WCDMA -- Requirementsand Practical Design

Edited by

Rudolf Tanner and Jason WoodardUbiNetics Ltd, UK

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WCDMA -- Requirementsand Practical Design

WCDMA -- Requirementsand Practical Design

Edited by

Rudolf Tanner and Jason WoodardUbiNetics Ltd, UK

Copyright C© 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

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I would like to dedicate this book to Katherine and William.JPW

Contents

Preface page xvii

Acknowledgements xix

Abbreviations xxi

1 Introduction 11.1 Evolution and Revolution of Mobile Telephony 1

1.1.1 The Cellular Revolution 11.1.2 The Growth of Cellular Technology 5

1.2 The Third Generation Partnership Project 91.2.1 3GPP Background 91.2.2 3GPP Standardization Organization 101.2.3 3GPP Standard Releases 111.2.4 3GPP Standards Evolution 12

1.3 3GPP Terminology 131.4 The Journey of a Bit 141.5 Structure of the Book 18

2 RF and Baseband Processing 192.1 Introduction 192.2 UMTS Radio Requirements 20

2.2.1 Receiver Performance Requirements 212.2.2 Transmitter Performance Requirements 21

viii CONTENTS

2.2.3 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 212.2.4 Radio Architecture Overview 23

2.3 Receiver RF Design 252.3.1 Direct Conversion Receiver 262.3.2 Direct Conversion and Even-Order Distortion 272.3.3 Transmit Leakage and IP2 282.3.4 Receiver Sensitivity 302.3.5 Adjacent Channel Selectivity 312.3.6 Blocking and IP3 332.3.7 Spurious Emissions and LO Leakage 36

2.4 Receiver Baseband Design 362.4.1 Baseband Demodulation Performance 372.4.2 Pre ADC Signal Conditioning 392.4.3 Analogue to Digital Conversion 402.4.4 Receive Pulse Shape Filtering 422.4.5 Automatic Gain Control and Reference Point 462.4.6 Additional Receiver Signal Processing Functions 48

2.5 Transmitter Baseband Design 482.5.1 Baseband Modulation 482.5.2 Pre Digital to Analogue Conversion Signal Processing 502.5.3 Digital to Analogue Conversion 512.5.4 Post Conversion Processing 52

2.6 Transmitter RF Design 522.6.1 RF Up Conversion 522.6.2 Transmitter Direct up Conversion 542.6.3 Transmitter IF Based up Conversion 552.6.4 Transmitter Spurious and Noise Emissions 562.6.5 Transmitter Distortion and ACLR 562.6.6 Key Isolation Issues 572.6.7 Transmitter Power Control and Calibration 592.6.8 The Power Amplifier 612.6.9 Power Efficiency Enhancement 62

2.7 Future Trends 64

3 Physical Layer Chip Rate Processing 673.1 Introduction 67

3.1.1 Code Division Multiple Access 673.1.2 The WCDMA Air Interface 683.1.3 Role of Chip Rate Processing 69

3.2 Spreading and Scrambling 703.2.1 Spreading 713.2.2 Scrambling 74

CONTENTS ix

3.3 Physical Channels 753.3.1 Synchronization and Channel Estimation

Channels 753.3.2 Cell Broadcast Channels 783.3.3 Dedicated Channels 793.3.4 Packet and Indicator Channels 823.3.5 Overview of Physical Channel Timing 84

3.4 The Receiver 843.4.1 Overview 843.4.2 RAKE Receiver Overview 853.4.3 RAKE Fingers 863.4.4 The Combiner 903.4.5 RAKE Architectures 913.4.6 RAKE Control 92

3.5 Cell Search 953.5.1 P-SCH Detection 963.5.2 S-SCH Detection 963.5.3 Cell ID Detection 973.5.4 P-CCPCH Transmit Diversity Status Identification 97

3.6 Power Control 983.6.1 Inner Loop Power Control 993.6.2 Outer Loop Power Control 1013.6.3 Other Power Control Mechanisms 101

