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Using resources – Standard demand – Questions
Q1.This question is about copper and its compounds.
(a) The table shows information about bioleaching and phytomining.
Bioleaching and phytomining are used to extract copper from low grade ores.
Bioleaching Phytomining
Metal extracted from
Waste from quarrying Contaminated ground
Speed of process Very slow
Slow, made more efficient using quick-growing plants
Pollution
Produces a solution of toxic chemicals which may run off into rivers
Takes a long time to stop the process if river pollution occurs
Involves combustion of plants but decontaminates polluted ground
Compare phytomining and bioleaching.
Use the information in the table.
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(b) Describe how copper sulfate solution is obtained from the plants used in phytomining.
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(c) Copper is displaced from a solution of copper sulfate using iron.
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
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(d) How does this displacement reaction take place?
Tick one box.
Electron sharing
Electron transfer
Proton transfer
(1)
(e) Describe how copper conducts electricity.
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(f) Suggest how anhydrous copper sulfate is used to test for water.
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(Total 13 marks)
Q2.(a) The hydrocarbon C16H34 can be cracked.
Balance the equation for cracking C16H34
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C16H34 → ________________ C2H4 + C8H18
(1)
(b) Describe the differences between cracking and distillation.
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(c) What type of reaction is cracking?
Tick one box.
Combustion
Decomposition
Neutralisation
Precipitation
(1)
(d) Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).
Poly(ethene) is used to make plastic bags.
the table below shows data from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for a plastic bag and a paper bag.
Plastic bag Paper bag
Raw materials Crude oil or natural gas Wood
Energy used in MJ 1.5 1.7
Mass of solid waste in g 14 50
Mass of CO2 produced in kg 0.23 0.53
Volume of fresh water used in dm3 255 4 520
A company stated: ‘A Life Cycle Assessment shows that using plastic bags has less environmental impact than using paper bags’.
Evaluate this statement. Use your knowledge and the information from above the table above.
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(Total 10 marks)
Q3.Rainwater is collected from the roofs of houses as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
(a) The water in the storage tank is not potable.
What does potable mean?
Tick one box.
Contains dissolved substances
Pure
Safe to drink
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Tastes nice
(1)
(b) Why should the water in the tank be filtered to make it potable?
Tick one box.
To kill microbes
To remove dissolved gases
To remove dissolved solids
To remove undissolved solids
(1)
(c) A gas which bleaches litmus paper can be added to the water to make it potable.
Name this gas and explain why it is added.
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(d) The storage tank is made from concrete reinforced with steel wire, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows how the distance between the steel wires affects the relative strength of the concrete.
Figure 3
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Use values from Figure 3 to describe the relationship shown by the graph.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q4.All life on Earth depends on water.
The figure below shows an iceberg floating on the sea.
© Gibas DigiPhoto/iStock/Thinkstock
(a) Explain how the water molecules in the iceberg could end up as water in a lake.
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(b) Rainwater collects in rivers and lakes.
Water in rivers and lakes contains materials that make the water unsafe to drink.
Describe how the water from rivers and lakes is treated to make it safe to drink.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q5.Metals are extracted from ores in the Earth’s crust.
Some ores contain metal carbonates and some ores contain metal oxides.
(a) (i) Name the type of reaction that happens when a metal carbonate is heated.
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(ii) Which solid product is formed when copper carbonate is heated?
Tick (✔) one box.
copper
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copper nitrate
copper oxide
copper sulfide
(1)
(b) A student investigated heating four metal carbonates.
Figure 1 shows the apparatus used.
Figure 1
The student heated each metal carbonate for five minutes.
The table below shows the results.
Metal carbonateMass of
metal carbonate at
start in g
Mass of solid after heating for 5 minutes
in gObservations
Copper carbonate 10.0 6.9 Limewater turns cloudy
Magnesium carbonate 10.0 9.1 Limewater
turns cloudy
Potassium carbonate 10.0 10.0
Limewater does not turn
cloudy
Zinc carbonate 10.0 8.3 Limewater turns cloudy
(i) Explain the results for potassium carbonate.
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(ii) Suggest how the reactivity series can be used to predict which metal carbonate reacts most easily when heated.
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(c) Figure 2 shows a simple life cycle of a car body.
Figure 2
(i) Complete the sentence.
Iron ores must contain enough iron to _______________________________
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(ii) Some iron ores contain iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Complete and balance the equation for a reaction to produce iron from iron oxide.
_____ Fe2O3 + _____ C → ___________ + _____ CO2
(2)
(iii) Give two reasons why iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steel.
