; Forms and fees Invention in context of “prior art”; Patent databases; Searching International Databases; Country-wise patent searches (USPTO, esp@cenet(EPO), PATENTScope(WIPO), IPO, etc.)

UNIT - III

Patent filing procedures: National & PCT filing procedure; Time frame and cost; Status of the patent applications filed; Precautions while patenting–disclosure/non-disclosure; Financial assistance for patenting-introduction to existing schemes, Patent licensing and agreement Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies

UNIT - IV

Bioethics: Ethical implications of biotechnological products and techniques. Social and ethical implications of biological weapons.

Biosafety guidelines: Government of India; Definition of GMOs & LMOs; Roles of Institutional Biosafety Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture; Environmental release of GMOs; Risk Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview of National Regulations and relevant International Agreements including; Cartegana Protocol, ; Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the concepts of Bioethics and IPR.

· Study sources, scope and objectives of a research problem and implication for patenting.

· Understand the IPR protection provide an incentive to inventors for further research

· To apply latest developments in patenting, IPR, biosafety and bioethics in the profession and research


· BAREACT, Indian Patent Act 1970 Acts & Rules, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2007

· Kankanala C., Genetic Patent Law & Strategy, 1st Edition, Manupatra Information Solution Pvt. Ltd., 2007 Important

· Singh K. Intellectual Property Rights on Biotechnology, BCIL, New Delhi

· Sasson A, Biotechnologies and Development, UNESCO Publication, 1988.

· Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries present and future, UNESCO publisher, 1993.

· Ben Mepham, Bioethics: An introduction to Biosciences. Oxford University Press.

· Goel and Parashar. IPR, Bioethics and Biosafety ( 1 Ed. 2013) Pearson

· Links:

http://www.w3.org/IPR/ http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en http://www.ipr.co.uk/IP_conventions/patent_cooperation_treaty.html www.patentoffice.nic.in www.iprlawindia.org/ - 31k - Cached - Similar page http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/background.shtml http://www.cdc.gov/OD/ohs/symp5/jyrtext.htm http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/biosafety/biosafetypage/section3.html


DBT501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY-II


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· The objective of the course is to impart students widening of the knowledge with modern plant biotechnology processes.

· To impart students widening of the production of plants with improved characteristics. Including techniques for in vitro production of plants.

· To analyze the current applications of micro-propagation, somatic embryogenesis, germplasm storage and secondary metabolites production.

· To study the techniques of plant genetic engineering and their significant impact on agriculture.

UNIT - I

Cryopreservation as a Germplasm storage method :Cryoprotectants, pre-treatment, freezing, storage, thawing and its applications.

Protoplast isolation: Culture and usage; Somatic hybridization – Protoplast fusion: methods, identification and selection of hybrid cells, Cybrids: Applications.

In vitro production of Haploids :Androgenic methods ,androgenesis, anther and microspore culture, gynogenesis and their applications.

UNIT - II

Stress Biology and Conventional methods for crop improvement:

Abiotic stress –Physiological and molecular responses of plants to drought, salinity, heat and cold stress, Overcoming stress: breeding efforts.

Biotic stress - Plant interaction with bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens and herbivores, plant responses to pathogen and herbivores, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance – toxins of fungi and bacteria pathogen derived resistance.

Principles of Conventional plant breeding, Breeding methods for self and cross pollinated crops, Heterosis breeding, Mutation breeding, Limitations of conventional breeding.

Unit III

Gene transfer methods : Direct gene transfer -PEG-mediated, electroporation, particle bombardment and other Indirect Gene transfer methods / alternative methods. Screenable and selectable markers; Monocot transformation, Characterization of transgenics.

Agrobacterium-plant interaction; Virulence; Ti and Ri plasmids; Opines and their significance;T-DNA transfer; Disarming the Ti plasmid, Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery, Cointegrate and binaryvectors and their utility.

Unit IV

Genetic engineering for increasing crop productivity: Viral resistance: coat protein mediated, nucleocapsid gene, antisense and RNAi. Fungal diseases: chitinase,1- 3betaglucanase, ribosome-inactivating proteins , antifungal proteins, PR proteins. Insect pests resistance: Bt genes, Non-Bt like protease inhibitors, alpha amylase inhibitor. Drought, salinity and thermal stress. Advantages and practical applications of transgenics. Plants as Bio factories, , biodegradable plastics, Golden rice, FlavrSavr tomato. Biosafety and risk assessment of GM crops

COURSE OUTCOMES:

After successful completion of this course students are expected to be able to:

· Able to know the types of plant cultures - protoplast isolation and fusion:

· To understand the plant conservation through cryopreservation.