3.7 Handover 1013.7.1 Introduction 1013.7.2 Soft and Softer Handover 1023.7.3 Hard Handover 1033.7.4 SSDT 103

3.8 Transmit Diversity in the Downlink 1043.8.1 Background 1043.8.2 Open Loop Transmit Diversity 1053.8.3 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity 106

3.9 Physical Layer Procedures 1073.9.1 RACH Procedure 1073.9.2 CPCH Procedure 1083.9.3 PICH/PCH Procedure 1093.9.4 DSCH Procedure 109

3.10 Measurements 1093.10.1 Overview 1093.10.2 Cell Measurements 1103.10.3 Radio Link Measurements 1123.10.4 Transport Channel Measurements 112

x CONTENTS

3.11 Compressed Mode 1123.11.1 Introduction 1123.11.2 Effects on CRP: an Overview 1153.11.3 Compressed Mode Support in RAKE Fingers 1153.11.4 Effects of Compressed Mode on the Combiner 1183.11.5 Power Control in Compressed Mode 1183.11.6 Transmit Diversity in Compressed Mode 1203.11.7 Measurements in Compressed Mode 121

4 Physical Layer Bit Rate Processing 1234.1 Introduction 123

4.1.1 Frequently Used Symbols 1244.2 Transport Channels, Formats and Combinations 124

4.2.1 Example TFCS 1274.3 Overview of the Bit Rate Processing Chain 129

4.3.1 BRP Chain in the Uplink 1304.3.2 BRP Chain in the Downlink 1324.3.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes 1354.3.4 Channel Coding and Code Block Segmentation 1374.3.5 TrCH Interleaving 1384.3.6 TrCH Multiplexing and Second DTX Insertion 1404.3.7 PhCH Segmentation and Interleaving 141

4.4 Rate Matching 1424.4.1 Rate Matching Patterns 1434.4.2 Uplink Rate Matching 1454.4.3 Downlink Rate Matching 148

4.5 Convolutional Encoding and Decoding 1534.5.1 Convolutional Encoding 1534.5.2 Terminology 1564.5.3 Decoding of Convolutionally Encoded Data: the Viterbi

Algorithm 1564.5.4 Example Viterbi Decoding 1604.5.5 Use of Other Metrics in the Viterbi Algorithm 1604.5.6 Implementation of the Viterbi Algorithm 1614.5.7 Performance Results 165

4.6 Turbo Encoding and Decoding 1674.6.1 Encoder 1674.6.2 Turbo Decoder Structure 1694.6.3 The SOVA Decoder 1734.6.4 Turbo Decoding Example 1754.6.5 The Max Log–MAP Algorithm 1834.6.6 Turbo Interleaver Choice 1844.6.7 Implementation of Turbo Decoders 1854.6.8 Performance Results for Turbo Coding 187

CONTENTS xi

4.7 TFC Detection 1884.7.1 TFCI Transmission and Reception 1894.7.2 Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD) 190

4.8 Compressed Mode and the BRP 1924.8.1 Compressed Mode Effects on Downlink BRP 1934.8.2 Compressed Mode Effects on the Uplink BRP 195

4.9 BRP Limitations for Different TrCHs and CCTrCHs 1964.10 Conclusions 197

5 Type Approval Testing: A Case Study 1995.1 Introduction 1995.2 History: the Making of the 3GPP DPCH BLER Requirements 2025.3 Lab Testing 202

5.3.1 Typical Test Configuration for Downlink Fading Tests 2025.3.2 Selecting Test Equipment 2035.3.3 Downlink Reference Measurement Channel Test Signal 2075.3.4 Propagation Channels 2105.3.5 Test Environment and Test Uncertainty 2135.3.6 Test Requirements 2165.3.7 Lab Testing 217

5.4 Exemplary Measurement Results 218

6 Medium Access Control 2216.1 Introduction 221

6.1.1 Data Exchange Between RLC and the Physical Layer 2226.1.2 Selection of TFC for Transmission 2256.1.3 RACH Transmission Control 2256.1.4 Traffic Volume Measurements 2256.1.5 Ciphering 225

