Unit 1 Elementary sentence patterns

Four basic elements of a sentence

S (subject) V (verb) O (object) A (adverbial)I saw her yesterday.

She is laughing on the floor.Susan was looking for her glasses.

We will watch the film next week.

A complete sentence in English must carry a subject and a verb, among the four basic elements.

1.1 Put these words and phrases in the right order to make sentences. The letters in brackets show the structure of your sentences. S stands for subject, V for verb, O for object, and A for adverbial.

1. 3. a bone / the dog / ate (S + V + O) The dog ate a bone. _

4. everybody / hard / worked (S + V + A) ____________________________________________________________

5. the cat / the mouse / caught (S + V + O) __________________________________________________________

6. children / kittens / love (S + V + O) _______________________________________________________________

7. the answer / nobody / knows (S + V + O) __________________________________________________________

8. a new dress / Mary / bought / yesterday (S + V + O + A) ______________________________________________

9. the film / all of us / last night / enjoyed (S + V + O + A) _______________________________________________

10. John Black / to the supermarket / went (S + V + A) __________________________________________________

11. her car / Janet Black / to the airport /drove (S + V + O + A) ____________________________________________

12. a cup of coffee / Mike / after lunch / drank (S + V + O + A) ____________________________________________

(Ans: 1 Everybody worked hard., 2 The cat caught the mouse., 3 Children love kittens./Kittens love children., 4 Nobody knows the answer., 5 Mary bought a new dress

yesterday., 6 All of us enjoyed a film last night., 7 John Black went to the supermarket., 8 Janet Black drove her car to the airport., 9 Mike drank a cup of coffee after lunch.)

1.2 Read the following sentences and write down their structure using the letters S (for subject), V (for verb), O (for object), and A (for adverbial).

3. The dog bit Peter very badly. S + V + O + A _

4. Bill ran fast. ____________________________________________________________________________

5. She cried. ____________________________________________________________________________

6. I ate some fish and chips for supper. _______________________________________________________

7. The trees were growing slowly in the park. __________________________________________________

8. We all went home. _______________________________________________________________________

9. Most of my friends enjoyed the game last week. _____________________________________________

10. John saw Fred yesterday. ________________________________________________________________

11. He told a joke at school last week. ________________________________________________________

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(Ans: 2 S+V+A, 3 S+V, 4 S+V+O+A, 5 S+V+A+A, 6 S+V+A, 7 S+V+O+A, 8 S+V+O+A, 9 S+V+O+A+A)

Parts of speechEnglish has several different parts of speech. Here are nine common ones:

Nouns refer to people, places and things e.g. father, town, book, Alex Leung, Kowloon

Verbs indicate an action, or a state e.g. (action) do, walk; (state) be, seem

Articles short words that we often use before nouns i.e. a, an, the

Pronouns short words that we use to replace nouns e.g. I, you, it, them

Adjectives words that tell us more about nouns e.g. red, big, round, beautiful

Adverbs words that tell us more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs

e.g. usually, loudly, very, quite

Prepositions words that we use to talk about location, movement and time

e.g. beside, into, during

Conjunctions words that join ideas together e.g. and, so, because

Interjections words that express surprise or other emotions e.g. Ouch! Eek! Wow! Hooray!

1.3 Read the paragraph below. Find examples of the parts of speech mentioned above. Write them in the correct spaces in the table. Underline the articles.

Sammy had a great holiday in Japan. He went to Osaka, a large city on the coast.

He spent the summer at a camp and really enjoyed it.