· To understand plant nuclear gene and principles behind the gene transfer methods in plants for crop improvement in agriculture, horticulture and forestry.

· The students will know the scope of plant biotechnology methods for global food security and commercial gains.

.


1. H.S Chawla: Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, 2004, Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi,

2. Christou and Lee: Volume I and Volume II : Handbook of Plant Biotechnology,2002

3. Adrian Slater, Nigel Scott and Mark Fowler, Plant Biotechnology: The genetic manipulation of plants, 2003: 1st Edition, Oxford University Press,

4. Chrispeels , MJ and Sadava, DE, Plants, Genes and Crop Biotechnology, 2003: 2nd edition, American Society of Plant Biologists, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA

5. Arie Altman, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2001 Agricultural Biotechnology

6. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants; Edited by Buchanan, Gruissem and Jones 2000, , American Society of Plant Biologists, USA

7. Plant tissue culture: Theory and practice eds. Bhojwani, S.S., Razdan, M.K. 1996, Elsevier Science, Netherlands.

8. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture: Fundamental methods eds. Gamborg, O.L., Phillips, G.C 1995. Illustrated, Publisher Springer.

9. Introduction to Plant biotechnology by HS Chawla 2008. Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. .


DBT-503 ANIMAL BOTECHNOLOGY II


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To understand about tissue culture as a science and advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture.

· To provide an exposure for the needs of different conditions required for successful experimentation with tissue culture along with its implications.

· To understand about tissue culture as a science and advantages and disadvantages of

tissue culture.

· To provide an exposure for the needs of different conditions required for successful

experimentation with tissue culture along with its implications.

UNIT - I

Introduction & History of Animal Biotechnology: History of animal cell culture; Laboratory setup and equipments; Types of cell culture media, media constituents, CO2 incubation & bicarbonate Buffering. Sterilization of cell culture media; Isolation of tissue. Disaggregation of tissue– Mechanical and Enzymatic methods. Different culture techniques, Secondary culture

UNIT – II

Maintenance of Cell Lines– Basic techniques of Mammalian Cell Culture: Isolation of the Tissue, Primary culture Subculture and Propagation. Characteristics of animal cells in cultures; Suspension culture; Histotypic cultures; Embryonic and Adult stem cell culture. Continuous cell lines, Measurement of viability & cytotoxicity, Maintenance of cell Lines- Cryopreservation and Germplasm storage

UNIT-III

Techniques of Animal Cells:- Vectors for animal cells- adeno based vectors, SV 40, baculovirus.; Cell cloning and selection; Hybridoma technology and its application; Testing of toxicity of environmental pollutants and carcinogens; As model systems for basic research; Foetal cell culture to detect genetic abnormalities. Transgenic mice and cattle. Artificial cells.

UNIT-IV

Applications of Cell Lines: Application of animal cell culture technology: Production of human and animal vaccines and pharmaceutical protein. Animal bioreactors. Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering for organ replacement.; In vitro testing of drugs, Harvesting of products, purification, and assays. · Three dimensional cultures and tissue engineering.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Comprehend the fundamental concepts of animal cell culture, and its

importance.

· Apply the concept of recombinant DNA technique on animal cells

· Discuss the significance of transgenesis with reference to animal models.

· Explain the applications of animal cloning and gene therapy along with ethical concerns


· Molecular Biotechnology, ed. Old and Primrose.

· Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of recombinant DNA, ed. Bernard R. Glick, Jack. J. Pasternak, ASM press Washington DC.

· Animal Cell biotechnology, ed. R.E. Spier and J.D Griffiths, 1988, Academic press, U.S.A.

· Living resources for Biotechnology of Animal cells, ed. A. Doyle, R. Hay and B.E. Kirsop, 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.


DBT505 PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

-

4

2

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To give students hands-on experience and training in characteristic plant biotechnology techniques.

· To demonstrate various steps of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation for development of transgenic plant and to demonstrate confirmation of transgenics at molecular level for the expression of foreign protein.

· It gives introduction to the various transformation techniques employed in animal systems.

· It also describes the application of genetically modified animals in industrial, medical and various other fields.