6.2 MAC Functional Partitioning 2266.2.1 MAC Configuration 2266.2.2 MAC Rx/Tx 2276.2.3 MAC Measurements 229

6.3 MAC Receive Functionality 2306.3.1 Reception on BCH 2316.3.2 Reception on PCH 2316.3.3 Reception on FACH 2316.3.4 Reception on DCH 2326.3.5 Reception on DSCH 2336.3.6 Deciphering 233

6.4 MAC Transmit Functionality 2346.4.1 TFC Selection 2346.4.2 Transmission on DCH 2356.4.3 Transmission on RACH 236

xii CONTENTS

6.4.4 MAC Headers on RACH 2376.4.5 Ciphering 238

7 Radio Link Control 2397.1 Introduction 2397.2 Transparent Data Transfer Service 243

7.2.1 Transparent Mode Transmit Entity (TM-TX) 2437.2.2 Transparent Mode Receive Entity (TM-RX) 2447.2.3 TMD PDU Schema 2447.2.4 Transparent Mode Data Transmission 2447.2.5 Transparent Mode Data Reception 2447.2.6 Transparent Mode Discard 245

7.3 Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service 2457.3.1 Unacknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (UM-TX) 2457.3.2 Unacknowledged Mode Receive Entity (UM-RX) 2467.3.3 UMD PDU Schema 2477.3.4 Unacknowledged Mode Data Transmission 2497.3.5 Unacknowledged Mode Data Reception 2497.3.6 Unacknowledged Mode Discard 249

7.4 Acknowledged Data Transfer Service 2507.4.1 Acknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (AM-TX) 2507.4.2 Acknowledged Mode Receive Entity (AM-RX) 2527.4.3 AM PDU Schema 2527.4.4 Acknowledged Mode Transmission 2547.4.5 Acknowledged Mode Reception 2557.4.6 Control PDU Reception 2567.4.7 Error Correction 2577.4.8 Error Recovery 2587.4.9 Automatic Repeat Request Mechanism 258

8 PDCP 2618.1 Introduction 2618.2 Overall Architecture 2638.3 PDCP Interface 264

8.3.1 CPDCP 2648.3.2 UPDCP 2678.3.3 PDCP DATA REQ 267

8.4 Header Compression 2688.4.1 Packet Identifier Value PID 2688.4.2 IP Header Compression (RFC 2507) 2698.4.3 Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095) 270

8.5 SRNS Relocation 2718.5.1 Interpretation of Lossless SRNS Relocation 2718.5.2 Lossless SRNS Relocation 271

CONTENTS xiii

8.5.3 PDCP Sequence Numbering 2728.5.4 SDU Management in a Lossless PDCP Entity 2728.5.5 Sequence Number Exchange During a

Relocation 2738.5.6 PDCP SN Synchronization Procedure 273

8.6 PDCP Header Formats 2738.6.1 PDCP no Header PDU 2748.6.2 PDCP DATA PDU 2748.6.3 PDCP Sequence Number PDU 2748.6.4 PDCP Header Fields 275

8.7 Handling an Invalid PDU Type and PID 276

9 Broadcast/Multicast Control 2779.1 Introduction 2779.2 CTCH Scheduling 279

9.2.1 Level 1 Scheduling 2799.2.2 Level 2 Scheduling 279

9.3 BMC Operation 2809.3.1 BMC Activation 2809.3.2 Message Handling 2809.3.3 BMC Deactivation 283

10 RRC 28510.1 Introduction 285

10.1.1 Architecture 28610.1.2 Functionality 289

10.2 Cell Selection and Reselection 29210.2.1 PLMN Selection and Reselection 29210.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection in Idle Mode 29210.2.3 Cell Reselection in Connected Mode 293

10.3 Reception of Broadcast System Information 29410.3.1 Reception of System Information 29410.3.2 System Information Blocks 29610.3.3 Modification of System Information 297