Nouns Sammyholiday Japan Osaka city coast summer camp

Verbs had went spent enjoyed

Pronouns He He it

Adjectives great large

Adverbs really

Prepositions in to on at

Conjunctions and

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1.4 Fill in the blanks with words of the appropriate part of speech. (original)

1. succeed (v) success (n) successful (adj) successfully (adv)

a) He was successful in winning the champion title.

b) He won the champion title ______________________.

c) He finally ______________________ in winning the champion title.

d) We congratulated him on his _________________________ in winning the champion title. (Ans: b successfully, c succeeded, d success)

2. friend (n) friendly (adj) befriend (v) friendship (n)

a) John and Peter are close .

b) John is on ____________________ terms with Peter.

c) John has formed a close ______________________ with Peter.

d) John _____________________ Peter a while ago.a friends, b friendly, c friendship, d befriended

3. die (v) death (n) dead (adj) deadly (adj)

a) His mother’s sudden was a great shock to him.

b) He ______________________ in his sleep last night.

c) I guess I saw a ______________________ cat outside the house.

d) She didn’t know she was holding a _________________________ poison.(Ans: a satisfactory, b satisfy/satisfied, c satisfaction, d satisfactorily)

4. enjoy (v) enjoyment (n) enjoyable (adj) enjoyably (adv)

a) This is the most ____________________ holiday I’ve ever had.

b) He has always very good health.

c) We were _____________________ busy during the summer holidays.

e) I didn’t get much _____________________ out of that book. It was too difficult.(Ans: a enjoyable, b enjoyed, c enjoyably, d enjoyment)

5. nature (n) natural (adj) naturally (adv) naturalize (v)

a) We should not waste our resources.

b) These plants cannot grow ______________________ if we do not preserve them.

c) The wonders of ______________________ are God’s gifts to us.

d) It is impossible to _________________________ tropical plants in cold countries.(Ans: a natural, b naturally, c nature, d naturalize)

6. respond (v) response (n) responsible (adj) responsibility (adv)

a) I asked him a question but he gave no ________________________.

b) They still haven’t ____________________ to my letter.

c) Now that you’re 13 you should have more sense of ___________________________.

d) The teacher made me _______________________ for keeping the class in order while she went out.(Ans: a response, b responded, c responsibility, d responsible)

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Four types of sentences Statements, e.g. Mike likes camping. Questions, e.g. Do you like hiking? Commands (or Imperatives), e.g. Sit down. Exclamations, e.g. Great party!

A statement starts with a subject, while a command starts with a verb.

An exclamation does not need a subject or a verb.

1.5 What types of sentences are the following ones? Write the name in the spaces provided. (Longman JS1)

1. My sister and I go to school in Mong Kok. statement2. Are they going to the new supermarket?3. We like Mr Chan because he tells us interesting stories.4. We made a really big cake for Jonathan.5. Pass me the wooden ruler and the blue pen, please.6. Did you see Robert in the library?7. Put your books on the table immediately!8. What an unusual story!

(Ans: 1 statement, 2 question, 3 statement, 4 statement, 5 command, 6 question, 7 command, 8 exclamation)

Direct object and indirect object

S (subject) V (verb) IO (indirect object) DO (direct object)Mum sent me an email.Joey made Anita a sandwich.

An indirect object usually comes before a direct object. However, we can also put an indirect object after a direct object by adding to or for before the indirect object.

DO (direct object) IO (indirect object)Mum sentJoey made

an email to me.a sandwich for Anita.

1.6 Read the following sentences and write S (for subject), V (for verb), DO (for direct object), and IO (for indirect object) above the underlined parts of speech. (Longman grammar)

1. S V IO DOThe teacher read her students a poem.

2.Mr Li made a model aeroplane for his son.

3.Sally laughed.

4.Marco bought his sister a key ring.

5.They didn’t tell the truth.

6.We gave Karen a birthday card.

7.The children ate all the cookies.

8.I forgot my glasses.

(Ans: 2. S V DO IO, 3 S V, 4 S V IO DO, 5 S V DO, 6 S V DO IO, 7 S V DO, 8 S V DO)

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Unit 2 The present tenses

The simple present

Main use: general actions, events and states

We use the simple present to talk about general actions, events or states when we have no reason to think of them as being in any way temporary or limited in time. We might break this use down into ‘repeated events’ and ‘general facts’.

Repeated events

I get up early.

We often use adverbs of frequency (e.g. always, usually) and expressions of repeated time (e.g. on Tuesdays, in the summer, twice a year) with this use of the simple present.

General facts

Ice melts at 0oC.I live in London.