List of Experiments/ Exercises:

1. To isolate protoplasts from flower petals and leaves of different plants and demonstrate protoplast fusion via PEG.

2. To extract proteins from the given plant material and estimate soluble protein content by Bradford method.

3. To isolate plant DNA from different sources and digest DNA with restriction enzymes and to compare DNA agarose gel electrophoresis of various plant species.

4. To extract RNA and agarose gel electrophoresis of RNA.

5. To perform RAPD analysis of two varieties of Brassica or any other genera.

6. Preparation of LB and AB media for agro-infection of explants of any plant species using Agrobacterium tumefaciens andto maintain and grow Agrobacterium cultures.

7. Preparation of animal cell culture medium and membrane filtration

8. Preparation of single cell suspension from spleen and thymus

9. Cell counting and cell viability

10. Trypsinization of monolayer and sub culturing

11. Cryopreservation and thawing

12. MTT assay for cell viability and growth

13. Demonstration of sections of human ovary, testis and aborted human embryos.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· To know the technical know-how of plant biotechnology lab and related sterilization methods.

· To learn chloroplast purification and protoplast fusion using PEG method etc and to learn detailed procedure for development of transgenic plants through indirect method like Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation.

· Comprehend the fundamental concepts of animal cell culture, and its importance,apply the concept of recombinant DNA technique on animal cells and discuss the significance of transgenesis with reference to animal models.

· Explain the applications of animal cloning and gene therapy along with ethical concerns


· Practical Biotechnology and Plant tissue culture ed. Santosh Nagar and Madhavi Adhav,2009- S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.

· Plant Biotechnology- A practical manual ed. C.C. Giri and ArchnaGiri, 2014 - IK International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

· Plant biotechnology: A practical approach, by HS Chawla 2008, Science Publishers, USA.

· Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, ed H. Dodde and L.W. Robert 1998, Cambridge University Press.

· Sambrook J, DW Russell, T Maniatis. 2001. Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, c2001. 3rd Edition.

· Ausubel F [et al.]. 2001. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5 volumes. (Loose-leaf)

· George EF, Hall MA & De Klerk GJ. 2008. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Agritech Publ.

· Pena L. 2004. Transgenic Plants: Methods and Protocols. Humana

Note: The students will be required to perform 08 experiments/ exercises from the above list and the other two experiments may be designed by the department based on the related theory course.

DBT507 : DISSERTATION PHASE-I


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

20 Marks

--

6

6

Examination

:

30 Marks

Total

:

50 Marks

The objective of this course is to develop in students the capacity for analysis & judgment and the ability to carry out independent investigation in design/development through a dissertation work involving creativity, innovation and ingenuity. The work should start with comprehensive literature search and critical appreciation thereof so as to select a research problem and finalize the topic of dissertation.

Each student will carry out an independent dissertation under the supervision of a supervisor; in no case, more than two supervisors may be associated with one dissertation work. The first supervisor must be from the department, however, for interdisciplinary research work, the second supervisor may be from other department of the university/ outside university/industry. In the latter case, consent of the second supervisor with justification thereof needs to be submitted to the dissertation coordinator.

The Dissertation (Phase-I) involving literature survey and problem formulation along with data collection (if required) commences in 3rd semester &will be completed as Dissertation (Phase-II) in 4th semester. Each student will be required to present two seminar talks, first towards the beginning of the Dissertation (Phase-I) to present the scope of the work and to finalize the topic, and the second towards the end of the semester, presenting the progress report containing literature survey, partial results (if any) of the work carried out by him/her in the semester.The student will be required to submit one copy of spiral-bound progress report to the M.Sc. Coordinator.

Internal evaluation of Dissertation (Phase-I) will be done by following committee:

1. Chairperson / Head of Department / Nominee : Chairperson

2. M.Sc. Coordinator/Senior Faculty: Member-Secretary

3. Respective Dissertation Supervisor(s): Member(s)

Final exam will be conducted by the internal examiner (M.Sc. Coordinator/ faculty nominated by Chairperson) & an external examiner to be appointed by Controller of Examinations from a panel of examiners submitted by the Dept.

For this course, M. Sc. coordinator will be assigned a load of 1 hour per week excluding his/ her own guiding load. Dissertation supervisor (guiding teacher) will be assigned a load of 1 hour per week for the first student and additional 1 hour per week (for their own department only) for the subsequent student(s) subject to a maximum load of 2 hours. Work load allocated for the joint supervision within the department will be treated as half for each supervisor.

