wcdma features and tuning

8/15/2019 WCDMA Features and Tuning

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WCDMA Features

and Tuning


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CCoonntteennttss

Evolution to UMTS ................................................................ 3-9

UMTS Architecture Overview ............................................ 10-13

Idle mode features............................................................. 14-25

WCDMA Power Control and access.................................. 26-36

Admission and congestion control ..................................... 37-46

Handover .......................................................................... 47-68

WCDMA Channel Switching.............................................. 69-76

Radio planning optimization .............................................. 77-88

Quality of Service .............................................................. 89-96

Measurement and statistics collection ............................. 97-103

KPI ................................................................................ 104-106

Accessibility................................................................... 107-112

Retainability................................................................... 113-118

Integrity ......................................................................... 119-121

HSDPA-HSUPA ............................................................ 122-129


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MMoodduullee 11 Evolution to UMTS


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CCeelllluullaarr GGeenneerraattiioonn

• People talk about mobtechnology in terms ofgenerations

• 1st Generation or 1G

• 2nd Generation or 2G• 2.5G

• 3rd Generation or 3G• But what do these mean?

FFiirrsstt GGeenneerraattiioonn

• 1976+, though really the

technology of the 1980’s• Analogue modulation• Frequency Division

Multiple Access• Voice traffic only• No inter-network roaming

possible• Insecure air interface

1978 1992 2000 Time

Data

2001

Progress of data rates with time andgeneration

The 1st Generation of Cellular Technologymakes use of analogue modulationtechniques such as FM


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FFiirrsstt GGeenneerraattiioonn PPllaannnniinngg

• Macrocellular

• High sites for coverage drivenplanning

• Antennas above roof height• Frequency planning required

• For networks with more cellsthan frequencies

• Larger cell size• Order 30 km

• Hard handover

• Mobile only ever connected to a single cell

SSeeccoonndd GGeenneerraattiioonn

• 1990’s

• 1st system to use Digital modulation• Variety of Multiple Access strategies• Voice and low rate circuit

switched data• Same technology allows

internationalroaming

• Secure air interface

Cellular Networks are commonly represented as hexagon grids.The above diagram shows how different frequencies are used indifferent cells in a cellular network (different frequenciesrepresented by different colors).


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GGSSMM PPllaannnniinngg • Macrocells and microcells

• Capacity driven planning

• Frequency planning required• Optional parameters requiring

planning• Hierarchical Cell Structures• Frequency Hopping• Discontinuous Transmission• Power Control

• Simple subscriber/traffic analysis• Capacity limited by number of

TRX’s• Hard Handover

CCDDMMAA oonnee PPllaannnniinngg

• Macrocells and microcells• Single Frequency

• Multiple frequencies forhotspots

• Soft Handover (multipleconnections between mobileand network)

• Code Planning• Capacity Interference Limited

Carrier Bandwidth = 200 kHz

GSM networks use microcells to provide additional capacity.

1 connection

2 connection

3 connection

Unlike GSM there is no frequency planning required forcdmaOneHowever soft handover means that there are zoneswhere there are two/three connections to the network


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22..55 GG

• Now…

• Digital modulation• Voice and intermediate rate

circuit/packet switched data• Same technology roaming• Secure air interface• Based upon existing dominant

standards such as GSM andcdmaOne

GGPPRRSS • General Packet Radio Service• Enhancement to the GSM standard• Utlilises

a) Multiple timeslotsb) Packet switching

• Packet Switching Data typically torates of 56kbps

a) theoretically 171kbps for 8• Introduces serving GPRS support

node - SGSN

IISS--9955 BB • Enhancement to cdmaOne standard• Utilises

• High rate coding scheme• Combined code channels• Packet switching

• Packet Switched Data to rates of 114 kbps

2.5G technology are based upon existing 2G technologiesbut are focused at increasing the maximum data ratesthat the technologies can deliver


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22..7755 GG EEDDGGEE • Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution

• Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)

• Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards• Utlilises:

• 8PSK Modulation• Possible 1.6 Mhz carrier under IS-136• 8 Channel Coding Schemes• Multiple Timeslots (similar frame structure to GSM)• TDMA

• Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)

33GG GGooaallss • Data Rates

• Local area – 2 Mbps• In office, stationary

• Limited mobility – 384 kbps• Urban pedestrian

• Full mobility – 144 kbps• Rural in car

• High spectrum efficiency compared existing systems• High flexibility to introduce new services

33GG SSppeeccttrruumm


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UUMMTTSS FFDDDD • Universal Mobile Telecommunication system Frequency

Division Duplexing Mode

• Built onto enhanced GSM core network• Utilises:

• QPSK modulation (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)• Multiple channel coding and bearer rates• Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission• CDMA• FDD• Asynchronous operation

• Data up to rates of 2Mbps

UUMMTTSS TTDDDD • Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Time Division

Duplexing Mode• Built onto enhanced GSM core network• Utilises:

• QPSK modulation• Multiple channel coding and bearer rates

• CDMA• TDD• Asynchronous operation

• Data up to rates of 2Mbps

UUMMTTSS vveerrssuuss GGSSMM UMTS GSM

Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHZ

Frequency ReuseFactor

1 1-21

Power ControlFrequency

1500Hz 2Hz or lower

Quality Control Radio Resource Managementalgorithms

Frequency Planning andNetwork Optimisation

Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth gives multipathdiversity with rake receiver

Frequency Hopping

Packet Data Load Based Packet Scheduling Time Slot based Schedulingwith GPRS

Transmit Diversity Supported to improve downlinkcapacity

Not supported by standardbut may be applied


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MMoodduullee 22 UMTS Architecture Overview


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UUMMTTSS 33GGPPPP rreeffeerreennccee aarrcchhiitteeccttuurree

LLiisstt ooff AAccrroonnyymmss AUC: Authentication CenterAN: Access Network

BS: Base StationBSC: Base Station ControllerBSS: Base station SubsystemBTS: Base Transceiver StationCN: Core NetworkCSPDN: Circuit Switched Public Data NetworkEIR: Equipment identity RegisterGGSN: Gatev4ay GPRS Support NodeG4-SC: Gateway MSC

HLR: Home Location RegisterlMS Lp: Multi Media SubsystemlSDN: Integrated Services Digital NetworkME: Mobile EquipmentMGW: Media GatewayMSC: Mobile Service Switching CenterMT: Mobile TerminalPDN: Packet Data NetworkPSPDN: Packet switched Public Data Network

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone NetworkRNC: Radio Network controller


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RNS: Radio Network SystemSCF: Service Control FunctionalitySCP: Service Control PointSGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node

SlM: Subscriber Identity-moduleSMS-GMSC: Short Message Service GMSCSMS-lWMSC: Short Message Service Interworking MSCUE: User EquipmentUMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemUSlM: UMTS Subscriber Identity ModuleUTRAN: UTMS RANRAN: Radio Access NetworkRNS: Radio Network Subsystem

NNeettwwoorrkk LLaayyeerrss

RRaaddiioo NNeettwwoorrkk SSuubbssyysstteemm

• A Radio Network Subsystemconsists of:

• A single RNC• One or more Node B’s• Cells belonging to Node

B’s

Application Layer

Control

A lication A lication

InternetIntranet

PSTNISDN

GSM/EDGEAccess

Enabler

MG

WCDMAAccess

SG

GGS

SGS

MG

Connectivity

SG

SGS

MS

IMS

GMSC/TSC

HLR/HSS


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RRaaddiioo NNeettwwoorrkk CCoonnttrroolllleerr

• Responsible for the use and

integrity of the radio resourceswithin the RNS

• Responsible for the handoverdecisions that requiresignalling to the UE

• Provides a combining / splittingfunction to support macrodiversity between differentNode Bs

NNooddee BB • Logical node responsible for

radio transmission / receptionin one or more cells to/fromthe UE

• Dual mode Node B can

support FDD and TDD mode• Not necessarily a single site

according to the standards• Most current implementations

use a single site

MMaajjoorr iinntteerrffaaccee iinn UUMMTTSS • There are four major new interfaces defined in UMTS