10.4 Paging and Notification 29810.4.1 Paging in Idle Mode 29810.4.2 Paging in Connected Mode 29810.4.3 Paging in Idle Mode 299

10.5 Establishment, Maintenance and Release of an RRC ConnectionBetween the UE and UTRAN 29910.5.1 RRC Connection 29910.5.2 Signalling Connections 300

10.6 Establishment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio AccessBearers 300

xiv CONTENTS

10.7 Assignment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Resources for theRRC Connection 30110.7.1 Cell FACH 30110.7.2 Cell DCH 30110.7.3 Cell PCH 30210.7.4 URA PCH 302

10.8 RRC Connection Mobility Functions 30210.9 Routeing of Higher Layer PDUs 303

10.9.1 Direct Transfer Messages 30310.9.2 Example for Mobile Originated CS Domain Call 304

10.10 Control of Requested QoS 30410.11 UE Measurements 305

10.11.1 General 30510.11.2 Physical Layer Measurements 30610.11.3 Measurement Types 308

10.12 Power Control 31910.13 Arbitration of Radio Resources on Uplink DCH 32010.14 Integrity Protection 32010.15 Ciphering Management 321

10.15.1 RRC Ciphering Actions 32110.16 PDCP Control 322

10.16.1 Configuration 32210.16.2 Reconfiguration 32210.16.3 Relocation 32210.16.4 Release 323

10.17 CBS Control 32310.17.1 Configuration for the BMC 32310.17.2 Initialization Procedure 32310.17.3 Scheduling of CBS Messages 32310.17.4 Design Issues 325

11 Speech Coding for UMTS 32711.1 Introduction – the Adaptive Multirate (AMR)

Speech Codec 32711.2 AMR Structure 32811.3 Linear Prediction Analysis 33011.4 LSF Quantization 33011.5 Pitch Analysis 33011.6 Fixed Codebook with Algebraic Structure 33111.7 Post Processing 33211.8 The AMR Codec’s bit Allocation 33211.9 Speech Codec’s Error Sensitivity 334

11.10 Conclusions 334

12 Future Developments 33512.1 Introduction 33512.2 3GPP Release 5: HSDPA 336

12.2.1 Introduction to HSDPA 33612.2.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 34312.2.3 Protocol Structure 34412.2.4 Physical Layer Structure 34412.2.5 HSDPA MAC Architecture and MAC-hs Functionality 34812.2.6 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 35112.2.7 Hybrid ARQ 35312.2.8 HSDPA Scheduling 356

12.3 Location-based Services 35912.3.1 Introduction 35912.3.2 UTRAN LCS Components 35912.3.3 Positioning Techniques and Methods 36112.3.4 LCS Implementation Aspects 364

12.4 CPICH Interference Cancellation and Mitigation 36512.4.1 CPICH Mitigation Principle 36612.4.2 Performance Gains 36812.4.3 Terminal Complexity Aspects 369

12.5 Transmit Diversity for Multiple Antennas 36912.5.1 Eigenbeamforming 37012.5.2 Closed Loop Mode for More Than Two Tx Antennas 37112.5.3 STTD with Four Antennas 37112.5.4 Channel Estimation 371

12.6 Improved Baseband Algorithms and Technology Trends 37212.6.1 Equalization 37212.6.2 Multiuser Detection 37612.6.3 STC and MIMO Technologies 38112.6.4 Technology Trends 38712.6.5 Interworking Between 3GPP and WLAN Systems 38812.6.6 Ultra Wideband Radio 388

A Appendix A: ML detection for uncoded QPSK 391

B Appendix B: SIR computation 395

References 399

Index 417

Preface

During 2001 we surveyed the literature for books describing developing a Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access (WCDMA) modem. We knew the book by Young [1] which is awell written textbook with an emphasis on RF, from an engineer with many years industrialhands-on experience. Another good book, with an emphasis on digital signal processing,is by Frerking [2], who gives enough theoretical background to solve practical problems inmodem design. Both books cover the technology and engineering aspects well for frequencyand time division duplex systems, but not code division multiple access modems.