Other uses

State verbs

We use the simple present to refer to ‘states’, even when we think of them as being temporary. Some common verbs are:

existence

mental states wants and likes possession senses* appearance communicating other

beexist

believedoubtexpectfeel (=have an opinion)imagineknowrealiserecogniseremembersee (=understand)supposethink (=have an opinion)understand

adoreappreciate (=value)don’t careenjoyhate(dis)likedon’t mindneedpreferwantwish

belonghaveownpossess

feel**hearseesmellsoundtaste

appear (=seem)look (=seem)seem

admit(dis)agreeapologisedenyguaranteeimpressmeanpromisethankwarn

concerncontaincostdependdeservefitincludeinvolvelackmatterowesatisfy

*We often use can + see/hear/smell etc.I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

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**feel (physical sense) can be used in either continuous or simple forms.John feels/is feeling worse today.

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The present continuous

Main use: temporary events and actions

We generally use the present continuous to refer to something temporary which has begun and has not finished, something which is completable and is in the process of being completed. What is important is that the action or event is taking place for a limited period of time which includes the moment of speaking. Events can be constant, but they can also be repeated or intermittent, and not necessarily happening at the moment of speaking.

Other uses

Changes

We use the present continuous to describe changes happening around now, especially with these verbs:

get change become increase rise fall grow improve begin start

Is your English getting better? (Does your English get better?)The population of the world is increasing very fast. (increases)At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now. (begin)Technology is becoming cheaper and cheaper. (becomes)

Habitual action

We normally use the simple present to refer to things we do on a regular basis. However, with certain time expressions (e.g. all the time, always, constantly, continually, forever) we can also use the present continuous. We use the present continuous in this way to stress the repetitiveness of an action and often to express our irritation with this.

‘I think I’ll stay here after all.’ ‘You are constantly changing your mind!’Is Kath always asking you for money, too? It’s not funny. You’re telling the same joke forever.

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State verbs

Some state verbs can be used to describe actions and may take continuous forms.

STATE ACTIONHe thinks he’s really clever. (=he believes) I’m thinking about his offer. (=considering)What does it taste like? (=What is its flavour?) He’s tasting the food to see if it’s good. (=he’s testing the

flavour.)He has two houses. (=he owns; he possesses) She’s having lunch. (=she’s eating)The silk shirt feels soft. (=it has a soft texture) Ann’s feeling the cat’s fur. (=she’s touching)Do you see what I mean? (=Do you understand?) I’m seeing Paula tonight. (=I’m meeting)Your perfume smells of apples. (=it has the smell) She is smelling the roses. (=she’s trying the smell of)It looks as if it’s going to rain. (=it appears) He’s looking at the painting. (=he’s viewing it)The box is heavy. It weighs a lot. (=its weight is) He is weighing the potatoes on the scales. (=he is finding

out the weight of)Luciano is naughty. (=his character is bad.) Suzy is being very naughty. (=she is doing naughty things)These shoes fit me perfectly. (=they are the right size) We are fitting a new carpet in the hall. (=laying)

2.1 Fill in with present simple or continuous. (In use)

1 Let’s go out. It isn’t raining (not/rain) now.

2 Julia is very good at languages. She speaks (speak) four languages very well.

3 ‘_______________________________ (you/listen) to the radio?’ ‘No, you can turn it off.’

4 ‘_______________________________ (you/listen) to the radio every day?’ ‘No, just occasionally.’

5 The River Nile __________________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.

6 The river ____________________________ (flow) very fast today—much faster than usual.

7 We usually _________________________ (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we

__________________________ (not/grow) any.

8 A: How’s your English?

B: Not bad. I think it ____________________________ (improve) slowly.

9 Rachel is in London at this moment. She ____________________________ (stay) at the Park Hotel. She always

_________________________ (stay) there when she’s in London.

10 Can we stop walking soon? I __________________________ (start) to feel tired.

11 A: Can you drive?

B: I ___________________________ (learn). My father _______________________________ (teach) me.