DBT 553/BT653MSC BIOINSTRUMENTATION - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS (Interdisciplinary Elective)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

3

-

3

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To impart knowledge about the theoretical working of microscopy, spectrometry and chromatography.

· To teach the applications of various techniques in biotechnology and related fields.

UNIT-I:

Microscopic techniques: AFM, Fluorescence Microscopy, Confocal microscopy, cryotomy scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze- fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy, single cell imaging. Environmental SEM, and its advantages.

UNIT-II:

Spectroscopy: Introduction, principle and analysis using UV/visible spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichorism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy , Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction, X ray crystallography and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, mass spectrometry and IR. Applications of spectroscopy in Environmental analysis; biomedical sciences.

UNIT-III:

Chromatography and Radioisotopy: Introduction, principle and analysis using HPTLC, HPLC, GLC, Affinity chromatography and its types. Various electrophoretic techniques: capillary electrophoresis, IEF and 2 D electrophoresis. Applications of chromatography and electrophoresis.

Radioisotope techniques- Radio assay (nature of radioactivity, units, decay, half life, detection/measurement), scintillation counting, safety aspects and applications of radioisotopes.

UNIT-IV

Histochemical and Immunotechniques: Antibody generation, blotting techniques, Immuno - precipitation, Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, detection of antigens in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the terms, principle, instrumentation and operation of different techniques.

· Students will be able to acquire broad knowledge of applications of techniques.


1. Biophysical chemistry: Principle and Techniques ed. A.Upadhyay, K.Upadhyay and N.Nath, 1998, Himalya Publication House, Delhi.

2. Introduction to instrumental analysis ed. Robert. D.B raun, 1987. McGraw Hill, U.K.

3. Biological spectroscopy: Campbell and Durek.

4. Physical biochemistry, ed. By D. Friefelder, W.H. Freeman and company U.S.A.

NOTE: The question paper will consist of nine questions. The candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all. The Question No. 1 will be compulsory and comprising short answer type questions of equal marks spread over the whole syllabus. The candidate shall attempt four more questions selecting at least one from each Unit. All questions will carry equal marks.

DBT555/BT655MSC STATISTICAL METHODS FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

(Interdisciplinary Elective)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

3

-

3

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To inculcate habit of scientific enquiry and be able to identify lacunae in the existing knowledge in statistical area.

· To acquire knowledge of modern research techniques and be familiar with the recent advances in the field of research.

UNIT-I

Introduction to Biostatistics: Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode; Expectation; Measures of spread: range, percentile, standard deviation; dispersion. Mean variance, standard deviation, standard error, co-efficient of variance.

UNIT-II

Concept of Probability and Hypothesis testing: Concept of probability and probability laws; standard probability distribution – binomial, poisson and normal distributions.Test of hypothesis. Test of significance based on z, χ2, t and F statistics; correlation and regression. Tests for proportion; Equality of proportions; equality of means of normal populations (variance known, variance unknown).

UNIT-III

Descriptive statistics and Random variables: Higher moments: kurtosis, skew; Displaying data: Histograms, stem-and-leaf plots, box plots, frequency distributions; Discrete random variables: Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Geometric distributions, Continuous random variables: Normal, Exponential distributions, Standard normal distribution.

UNIT-IV

Experimental Designs: Analysis of variance and co-variance: one-way and two-way ANOVA; Random sampling; principles of design of experiments; CRD, RBD, LSD; transformation of data; comparison of mean; Curve fitting, Regression and correlation: simple linear regression, the least squares method.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the terms, principle, and operation of different statistical methods.

· Students will be able to acquire broad knowledge of applications of statistical tools in biotechnology.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. An introduction to biostatistics, ed. Glover, T. and K. Mitchell, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York.

2. Fundamental of Biostatistics, ed. Veer BalaRastogi, RastogiPublication .

3. Statistical methods in biology. By: Norman T.J. Bailey (3rd Edition), 1995, Cambridge University Press.

NOTE: The question paper will consist of nine questions. The candidates will be required to attempt five questions in all. The Question No. 1 will be compulsory and comprising short answer type questions of equal marks spread over the whole syllabus. The candidate shall attempt four more questions selecting at least one from each Unit. All questions will carry equal marks.

DBT-521 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (ELECTIVE- I)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To provide students with deeper insight into evolutionary processes.