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(iv) When a car reaches the end of its useful life, the car body can be:
• recycled
• reused
• sent to landfill.
Give three reasons why a steel car body should be recycled and not reused or sent to landfill.
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(Total 15 marks)
Q6.Where copper ore has been mined there are areas of land that contain very low percentages of copper compounds.
One way to extract the copper is to grow plants on the land.
The plants absorb copper compounds through their roots.
The plants are burned to produce copper oxide.
The copper oxide produced from plants can be reacted to produce copper or copper sulfate solution, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
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(a) (i) Complete the sentence.
Using plants to extract metals is called _______________________ .(1)
(ii) Suggest two reasons why copper from these areas of land is not extracted by smelting.
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(iii) Complete and balance the chemical equation for the reaction of copper oxide with carbon.
____CuO + C __________________ + CO2
(2)
(b) Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis.
(i) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
Give two reasons why scrap iron is used to displace copper.
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(ii) Figure 2 shows the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Figure 2
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Describe what happens to the copper ions during electrolysis.
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(Total 9 marks)
Q7.Water in Britain is taken from reservoirs to use as drinking water.
© KatieJonesPhotography/iStock/Thinkstock
(a) What are the two main steps used to treat water from reservoirs?
Give one reason for each step.
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(b) Some people use water filters to treat water before drinking it.
(i) Water filters remove hardness from hard water.
What is in water filters that removes hardness from water?
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(ii) Suggest why water filters used in the home contain particles of silver.
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(c) Pure water can be produced by distillation.
Why is distillation not usually an economic method of treating water for drinking?
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(d) Drinking hard water has health benefits.
State one health benefit of drinking hard water.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q8.Most water contains dissolved compounds.
The concentrations of these dissolved compounds are higher in sea water than in drinking water.
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Pure water can be obtained from sea water by distillation.
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filtration.
neutralisation.
(1)
(ii) What is the boiling point of pure water? __________________ °C(1)
(b) A student wanted to find out how much solid was dissolved in sea water.
This is the method the student used:
• measure the mass of an empty evaporating basin• measure 25 cm3 of sea water and pour it into the evaporating basin• heat the evaporating basin gently until all of the water has evaporated• measure the mass of the evaporating basin containing the solid residue.
(i) What piece of apparatus would be suitable for measuring 25 cm3 of sea water?
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(ii) How could the student check that all of the water had evaporated?
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(iii) The results the student obtained using 25 cm3 of sea water are:
mass of empty evaporating basin = 23.21 g mass of evaporating basin and dry solid residue = 24.04 g
Calculate the mass of solid dissolved in 1000 cm3 of the sea water.
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Mass dissolved in 1000 cm3 = ______________ g(2)
(c) In many countries chlorine is added to drinking water supplies.
Why is chlorine added to drinking water?
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(d) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Compounds containing fluoride ions are added to some drinking water supplies.
Many scientists have done research into the effects of fluoride ions in drinking water.
Graphs 1, 2 and 3 show some of the results obtained.
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Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of adding fluoride ions to drinking water.
You should support your answer with evidence from all three graphs.
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(Total 14 marks)
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Q9.Metals are extracted from their ores.
Many copper ores contain only 2% of copper compounds.
(a) Copper is now extracted from ores containing a low percentage of copper compounds.
Suggest two reasons why.
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(b) Chalcocite, an ore of copper, contains copper sulfide.
The flow diagram shows how copper metal is extracted from chalcocite.
(i) Suggest one reason why it is difficult to dispose of the waste rock.
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(ii) The reaction in the furnace could cause environmental pollution.Explain how.
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(iii) The extraction of pure copper is expensive.Give one reason why.
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(iv) Pure copper is produced by electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Which electrode do the copper ions move towards?Give a reason for your answer.
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(v) Large areas of land are contaminated with copper compounds.Phytomining can be used to remove these copper compounds from the land.
What is used in phytomining to remove copper compounds from the land?
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(Total 9 marks)
Q10.Cans for food and drinks are made from steel or aluminium.The main metal in steel is iron.
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By Sun Ladder (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(a) Iron is extracted by heating a mixture of iron oxide and carbon in a blast furnace.
(i) Name this type of reaction.
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(ii) Balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
2Fe2O3 + ______ C → ______ Fe + ______ CO2
(1)
(b) Aluminium ore, bauxite, contains aluminium oxide, iron oxide and silicon dioxide. Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
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The 'red mud' which is dumped in very large ponds contains:
Name of solid Percentage (%)
Aluminium oxide 10
Iron oxide 65
Silicon dioxide 25
(i) 100 tonnes of bauxite produced 50 tonnes of pure aluminium oxide and 50 tonnes of 'red mud'.