After the release of the first version of the 3GPP standard, Release 99, it was possible tomake the content of the standards available in a more accessible form. The book by Holmaand Toskala [3] has become a common reference throughout our industry and beyond. Thisbook describes the standards very well with perhaps a slight emphasis on network operation.

In early 2002, the editors felt that it would also be useful to have a book which describesnot only how WCDMA works, but also provides some information regarding the designof the WCDMA Access Stratum (AS) in a handset. We suggested writing such a book,and the contributing authors offered to help us. The result is a book on WCDMA forthe Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode of the Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem (UMTS), with an emphasis on the development of a handset. The reader is expectedto be familiar with basic communications theory, Direct Sequence-Code Division MultipleAccess (DS-CDMA), and some digital signal processing concepts. These could not be treatedhere in depth since the size of the book is limited and the engineering issues are complex.However, we hope that we have been able to include enough detail on the standards, andon the operation of the access stratum in a handset, to support the practical and engineeringaspects of WCDMA modem design and implementation.

This book is not intended to fully define the operation and implementation of a WCDMAmobile terminal, but to provide the reader with sufficient information to understand the issuesassociated with this, and to make the normative 3GPP specifications more accessible.

Acknowledgements

The editors and the authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing the chap-ters and providing valuable suggestions, in alphabetical order: Andrew Alexander, FrancoiseBannister, Chris Esplin-Jones, Juan Garcia, Stephen Goodwin, Nick Hallam-Baker, MoritzHarteneck, Jimmy James, Gopi Krishna, Tong Liew, Richard Littlewood, Anne McAleer,Mark Norris, Debbie Opuko, Machiel Posthumus, Sergei Senin, Jon Thackray, BattulaVenkateswara and John Wilson.

The editors would like to thank the team at Wiley for their support and help, a specialthank you goes to Sophie Evans for her assistance and Mark Hammond for his patiencewith us.

Last but not least, special thanks to Katherine Woodard and Christine Tanner, for theirhelp and patience with us while we dedicated a significant amount of our free time to thisproject over the last eighteen months.

Abbreviations

Use as defined by 3GPP.

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2AbS Analysis by synthesisAC Alternating currentACELP Algebraic code-excited linear predictiveACK AcknowledgementACLR Adjacent channel leakage ratioACP Adjacent channel powerACS Add compare select or Add compare selectADC Analogue to digital conversionAFC Automatic frequency controlAGC Automatic gain controlAI Acquisition indicatorAICH Acquisition indicator channelAM Acknowledged modeAMC Adaptive modulation and codingAMD Acknowledged mode dataAMPS Advanced mobile phone serviceAMR Adaptive multi rate speech codecAP Access preambleAP-AICH Access preamble acquisition indicator channelARB Arbitrary waveform generator

xxii ABBREVIATION

ARIB Association of radio industries and businessARPU Average revenue per userARQ Automatic repeat requestAS Access stratumASC Access service classASN.1 Abstract syntax notation no.1AWGN Additive white Gaussian noiseBB BasebandBCCH Broadcast control channelBCH Broadcast channelBER Bit error ratioBLER Block error rateBMC Broadcast/multicast controlBO Buffer occupancybps bits per secondBPSK Binary phase shift keyingBRP Bit rate processingBS Base stationBTFD Blind transport format detectionC/I Carrrier/interference ratioC-RNC Controlling radio network controllerC-RNTI Cell-RNTIC-SAP Control SAPCBMC Control BMC interfaceCBS Cell broadcast serviceCC Call control or certification criteriaCCC CPCH control commandsCCCH Common control channelCCTrCH Coded composite transport channelCD Collision detectionCD/CA-ICH Collision detection/channel assignment indicator channelCDMA Code division multiple accessCDP Collision detection preambleCFN Connection frame numberCID Context identifierCMAC Control MAC interfaceCN Core networkCPCH Common packet channelCPDCP Control PDCP interfaceCPHY Control physical layer interfaceCPICH Common pilot channelCQI Channel quality indicatorCR Chip rate