12 Normally I _________________________ (finish) work at five, but this week I ____________________________

(work) until six to earn a little more money.

13 My parents _________________________ (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never lived

anywhere else. Where _____________________________ (your parents/live)?

14 A: What ___________________________ (your brother/do)?

B: He’s an architect, but he _______________________________ (not/work) at the moment.

15 (at a party) I usually ___________________________ (enjoy) parties, but I _____________________________

(not /enjoy) this one very much.

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2.2 Fill in with present simple or continuous. (Round-up)

1 A: I am thinking (think) about visiting Jane this afternoon.

B: I wouldn’t bother. I _________________________(think) she’s away on holiday.

2 A: Mr Jones ___________________________ (have) a telephone message from his wife.

B: Can it wait? He ___________________________ (have) a business meeting and I don’t want to disturb

him.

3 A: The police ___________________________ (still/look) for fingerprints left in the room.

B: It _____________________________ (look) as if they won’t find the criminal.

4 A: I _____________________________ (see) my boss about a pay rise this afternoon.

B: I _____________________________ (see). That’s why you are wearing a suit and tie.

5 A: Why _____________________________ (you/taste) the soup? Is there anything wrong with it?

B: Yes—it ______________________________ (taste) too sweet. I think I’ve used sugar instead of salt.

6 A: Why _______________________________ (you/feel) the baby’s forehead, Mum?

B: I think she’s got a temperature. She __________________________________ (feel) rather hot.

7 A: John _______________________________ (be) a very rude person, you know.

B: I know. Sheila _______________________________ (be) very rude these days too, although she’s usually

polite.

8 A: It _________________________________ (look) as if it’s going to rain this afternoon.

B: I know. I ___________________________________ (look) for my umbrella to take out with me.

9 A: Why ________________________________ (you/smell) the inside of your car?

B: Because it _________________________________ (smell) of petrol and I want to check for leaks.

10 A: How much _______________________________________ (your new baby/weigh)?

B: I don’t know yet. The nurse ____________________________________ (weigh) him at the moment.

2.3 Cross out the incorrect item. (Round-up)

1 John is / is being usually rude, but today he is / is being polite to his colleagues.2 Ann is / is being usually patient, but today she is / is being impatient.3 Sam is / is being rude to his mother now, but is / is being normally pleasant to her.4 John is / is being a kind man, but at the moment he is / is being selfish.5 Julie is / is being silly at the moment, although I know she is / is being really very sensible.

(Ans: 2 is, is being, 3 is being, is, 4 is, is being, 5 is being, is)2.4 Fill in with the most suitable form of be, either in present simple or continuous. (in use)

1 I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.2 Sarah _________________ very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.3 You’ll like Debbie when you meet her. She __________________ very nice.4 You’re usually very patient, so why ___________________________ so unreasonable about waiting ten

more minutes?5 Why isn’t Steve at work today? ___________________________ ill?

2.5 Finish B’s sentences. Use always –ing. (in use)

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1 A: I’ve lost my pen again.B: Not again! You’re always losing your pen. _

2 A: The car has broken down again.B: That car is useless. It ____________________________________________.

3 A: Look! You’ve made the same mistake again.B: Oh no, not again! I ______________________________________________.

4 A: Oh, I’ve forgotten my glasses again.B: Typical! You ___________________________________________________.

(Ans: 2 ’s always breaking down, 3 ’m always making the same mistake/that mistake, 4 ’re always forgetting your glasses)2.6 How is society changing? Put the words in order to make questions. Then write a short answer. (context essential)

1 are/taller/people/getting Are people getting taller? Yes, they are.

2 is/getting/life/expensive/more _________________________________________________________________

3 more/we/energy/using/are

____________________________________________________________________4 people/to/more/university/are/going

____________________________________________________________5 older/getting/population/is/the ________________________________________________________________

6 getting/fewer/are/people/married

______________________________________________________________5 Is the population getting older? 6 Are fewer people getting married?)