· To study basic methods of analyzing the evolutionary relationships.

· To study modern evolutionary theory in relation to origin and dynamics of gene diversity in time.

· To study the principle sources of variation responsible for evolution..

UNIT - I

Introduction to Evolutionary Biology: meaning and importance of evolution in biology. A brief history of life. The development of evolutionary theoryLamarckism, Darwinism, Natural selection, Neo-Darwinism and Mutation theory. Evolution of diseases: some examples.

UNIT - II

Variations- nature and types. Mechanisms that decrease and increase variations (natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination and gene flow). Speciation: Modes of speciation, isolating mechanisms, speciation in time

UNIT - III

Macro and micro-evolution: definitions, mechanisms and importance. Evidences, patterns of evolution and extinctions over the geological period. Phylogeny: introduction and concepts of phylogeny. Phylogenetic trees, cladistics and phylogenetic reconstructions, hierarchy of species, transitional forms and molecular phylogeny.

UNIT - IV

Population genetics: Introduction to Population Genetics, elements of population genetics. - Genetic variation. - Characterization of DNA sequence variations - Algebra of Probabilities; The Idealized Random-mating Population and the Hardy Weinberg Principle.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the origin and evolution of living organism.

· Students will be able to understand the key concepts of population genetics.

· Students will be able to correlate how natural selection leads to evolution.

· Students will be able to explore various related aspects of evolutionary biology field


· Futuyama, D.J. Evolutionary Biology- III Ed. Sinauer Associates Inc. Massachusetts, 1998.

· Gerhart, J and Kirchner, M. Cell, Embryos & Evolution. Blackwell Science Publishers, 1997.

· Keynes, R. Charles Darwin’s Zoology Notes & Specimen List from H.M.S Beagle. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

· Price, P.W. Biological Evolution. Saunders College Publishing, 1995..


DBT-523 MICROBIAL GENETICS (ELECTIVE- I)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To study the fundamental concepts in microbial genetics.

· To study genetic methods used to investigate biological problems.

· To understand the mechanism of genetic transfer in microbes.

· To understand the genetic constituent of bacteria with special emphasis on inheritance and mutations.

UNIT - I

Bacteria as model systems in genetic analysis: Mutation, recombination, test of allelism, gene mapping; Methods of gene transfer in bacteria; Conjugation: Discovery, nature of donor strains and compatibility, interrupted mating and temporal mapping, Hfr, F', map of F plasmid, mechanism of chromosome transfer, molecular pathway of recombination; Chromosome transfer in other bacteria.

UNIT - II

Gene transfer by conjugation, transformation and transduction:

Conjugation:Molecular mechanism of gene transfer by conjugation, genes and proteins involved. Regulation of gene transfer by conjugation, Hfr strains.

Transformation: Natural transformation systems. Molecular basis of natural transformation and competence. Transformation and gene mapping; Methods for transformation;Chemical-mediated and electro transformation.

Transduction: Discovery, generalized and specialized or restricted transduction, Phage P1 and P22-mediated transduction, mechanism of generalized transduction, abortive transduction. Temperate phage lambda and mechanism of specialized transduction, gene mapping, fine structure mapping.

UNIT - III

Structure of genes in eukaryotes: Split genes-exons and introns; different kinds of introns and junction sequences; origin of introns (exon early intron early hypothesis); coding potential and overlapping genes; pseudogenes-their origin and function; cryptic genes- their origin and function; gene transfer between nucleus and other organelles. Gene regulation and levels of regulation, evidences and experimental designs/methodologies, role of genetic analysis in understanding gene function and regulation; Yeast- Gene regulation in a single celled eukaryote using a model case of GAL gene.

UNIT - IV

Genetic regulation in eukaryotes: DNA alteration (Gene amplification, programmed DNA rearrangement, DNA methylation); Spatial and temporal control, Tubulin gene in plant, globin genes in animals); Molecular control of transcription in eukaryotes (Enhancer, Silencer, enhancer trap mutagenesis, transcription factors, alternate promoters, alternate splicing, molecular organization of transcriptionaly active DNA); Induction of transcriptional activity by environmental and horizontal factors; Translational control.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to distinguish genetic regulatory mechanisms at different levels.

· Students will be able to use common microbial methods.

· Students will be able to explain the processes behind mutations and other genetic changes.