ABBREVIATION xxiii

CRC Cyclic redundancy checkCRLC Control RLC interfaceCRP Chip rate processingCS Circuit switchedCSICH CPCH status indicator channelCTCH Common traffic channelCW Continuous waveCWTS Chinese wireless telecommunications standardD-RNC Dynamic radio network controllerDAC Digital to analogue conversionDC Direct currentDCCH Dedicated control channelDCH Dedicated channelDCR Direct conversion receiverDCS Digital cellular standardDD Delay diversityDECO Decorrelation detectorDL DownlinkDLL Delay locked loopDPCCH Dedicated physical control channelDPCH Dedicated physical channelDPDCH Dedicated physical data channelDRAC Dynamic resource allocation procedureDRNC Drift radio network controllerDRP Digital reference pointDRX Discontinuous receptionDSCH Downlink shared channelDSP Digital signal processingDSSS Direct sequence spread spectrumDTCH Dedicated traffic channelDTX Discontinuous transmissionDUT Device under testEDGE Enhanced datarate for the GSM evolutionEFR Enhanced full rate speech codecEFSM Enhanced finite state machineEIRP Equivalent isotropic radiated powerENOB Effective number of bitsETSI European telecommunications standard instituteEVM Error vector magnitudeFACH Forward access channelFB FeedbackFCC Federal communications commissionFDD Frequency division duplex

xxiv ABBREVIATION

FEC Forward error correctionFFT Fast Fourier transformFHT Fast Hadamard transformsFIR Finite impulse responseFM Frequency modulationGCF General certification forumGERAN GSM/EDGE radio access networkGMSK Gaussian minimum shift keyingGPRS General packet radio systemGPS Global positioning systemGSM Global system for mobile communicationsGSM-MAP GSM-mobile applications partH-RNTI HS-DSCH radio network temporary identifierHS-DSCH High speed downlink shared channelHS-PDSCH High speed physical downlink shared channelHS-SCCH High speed shared control channelHARQ Hybrid automatic repeat requestHC Header compressionHDF Hard decision feedback detectorHHO Hard handoverHLS Higher level schedulingHNN Hopfield neural network receiverHPSK Hybrid phase shift keyingHSCSD High speed circuit switched dataHSDPA High speed downlink packet accessHS-DPCCH High speed dedicated physical control channelICI Interchip interferenceID IndentifierIE Information elementIF Intermediate frequencyIFFT Inverse fast fourier transformIMS IP multimedia subsystemIMSI International mobile subscriber identityIMT-2000 International mobile telecommunications 2000IP Internet protocolIPR Intellectual properly rightsIP2/3 Intercept point 2/3IPDL Idle periods in the downlinkIQ In-phase quadrature-phaseIR Incremental redundancyIS-95 Interim standard 1995ISDN Integrated services digital networkISPP Interleaved single-pulse permutation

ABBREVIATION xxv

ITP Initial transmit powerkbps kilo bits per secondL1 Layer 1 (physical layer)L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)L3 Layer 3 (network layer)LAN Local area networkLC Inductor–capacitor (filter)LCS Location-based servicesLI Length indicatorLLR Log likelihood ratioLMU Location measurement unitLNA Low noise amplifierLO Local oscillatorLOS Line of sightLPC Linear predition codingLSB Least significant bitLSF Line spectrum frequencyLSN Last sequence numberLSR Lossless SRNS relocationM-LWDF Modified largest weight delay firstMAC Medium access controlMAI Multiple access interferenceMAP Maximum a posterioriMbps Mega bits per secondMcps Mega chips per secondMCS Modulation and coding schemeMF Matched filterMGW Media gatewayMIB Master information blockMIMO Multiple input multiple output channelMips Million instructions per secondML Maximum likelihoodMLP Multilayer perceptron neural networkMLSE Maximum likelihood sequence estimatorMMSE Minimum mean square error detectorMOSFET Metal oxide silicon field effect transistorMR Maximum rateMRC Maximum ratio combiningMSB Most significant bitMSC Mobile switching centreMSE Mean square errorMUD Multiuser detectionNACK Negative acknowledgement