2.7 Fill in with present simple or continuous. (context intermediate)

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Revision testFill in with present simple or continuous. You can use ‘can’ with some of the verbs. (Multilevel programme)

A “Let’s have an ice cream! Which flavour 1) ______________________________ (you prefer), vanilla or raspberry

ripple?” “I 2) _________________________ (not mind). I 3) ________________________ (enjoy) this lovely

weather so much that I 4) _________________________ (not care) what I 5) _______________________ (eat).”(Ans: 1 do you prefer, 2 don’t mind, 3 ’m enjoying, 4 don’t care, 5 eat/’m eating)

B “Peter, what 6) _____________________________ (you do) there?” “I 7) _______________________ (try) to get

this stain off my jacket.” “I 8) _______________________ (doubt) if you’ll get it off with water.” (Ans: 6 are you doing, 7 ’m trying, 8 doubt)

C “9) _______________________________ (you understand) what I 10) ____________________ (say)?” “Yes, I 11)

__________________ (know) what you 12) _____________________ (mean), but I 13) _______________

_______________ (not agree) with you!” “You 14) ___________________________ (not listen)! I 15)

_________________________ (tell) you that you 16) _______________________ (do) very well!’ (Ans: 9 Do…understand, 10 ’m saying, 11 know, 12 mean, 13 don’t agree, 14 are not listening, 15 ’m telling, 16 are doing)

D Andrew 17) _____________________ (work) his way through college. This month he is 18) ___________________

(wash) dishes in the college cafeteria. He 19) ________________________ (not like) it much, but he 20)

____________________ (want) to finish his degree, so he 21) _______________________ (put) up with it. (Ans: 17 is working, 18 is washing, 19 doesn’t like, 20 wants, 21 puts/is putting)

E Susan has finished her degree, and at present she 22) _________________________ (look) for work. It’s not easy.

These days, when people 23) ________________________ (get) a job they 24) ________________________

(hang) on to it whether they 25) _________________________ (like) the job or not. I 26)

_____________________________ (understand) why people do that; there’s so much insecurity. (Ans: 22 is looking, 23 get, 24 hang, 25 like, 26 can understand)

F I 27) ______________________ (love) my cousin Nancy, but I 28) ___________________________ (not stand)

Charles. He 29) ________________________________ (always make) so much noise. Look at him over there! He

30) __________________________ (shout), and he 31) __________________________ (chase) his cousin all over

the garden. I 32) __________________________ (wish) he could be a bit quieter! (Ans: 27 love, 28 can’t stand, 29 always makes/is always making, 30 is shouting, 31 is chasing, 32 wish)

G At the moment, Mark 33) __________________________ (stand) at the top of a high building. He 34)

_______________________ (dislike) heights, but he 35) ___________________________ (believe) it is his duty to

rescue a cat which 36) ______________________ (hide) nervously under the edge. Several people from the office

37) __________________________ (watch) Mark, and he 38) ______________________________ (not want) to

seem afraid, though actually he 39) ___________________________ (tremble) with fear.(Ans: 33 is standing, 34 dislikes, 35 believes, 36 is hiding, 37are watching, 38 does not want, 39 is trembling)

H “40) ________________________________ (you remember) that time we all went to the seaside together?” “Yes I

do, but I have forgeotten why we went.” “You 41) _____________________________ (get) old, Nick; soon you

won’t remember anything!” “Well, perhaps I’m getting old, but I 42) __________________________________ (not

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speak) to people so rudely as you do! (Ans: 40 Can/Do you remember, 41 forget, 42 are getting, 43 don’t speak)

Unit 3 Pronouns, possessives, reflexives

3.1 Fill in a possessive adjective or possessive pronoun. (Round-up)

1 This is my (I) bag but that one over there is yours (you).

2 _____________ (she) score was better than _____________ (I). Her, mine

3 _____________ (they) holiday starts the week after ______________ (we). Their, ours

4 Can we have _____________ (you) suggestion first and then we’ll hear _____________ (he)? your, his

5 I wish _____________ (I) voice was as good as ______________ (she). my, hers

6 Unfortunately, _______________ (they) team played better than _______________ (we) so we lost the match. their, ours

7 If you’re a friend of ______________ (he), then you’re a friend of _______________ (I) too. his, mine

8 We’ll leave _______________ (she) house after dinner, so we should be at ______________ (you) before 10.00. her, yours

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3.2 Fill in the correct pronouns or possessives. (Round-up)