What percentage of aluminium oxide did the bauxite contain?
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Answer = _____________________ %(1)
(ii) Apart from the solids shown in the table, name one other substance that would be in the 'red mud'.
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(iii) The purification of the aluminium oxide is usually done near to the bauxite quarries.
Suggest one reason why.
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(c) Aluminium is used to make many things including cans.
During one year in the USA:
• 100 billion aluminium cans were sold
• 55 billion aluminium cans were recycled.
Give one environmental impact of recycling aluminium cans and one ethical or social impact of recycling aluminium cans.
Environmental _______________________________________________________
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Ethical or social ______________________________________________________
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(Total 7 marks)
Q11.The flow diagram shows the main stages used to extract a metal from its ore.
mining the ore → purifying the ore → extracting the metal
The table shows some information about three metals.
Metal Metal ore Purified ore % of metalin the ore
% of metal in theEarth’s crust
aluminium bauxite aluminium oxide, Al2O3 28.0 8.0
copper chalcocite copper sulfide, Cu2S 0.5 0.001
iron haematite iron oxide, Fe2O3 29.0 5.0
(a) Use the information in the table and your knowledge and understanding to help you to answer the questions.
(i) Suggest why purifying the copper ore produces large quantities of waste.
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(ii) Suggest why the annual world production of iron is forty times greater than that of aluminium.
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(b) Aluminium is used for drinks cans.Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore by electrolysis.
(i) Suggest why the aluminium produced in the electrolysis cell is a liquid.
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(ii) In this electrolysis, aluminium and oxygen gas are produced from the aluminium oxide.
Use the information in the diagram to suggest why most of the waste gas is carbon dioxide and not oxygen.
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(iii) Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust.
Suggest two reasons why we should recycle aluminium drinks cans.
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2. ____________________________________________________________
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(Total 7 marks)
Q12.Good quality water is essential for life.
(a) In the United Kingdom, water is filtered and treated with chlorine to make it safe to drink.
Explain why the water is:
filtered _____________________________________________________________
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treated with chlorine. __________________________________________________
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(b) Millions of people in Bangladesh drink water from wells that contain high levels of arsenic. Arsenic is poisonous.
The World Health Organisation recommends that there should be no more than 0.01 mg of arsenic per litre in drinking water.
The table gives some information about two instrumental methods of testing for arsenic.
Factor to consider Laboratory Instrumental Method Portable Instrumental Method
Cost of equipment £10 000 £50
Skill level oftechnician
Highly skilled where test is done
Little training needed Laboratory only Anywhere
Time to prepare the instrument for the test
5 minutes 10 seconds
Sensitivity of the 0.000001 mg of arsenic per litre 0.1 mg of arsenic per litre
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instrument of water of water
(i) Use the information in the table to give two advantages and one disadvantage of using the Portable Instrumental Method compared with the Laboratory Instrumental Method.
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(ii) The information about these two instrumental methods was provided by the Professional Institute of Water Engineers (PIWE). The Institute has no connection with the companies that make these instruments.
Suggest why many people would accept the views of PIWE rather than the views of the companies that make the instruments.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q13.Aluminium has many uses because of its low density, good electrical conductivity, flexibility and resistance to corrosion.
The main steps in the extraction of aluminium are shown in the flow chart.
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(a) Use the information in the flow chart to suggest the benefits of recycling aluminium.
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(b) Pure aluminium is rarely used for the construction of large objects. Small amounts of other metals are usually mixed with aluminium.
Explain why.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q14.Read the following information and then answer the questions.
Chlorine – for better, for worse?
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Chlorine is used to make bleaches, plastics and medicines. Swimming pool water is often treated with chlorine.
Chlorine is used to make water safe to drink. It is relatively cheap and easy to use. People who drink untreated water risk dying from typhoid and cholera.
However, chlorine is a poisonous chemical. It causes breathing difficulties and can kill people. Some people are also allergic to chlorine.
(a) How does chlorine make water safe to drink?
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(b) The amount of chlorine in swimming pool water should be carefully monitored and controlled.
Explain why.
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(c) Developing countries are likely to choose chlorination as their method of making water safe to drink.
Suggest why.
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(d) A government is setting up an enquiry into the safety of using chlorine.
(i) Suggest why people from all political parties should be represented.
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(ii) Suggest why the opinion of a well-respected scientist might change the outcome of any discussion.
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(iii) The decision taken about the safety of using chlorine should be based on evidence and data rather than on hearsay and opinion.