xxvi ABBREVIATION

NAS Non access stratumNBAP Node B application partNF Noise figureNLMS Normalized least mean squareNNB Neural network based receiversNode B 3GPP term for a base stationNT NotificationOCNS Orthogonal channel noise source/simulatorOFDM Orthogonal frequency division multiplexingOLPC Outer loop power controlOOR Out of rangeOSI Open system interconnectionOTD Orthogonal transmit diversityOTDOA Observed time difference of arrivalOVSF Orthogonal variable spreading factorP-CCPCH Primary common control physical channelP-CPICH Primary commom pilot channelP-SCH Primary synchronization channelPA Power amplifierPAPR Peak to average power ratioPBP Paging block periodicityPBU Piggybacking unitPC Power controlPCCH Paging control channelPCH Paging channelPCP Power control preamblePCPCH Physical common packet channelPCS Personal communication systemPDC Pacific digital cellularPDCP Packet data convergence protocolPDP Packet data protocolPDSCH Physical downlink shared channelPDU Protocol data unitPED Polynomial expansion detectorPER Packet error ratePF Proportionally fairPhCH Physical channelPHY Physical layer interfacePIC Parallel interference cancellation detectorPICH Page indicator channelPID Packet identifier valuePL Puncturing limitPLMN Public land mobile network

ABBREVIATION xxvii

PN Pseudo noisePPP Point-to-point protocolPRACH Physical random access channelPS Packet switchedPSTN Public switched telephone networkQAM Quadrature amplitude modulationQoS Quality of serviceQPSK Quadrature phase shift keyingRAB Radio access bearerRACH Random access channelRB Radio bearerRC Resistor–capacitor (filter)RF Radio frequencyRL Radio linkRLC Radio link controlRNC Radio network controllerRNN Recurrent neural network receiverRNTI Radio network temporary identityROHC Robust header compressionRPP Recovery period powerRR Round robinRRC Radio resource controllerRRM Radio resource managerRSC Recursive systematic convolutional codeRSCP Received signal code powerRSSI Received signal strength indicatorRTD Relative time differenceRTP Real time protocolRTT Round trip timeR&TTE Radio and telecommunications terminal equipmentRx ReceiveS-CCPCH Secondary common control physical channelS-CPICH Secondary common pilot channelS-RNC Serving radio network controllerS-SCH Secondary synchronization channelSAD Simulated annealing detectorSAI Service area identifierSAP Service access pointSAS Stand alone serviceSaW Stop and wait (ARQ type)SAW Surface acoustic wave (filter)SCDMA Space code division multiple accessSCH Synchronization channel

xxviii ABBREVIATION

SD Spectral distortionSDF Soft decision feedback detectorSDU Service data unitSEGSNR Segmental SNRSF Spreading factorSFN System frame numberSFR Spreading factor reductionSGSN Serving GPRS support nodeSHO Soft handoverSIB System information blockSIC Serial interference cancellation detectorSIM Subscriber identity moduleSIR Signal to interference ratioSMLC Serving mobile location centreSMS Short message serviceSN Sequence numberSNR Signal to noise ratioSOC System on a chipSOHO Softer handoverSOVA Soft output viterbi algorithmSR Selective repeat or Symbol rateSRNS Serving radio network subsystemSSDT Site selection diversity TPCSTC Space time codingSTTD Space time transmit diversitySVD Singular value decompositionSVQ Split vector quantizationTA Type approvalTACS Total access communication systemTB Transport blockTBS Transport block sizeTSF Technical construction fileTCP Transmission control protocolTCP/IP TCP/Internet protocolTCTF Target channel type fieldTDD Time division duplexTDMA Time division multiple accessTF Transport formatTFC Transport format combinationTFCI Transport format combination indicatorTFCS Transport format combination setTFRI Transport format resource indicatorTFS Transport format set