• lu• The interface between UTRAN and the

CN

• lu• The interface between different RNCs

• lub• The interface between the Nobe B and

the RNC

• U

u• The air interface

RNC

NODEB

NODEB

cel

cel

cel

cel

cel

cel

Iur

Iu

Uu

RNC

NODE

B

NODE

B

cel

cel

cel

cel

cel

cel

Iur

Iu

Uu

CN

RCN RCN

NobeB

UE

lu

lur

lub

Uu


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MMoodduullee 33 Idle mode features


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IIddllee MMooddee ttaasskkss

• PLMN selection

• Cell selection and reselection

• LA and RA registration

• Paging procedure

• Reading system information

PPLLMMNN SSeelleeccttiioonn ((mmaannuuaall))

1) The UE scans all RF channels in WCDMA and searches for thestrongest cell signal on each carrier.2) The UE displays those PLMNs that are allowed as well as thosethat are not allowed based on the strongest signal cell on eachfrequency.3) The user can select a PLMN manually from the list

IInniittiiaall CCeellll SSeeaarrcchh

• The Mobile searches for the strongest synchronization channel(which is the same for every cell on the network).

• Timing information from the Primary Synchronization Code isused to detect the Secondary Synchronization Code.

• The Secondary synchronization code gives informationregarding scrambling code and frame synchronization.

PLMN APLMN BPLMN DPLMN Ef2

• •

fn

2

1

f1

Strongest cell

0. 0. 0. 0. 1 1. 1. 1. 1. x 7- - 02 4 6 8

Frequen

PowerSpectrumM

3


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• The Synchronization code is time multiplexed with thebroadcast channel which gives information on Random AccessCodes available.

IInniittiiaall CCeellll SSeeaarrcchh P-SCH and S-SCH are time-multiplex with the Primary CommonControl Physical Channel P-CCPCH, which carriers the BroadcastChannel.

TThhee CCeellll SSeeaarrcchh PPrroocceedduurree

256 chips66.67 s

2560 chips666.7 s

Timeslot #0 Timeslot #1 Timeslot #2

Data (18 bits) Data (18 bits) Data (18 bits)

2304 chips600 s

27 kbps,SF=256

P-SCH

S-SCH

P-CCPCH

Initiate Cell Synchronization

UE monitors Primary SCH code, detects peak in matched filter output

Slot Synchronization Determined ------

UE monitors Secondary SCH code, detects SCG and frame start time offset

Frame Synchronization and Code Group Determined ------

UE determines Scrambling Code by correlating all possible codes in group

Scrambling Code Determined ------

UE monitors and decodes BCH data

BCH data, Super-frame synchronization determined ------

P-CCPCH

(PSC + SSC + BCH)

UE adjusts transmit timing to match timing of BS + 1.5 Chips

Cell Synchronization complete


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TThhee CCeellll SSeelleeccttiioonn CCrriitteerriiaa

• qQualmin: sent in the broadcast information and indicates theminimum required quality value. The UE measures the receivedquality, “Qqualmeas ”, on the CPICH (CPICH Ec/N0) andcalculates Squal.

• qRxLevMin: sent the system information and indicates the

minimum required signal strength. The UE measures thereceived signal Code Power (CPICH RSCP ) and obtains Srxlev

DDeetteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff CCeellll SSeelleeccttiioonn CCrriitteerriiaa

Squal = Qqualmeas- qQualMin > 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – qRxLevMin – Pcompensation > 0

Where Pcompensation = max(maxTxPowerUL – P;0)

• Qqualmeas• Qrxlevmeas

CPICH

P-CCPCH

• qQualmin• qRxLevMin

• UE max transm pwr Ul

• maxTxPowerful: the maximum transmission powerduring random access on the RACH. Value sent in thesystem information.

• P: the UE maximum output power according to itsclass


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CCeellll SSeelleeccttiioonn ccaasseess • The Cell Selection process is run when:• When the UE is switched on.

• When the UE returns to Idle mode from connected mode• After a number of failed attempts of RRC connection request

when the UE is in idle mode and tries to establish a RRCConnection.