Suggest why.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q15.Copper is found in the Earth’s crust as an ore containing copper sulfide. Large areas of land, where this ore was once quarried, are contaminated with low percentages of copper sulfide. Copper would be too expensive to extract from this contaminated land using the traditional method of quarrying and then heating in a furnace.
(a) Extracting copper from this land by the traditional method would have a major environmental impact.
Give two reasons why.
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(b) One way to extract the copper from land that contains low percentages of copper sulfide is by bioleaching. Bioleaching uses bacteria. The bacteria produce a solution of copper sulfate.
It is possible to get copper from a solution of copper sulfate using scrap iron.
(i) It is economical to use scrap iron to get copper.
Give one reason why.
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(ii) Iron can be used to get copper from copper sulfate solution.
Explain why.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q16.Iron is produced by reacting a mixture of haematite and coke in a blast furnace.Haematite is an ore of iron containing iron oxide (Fe2O3).Coke is made from coal and is almost pure carbon.
(a) (i) The coke burns in air. This reaction heats the furnace to above 1300 °C.
Complete the chemical equation for carbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
____________ + O2 → CO2
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(1)
(ii) Carbon monoxide is also formed in the furnace. Carbon monoxide reacts with iron oxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.
iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide
Complete and balance the chemical equation for the production of iron.
Fe2O3 + 3CO → ______________ + ______________(2)
(iii) Iron from a blast furnace is called cast iron and contains about 4% carbon.
Why is pure iron softer than cast iron?
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(b) Steel is made by reducing the percentage of carbon in cast iron and then adding different metals to form the type of steel required.
In the UK we use about 1.8 billion steel cans every year but only 30% of these are recycled. Recycling reduces waste. Producing steel from recycled cans requires only 25% of the energy needed to make steel from iron ore.
Give three environmental benefits of recycling a higher percentage of used steel cans.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q17.The picture shows a limestone quarry.
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By Thomas Bjørkan (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(a) Local residents were against the opening of a new limestone quarry. The quarry was estimated to have a 10-year operating period.
The quarry company gave reasons to show how the quarry could benefit local residents over the next 10 to 15 years.
Suggest one economic and one environmental reason the quarry company could give.
Economic reason ____________________________________________________
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Environmental reason _________________________________________________
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(b) What happens when limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated?
Include in your answer:
• the chemical names of the substances produced
• the name of the process.
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(c) (i) Lime is calcium oxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Write the symbol equation for this reaction.
___________________ + ___________________ → ___________________(2)
(ii) Name the gas that a solution of calcium hydroxide in water is used to test for.
Give the result that you would see if the gas was present.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q18.Many everyday items are made from iron.
(a) Haematite is an ore of iron. Haematite contains iron oxide, Fe2O3.
(i) What is the meaning of the term ore?
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(ii) Iron can be produced by reacting iron oxide with carbon in a blast furnace.
What type of reaction produces the iron?
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(iii) The word equation for this reaction is:
iron oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide
Complete and balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
___Fe2O3 + ___C → __________ + __________(2)
(b) Pure iron is relatively soft and not very strong.
The iron from the blast furnace is very hard and brittle. It contains about 4% carbon and is used as cast iron.
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Explain the differences in the properties of pure iron and cast iron by referring to the diagrams.
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(c) The diagram shows the way in which iron is extracted, used and recycled.
Explain why the recycling of iron is necessary for sustainable development.
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(Total 10 marks)
Q19.Copper is a widely used metal. The main ore of copper contains copper sulfide. Copper can be extracted from copper sulfide in a three stage process.
Cu2S + ____O2 → _____CuO + SO2
(1)
(ii) Explain why there would be an environmental problem if the gas from this reaction were allowed to escape into the atmosphere.
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(b) In the second stage copper oxide, CuO, is reduced using carbon.
Describe and explain what happens during this reaction.
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(c) During the third stage the copper can be purified as shown in the diagram.
(i) What is the name of the type of process used for this purification?
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(ii) Give one use of purified copper.
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(d) Copper-rich ores are running out.
New ways of extracting copper from low grade ores are being researched.
Recycling of copper may be better than extracting copper from its ores.
Explain why.
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(Total 10 marks)
Q20.(a) Aluminium is more expensive than iron. Why is aluminium and not iron used for the
central core in power cables?
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(b) Many industrial processes involve the removal of minerals by quarrying.
All quarrying has some effect on the environment and on people’s lives. Make comments about the social, economic, health, safety and environmental effects of quarrying.
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(Total 7 marks)
Q21.In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:
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• could be reused
• could be recycled by melting and making them into new plastic products
• could be burned to release energy.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
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