Dear Fiona,

Thanks very much for your last letter. It was great to hear from 1) you . Has 2) _______________

husband decided whether or not to accept the promotion 3) _________________ boss offered 4) _______________

yet? 5) ______________ would be brilliant for both of 6) ________________ if 7) __________________ did. Tom and

Sarah visited 8) ________________ last month. I hadn’t seen 9) _______________ since the summer, when

10) _______________ all went to Anna’s wedding, so 11) ________________ was a special weekend. Sarah said

12) ________________ might go to America in May to see some friends of 13) ________________, who the rest of

14) ________________ haven’t met, but 15) _______________ isn’t sure. Well, that’s 16) ________________ most

important news for now. I look forward to receiving 17) _______________ when 18) _______________ have time.(Ans: 2 your, 3 his, 4 him, 5 It, 6 you, 7 he, 8 me/us, 9 them, 10 we, 11 it, 12 she/they, 13 hers/theirs, 14 us, 15 she, 16 my, 17 yours, 18 you)

Love,Janet

A friend of mine / a friend of Tom’s, etc.We say (a friend) of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs.

I’m going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of mine is getting married. (a friend of me)We went on a holiday with some friends of ours. (some friends of us)It was a good idea of yours to go to the cinema. (a good idea of you)That woman over there is a friend of my sister’s. (a friend of my sister)

3.3 Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning. Change the underlined words using the above structure (a friend of mine etc.) (in use)

1 I’m meeting one of my friends tonight. I’m meeting a friend of mine tonight. _

2 We met one of your relatives. We met a ___________________________________________________relative of yours

3 Henry borrowed one of my books. Henry borrowed ___________________________________________ a book of mine

4 Liz invited some of her friends to her flat. Liz invited _______________________________________ to her flat. a friend of hers

5 We had dinner with one of our neighbours. We had dinner with _________________________________________ a neighbor of ours

6 I went on holiday with two of my friends. I went on holiday with______________________________________ two friends of mine

7 I met one of Jane’s friends at the party. I met __________________________________________ at the party. a friend of Jane’s

8 He was one of my brother’s schoolmates. He was __________________________________________________ a schoolmate of my brother’s

My own… / your own… etc.My own… / your own… etc. = something that is only mine/yours, not shared or borrowed.

I don’t want to share a room with anybody. I want my own room.It’s my own fault that I’ve got no money. I buy too many things I don’t need.Why do you want to borrow my car? Why don’t you use your own? (=your own car)

We can also use own to say that we do something ourselves instead of somebody else doing it for us. For example:

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Brian usually cuts his own hair. (= he cuts it himself; he doesn’t go to the hairdresser’s.)

I’d like to have a garden so that I could grow my own vegetables. (=grow them myself instead of buying them from shops)

3.4 Complete the sentences using my own / your own etc. + one of the following: (in use)

bedroom business opinions words private beach

1 I share a kitchen and bathroom, but I have my own bedroom .

2 Gary doesn’t think the same as me. He’s got ______________________________________________. his own opinions

3 Julia is fed up with working for other people. She wants to start ______________________________. her own business

4 We stayed at a luxury hotel by the sea. The hotel had _______________________________________. its own private beach

5 In the test we had to read a story, and then write it in _______________________________________. our own words

3.5 Complete the sentences using my own / your own etc. Use the following verbs: (in use)

bake cut make write

1 Brian never goes to the hairdresser. He cuts his own hair .

2 Mary doesn’t often buy clothes. She usually ______________________________________________. makes her own clothes

3 We don’t often buy bread. We usually ___________________________________________________. bake our own bread

4 Paul is a singer. He sings songs written by other people, but he also ___________________________. writes his own songs

There is vs It is

We use there… when we talk about something for the first time, to say that it exists. It must be followed by a

noun.