· Students will be able to design different techniques based on utilizing the genetic mechanism of mutations


· Fundamental Bacterial Genetics - Trun N and Trempy J, Blackwell Publ.

· Modern Microbial Genetics -Streips U. N. and Yasbin R.E., Wiley-Liss.

· Molecular Genetics of Bacteria - W Sneider L. and Champness. ASM Publishers.

· J D Watson et al., Biology of Gene, 6th Edition, Benjamin Cummings publishers Inc. 2007

· Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland, 2002.


DBT-525GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS (ELECTIVE -I)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To acquaint the students with fundamental principles of genomics and proteomics.

· To study the advancements in genomics and proteomics.

· To appraise the students to basic and high throughput techniques in genomics and proteomics.

· To study the interdisciplinary relevance of genomics and proteomics with relevant details.

UNIT - I

Introduction and scope of proteomics; Protein separation techniques: ionexchange, size-exclusion and affinity chromatography techniques; Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; Isoelectric focusing (IEF); Two dimensional PAGE for proteome analysis; Image analysis of 2D gels; Introduction to mass spectrometry; Strategies for protein identification

UNIT - II

Methods of preparing genomic DNA; DNA sequence analysis methods: Sanger Dideoxy method and Fluorescence method; Gene variation and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs); Expressed sequenced tags (ESTs); Genedisease association;

UNIT - III

Mapping genomes: Genetic mapping – i) Cross breeding and pedigree analysis, ii)DNA markers - RFLPs, SSLPs, SNPs Physical mapping - Restriction mapping, Fluorescent in situ hybridization, Radiation hybrid mapping and Sequence tagged site mapping.

UNIT - IV

Recombinant DNA technology: DNA cloning basics, Polymerase chain reaction, DNA fingerprinting, Human genome project and the genetic map.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to infer the concepts of genomics and proteomics.

· Students will be able to enlist and discuss the use of genomics and proteomics for human benefit.

· Students will be able to correlate the advancement in the field of genomics and proteomics to other aspects of biotechnology.

· Students will be able to solve experimental and theoretical problems in this field.


· Brown T. A. 2007, Genomes 3. Garland Science Publishing, New York.

· Dunham, I., 2003. Genome Mapping and sequencing. Horizon Scientific

· Hartwell, L. H., L. Hood, M. L. Goldberg, A. E. Reynolds, L. M. Silver and R. G. Veres. 2004.

· Genetics from Genes to Genomes. McGraw Hill.

· Lewin B. 2003. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press. Oxford.


DBT-531 BIONANOTECHNOLOGY (ELECTIVE -II)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To familiarize the students with fundamentals of nanotechnology.

· To study different types of nanostructures.

· To acquaint students with instrumentation techniques used in nanostructure characterization.

· To study applications and toxicity effects of biomaterials.

UNIT - I

Introduction to nanomaterials- classification and physicochemical properties: electronic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, thermal.

Nanofabrication: Top-down, bottom up; Physical and chemical methods of synthesis: sol-gel synthesis, liquid and gas phase synthesis; biological synthesis of nanoparticles- plants and microorganism mediated.

UNIT - II

Types of Nanostructures: Introduction; Types: carbon based nanostructures, nanotubes, nanowires, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymers, ceramics, composites

Bionanostructures:Protein/DNA coupled nanoparticles, lipid and inorganic nanoparticles, surface modified nanoparticles

UNIT - III

Characterization Techniques: Spectroscopy (UV-Vis, FT-IR, Raman), X-ray diffraction, Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), light scattering, Zeta potential, atomic force microscopy (AFM),scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning probe microscopy.

UNIT - IV

Applications and toxicity: Drug delivery and therapeutics, diagnosis and medicine, cleaning environment and bioremediation, food, biosensors, medical imaging. Toxicity of nanostructures.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand the synthesis and properties of nanomaterials.

· Students will be able to understand classification of bionanostructures.

· Students will be able to understand characterization techniques and their analysis.

· Students will be able to apply the understanding of nanotechnological applications in various fields of life, along with knowledge of their effect on biological entities.


· Goodsell, David S.Bionanotechnology- Lessons from Nature. John Wiley & Sons, INC., Publication. (2004).

· Niemeyer C.M. andMirkin, C.A. Nanobiotechnology- Concepts, Applications and Prespectives, Wiley-VCH Verlag. (2004).