There’s a new restaurant in King Street. (A new restaurant is in King Street.)

I’m sorry I’m late. There was a lot of traffic. (It was a lot of traffic.)

It = a specific thing, place, fact, situation etc.

We went to the new restaurant. It’s very good. (It = the restaurant)I wasn’t expecting them to come. It was a complete surprise. (It = their coming)

Compare there and it:

I don’t like this town. There’s nothing to do here. It’s a boring place.They live on a busy road. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic. (= It must be very noisy.)

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3.6 Fill in: there or it (Round-up)

Tom: Look, 1) there isn’t much time left. Have you made a decision?Sandra: I have, but I’m not sure you’re going to like 2) ______________. 3) ________________ are a lot of

things to think about.Tom: What do you mean? 4) ______________’s not that hard to choose a holiday.Sandra: No, but 5) ______________ seem to be so many choices and we’ve only got a limited amount of

money. Anyway, I’ve decided 6) ______________’s only one place for us.Tom: Where is 7) ______________? France, Italy, Spain?Sandra: No.Tom: Is 8) ______________ Germany then? I’ve always wanted to go there.Sandra: I think we should go to Grandma’s house in Blackpool for a week.

(Ans: 2 it, 3 There, 4 It, 5 there, 6 there, 7 it, 8 it)

3.7 Fill in: there is/was or it is/was. Some sentences are questions (Is there…? / Is it…?) and some are negative (isn’t/wasn’t). (Round-up)

1 The journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic.2 What’s the new restaurant like? Is it good?3 ‘_____________________ a bookshop near here?’ ‘Yes, ______________________ one in Hill Street.’4 When we got to the cinema, _____________________ a queue outside. ________________________ a

very long queue, so we decided not to wait.5 I couldn’t see anything. ______________________ completely dark.6 _____________________ trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.7 _____________________ Keith’s birthday yesterday. We had a party.8 I wanted to visit the museum, but _____________________ enough time.9 A few days ago _____________________ a storm. ____________________ a lot of damage.10 ____________________ a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.11 ____________________ anything on television, so I turned it off.12 ____________________ an accident in King Street, but ______________________ very serious.

(Ans: 3 Is there, there is, 4 there was, It was, 5 It was, 6 There was, 7 It was, 8 there wasn’t, 9 there was, There was, 10 It was, 11 There wasn’t, 12 There was, it wasn’t)

It’s vs Its; They’re vs TheirIt’s is a contraction of it is or it has. Its is the possessive form of it.

I like this hotel. It’s (= it is) comfortable and its restaurant is good. It’s (= it has) got a lovely swimming pool, too.

There, they’re and their have the same pronunciation /ðeə/. They’re is a contraction of they are. Their is the possessive form of they.

Nancy and Jane have arrived. They’re both wearing the same dress! I wonder if it is their plan.

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3.8 Underline the correct word in each sentence. (LP)

1 Are their/there any eggs in the fridge?2 It’s/Its really cool this morning. It’s

3 Peter says they’re/there arriving at about 5.00. they’re

4 I like this bike but its/it’s wheels are too small. its

5 Is there/they’re anybody their/there? there, there

6 It’s/Its a pity we missed the opening of the film. It’s

7 What a lovely dog. What’s it’s/its name? its

Reflexive pronouns (i.e. myself / yourself / themselves etc.)

We use reflexive pronouns to talk about actions where the subject and object are the same person/thing.

I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for myself. (I’ll pay for me.)We got out of the water and dried ourselves. (…dried us.)Do you talk to yourself sometimes? (you = one person)If you want more to eat, help yourselves. (you = more than one person)

Memorise these fixed expressions:

enjoy yourself = have a good timeJulia had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself.

behave (yourself) = be goodShe doesn’t know how to behave (herself) in public.

blame yourself = feel sorry for the wrong you have doneThis is our own fault. We should blame ourselves.

help yourself to sth = you are welcome to take sth if you wantYou look tired. Help yourself to some coffee over there.

can’t help yourself = can’t stop yourself doing sthShe burst out laughing—she couldn’t help herself.

make yourself at home = feel comfortableSit down and make yourself at home.

make yourself heard = speak loudly enough to be heard by othersWhen you give a presentation, rule one: make yourself heard.

make yourself understood = make your meaning clearHow’s your Korean? Can you make yourself understood in Korean?

teach yourself = self-learnHe taught himself how to drive in Canada.

Certain verbs do NOT normally take a reflexive pronouns. These are: feel, relax, concentrate, meet, wash, shave, dress/undress*, get up, wake up.

I feel nervous. I can’t relax. (I feel myself nervous. I can’t relax myself.)You must try and concentrate. (…concentrate yourself.)He got up, washed, shaved and dressed. (washed himself etc.)

*We can also say ‘get dressed’.

Get up and get dressed now!

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-selves and each other

3.9 Complete the sentences with –selves or each other. (in use)

1 How long have you and Bill known each other ?2 If people work too hard, they can make _______________________ill. themselves

3 In Britain friends often give ________________________ presents at Christmas. each other

4 Some people are very selfish. They only think of _______________________. themselves

5 Tracy and I don’t see _________________________ very often these days. each other

6 We couldn’t get back into the house. We had locked ________________________ out. ourselves

7 They’ve never had an argument. They’re not speaking to _______________________ at the moment. each other

8 We’d never met before, so we introduced _________________________ to _________________________. ourselves, each other

Emphatic pronouns

Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but a different meaning. They emphasise ‘that person/thing and nobody/nothing else’ or ‘without help’.

The principal spoke to the whole class himself.She fixed the computer herself.The film itself wasn’t very good, but I loved the music.

3.10 Fill in the correct pronouns that identify them: reflexive or emphatic? (round-up)

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On my own / by myself

On my own and by myself both mean ‘alone’.

I like living on my own / by myself.‘Did you go on holiday on your own / by yourself?’ ‘No, with a friend.’David was sitting on his own / by himself in a corner of the café.

3.11 Fill in my own / myself etc. (in use)

1 I’m glad I live with other people. I wouldn’t like to live on my own .

2 The box was too heavy for me to lift by ___________________________. myself

3 ‘Who was Tom with when you saw him?’ ‘Nobody. He was by __________________________.’ himself

4 I don’t like strawberries with cream. I like them on ____________________________. their own

5 Very young children should not go swimming by ____________________________. themselves

6 We had no help decorating the flat. We did it completely on _____________________________. our own

Revision testFill in an appropriate word to complete the passage. (round up)

Paul: Suzie, 1) I ’ve cut 2) ____________________. Can 3) __________________ bring 4) ___________________ a

plaster, please?

Suzie: Oh, dear! How did you do 5) ____________________?

Paul: I was cutting some bread to make 6) ____________________ a sandwich. That knife’s really sharp, isn’t 7) _________________?

Claire: What’s happening? Oh, Paul, what’s wrong with 8) __________________ finger? 9) _________________’s

blood coming out.

Suzie: 10) __________________’s cut 11) ____________________.

Claire: Put 12) _____________________ hand in some cold water.

Suzie: Yes, do as 13) _____________________ says. 14) ______________________ will stop the pain.

Paul: Ok. Agh! 15) _____________________’s freezing!

Claire: 16) ________________’s such a baby! I don’t know how you put up with 17) __________________, Suzie!

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Suzie: Men always make a fuss. 18) _________________ act like children when they hurt 19) _________________.

Claire: Shall we take you to hospital? You needn’t drive your car. I’ll take you there 20) ______________________.

Paul: No, no. 21) __________________’s okay. I’ll be alright.

Suzie: Yes, yes. Just calm 22) _________________ down. 23) ___________________’s no need to worry too much.

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2 myself, 3 you, 4 me, 5 that/it, 6 myself/us/you, 7 it, 8 your, 9 There, 10 He, 11 himself, 12 your, 13 she, 14 It, 15 It, 16 He, 17 him, 18 They, 19 themselves, 20 myself, 21 It, 22 yourself, 23 There