· Avouris, P., Klitzing, K. Von, Sakaki, H. and Wiesendanger, R. NanoScience and Technology Series.Springer. (2003).

· Bauerlein, E. Biomineralization- From Biology to Biotechnology and Medical Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag. (2000).

· Cao, G. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials. Imperial College Press. (2004).

· Bhushan, Bharat. Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer. (2004).

· Kohler, M., Fritzsche, W. Nanotechnology-An Introduction to nanostructuring Techniques. Wiley-VCH Verlag. (2005).

· Scherge, M. and Gorb, S.N. Biological Micro- and Nanotribology- Natures solution, Springer. (2003).

· Schmid, G., Nanoparticles- From Theory to Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag. (2004).

· Lyshevski, Sergey Edward. Nano- and Microscience, Engineering, Technology, and Medicine Series. CRC press. (2001).

· Pradeep, T.: Nano: The Essentials. Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Tata McGraw-Hill PublishingCompany Ltd., New Delhi (2007)

· Unbounding the future by K Eric Drexler, C.Pelerson, G.PergamitWillaim Marrow and Company, 1993

· Stephen Lee and Lynn M Savage. Biological molecules in Nanotechnology (2004).

· Mark Ratner and Dan Ratner.Nanotechnology. Prentice Hall(2005).

· Wilson et al. Naotechnology – Basic Science and Emerging Technologies. Overseas Press.

· Edelstein AS, Cammarata RC. Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Institute of Physics Publishing, owned by The Institute of Physics, London


DBT-533 FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY (ELECTIVE -II)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

· To acquire the basic knowledge of forensic sciences

· To familiarize students with different biotechnological techniques used in forensic science.

· To acquaint students with DNA profiling and its use in forensics.

· To study the basics of forensics involved in crime scenes with the help of biotechnology.

UNIT - I

INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Forensic science; Origin of forensic science and early methods; development of forensic science.

Study of Various Sources of Forensic importance: Blood, hair, semen, saliva, bone and tissue.

UNIT - II

DNA Profiling: Introduction, History of DNA Typing, molecular biology of DNA, variations, polymorphism, DNA Extraction-Organic and Inorganic extraction, Comparison of Extraction methods, Commercial kits DNA typing systems- RFLP analysis, PCR amplifications, sequence polymorphism. Analysis of SNP, YSTR, Mitochondrial DNA, Ancient DNA typing, Evaluation of results

UNIT - III

DNA Statistics: frequency estimate calculations, interpretations, allele frequency determination, Paternity/Maternity index, Sibling index, Probability of match. Human Genome Project: Introduction, History, Goals, Benefits, Social, Ethical and Legal Issues DNA Forensic Databases, Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Associated with DNA Databanking, Potential Benefits of DNA Databanking Quality control, certification and accreditation.

UNIT - IV

Forensic Significance of DNA profiling: Applications in disputed paternity cases, child swapping, missing person’s identity- civil immigration, veterinary, wildlife and agriculture cases, legal perspectives- legal standards for admissibility of DNA profiling, procedural and ethical concerns, status of development of DNA profiling in India and abroad. New and future technologies: DNA chips, SNPs and limitations of DNA profiling.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

· Students will be able to understand basic concept, meaning and significance of forensics.

· Students will be able to elucidate research methodologies and techniques used in forensics.

· Students will be able to introduce and use specialized techniques and methods in the field of forensics.

· Students will be able to apply the knowledge of forensics for human welfare.


· Saferstein, R. (1982) Science Handbook, Vol. I, II, & III, Prentice Hall New Jersey. Kirby : DNA Fingerprinting Technology.

· DNA structure and functions by Richard R. Sinden; Academic Press, Inc. 1994.

· DNA Profiling and DNA fingerprinting (1999) Edited by Jorg T. Epplen and Thomas Lubjuhn; BirkhauserVerlag, Switzerland.

· Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols (1998) Patrick J. Lincoln and Jim Thomson; Humana Press, Inc.


DBT-535 BIOENERGY AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (ELECTIVE -II)


Semester-IX

L

P

Credits

Class Work

:

25 Marks

4

-

4

Examination

:

75 Marks

Total

:

100 Marks


:

3 Hours

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. Impacts of biofuels production/consumption on climate change.

2. Biofuel applications in the developing world for indigenous development.

3. Food/Organic Waste Recycling and Biomass Valori

· web view2020/08/14 · note: the question paper will consist of nine questions. the candidates...

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