CCeellll RReesseelleeccttiioonn ccaasseess The Cell Reselection process is run when:

• When the cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable.• When the UE, in ”camped normally” state, has found a better

neighboring cell than the cell on which it is camping.• When the UE is in limited service state on an acceptable cell.

When the EU triggers a cell reselation evaluation process, itperforms ranking of cells that fulfil the following criteria:

TThhee CCeellll RReesseelleeccttiioonn EEvvaalluuaattiioonn PPrroocceessss

Squal > 0

Srxlev > 0


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BBaassiiss ffoorr DDeecciissiioonnss oonn IInnttrraa--FFrreeqquueennccyy MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss

BBaassiiss ffoorr DDeecciissiioonnss oonn IInntteerr--ffrreeqquueennccyy MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss

BBaassiiss ffoorr DDeecciissiioonnss oonn GGSSMM MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss

If Squal > sIntraSearch the UE does not need to perform intra-frequency measurements.

If Squal ≤ sIntraSearch the UE performs intra-frequencymeasurements.

If the sIntraSearch is not sent to the serving cell, the UEperforms intra-frequency measurements.

If Squal > sInterSearch the UE does not need to perform interfrequency measurements.

If Squal ≤ sInterSearch the UE performs inter frequencymeasurements.

If the sInterSearch is not sent for the serving cell, the UEperforms inter frequency measurements.

If Squal > sRATSearch the UE does not need to perform

measurements on GSM cells.

If Squal ≤ sRATSearch the UE performs measurements onGSM cells.

If sRATSearch is not sent for the serving cell, the UEperforms measurements on GSM cells.


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MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo ssRRaattSSeeaarrcchh

IInntteerrRRAATT CCeellll RRee--sseelleeccttiioonn ffrroomm aa WWCCDDMMAA CCeellll ttoo aa GGSSMM CCeellll

LLooccaattiioonn RReeggiissttrraattiioonn Three different types of registration updates:

• Normal registration• Periodic Registration

• IMSI attach/detach


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NNoorrmmaall RReeggiissttrraattiioonn A Normal Registration update is done when:

• The UE is switched on in a new LA or RA• The UE is moving into a new LA or RA• The UE is switching from connected to idle mode• The UE is unknown in the CN

CCoonncceeppttss ooff MMoobbiilliittyy MMaannaaggeemmeenntt In order to track the MSs, the cells (i.e., BTSs/Node Bs) in

GPRS/UMTS service area are partitioned into several groups.To deliver services to an MS, the cells in the group covering theMS will page the MS to establish the radio link.

In the CS domain, cells are partitioned into location areas (LAs).The LA of an MS is tracked by the \/LR.

In the PS domain, the cells are partitioned into routing areas(RAs). An RA is typically a subset of an LA. The RA of an MS istracked by the SGSN.

In GPRS, the SGSN also tracks the cell of an MS in PSconnection (i.e., when packets are delivered between the MSand the SGSN).

In UMTS, the cells in an RA are further partitioned into UTRANRAs (URAs). The URA and the cell of an MS are tracked by theUTRAN.

LLAA,, RRAA,, UURRAA


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CCoommbbiinneedd RRAA//LLAA uuppddaattee

PPeerriiooddiicc RReeggiissttrraattiioonn

UE moves toconnected mode

t3212

LA Update LA Update LA Update

UE moves toidle mode

UE in idle mode

t3212


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PPaaggiinngg aa mmoobbiillee:: PPCCHH • Paging information is carried on the paging channel, PCH, a

downlink common channel.• Each terminal is allocated a paging group.• Each group listens periodically to a Paging Indication Channel,

PICH.• How often a mobile must listen is governed by its paging group.

If the mobile was always on, battery life would be very short.

PPaaggiinngg When the EU is in Idle mode, two different physical channels areused in order to deliver proper information from the WCDMA RAN

to the UE: the PICH and the S-CCPCH (carries the PCH). ThePICH is used to indicate to the UE when it should read the S-CCPCH and the PCH is used to carry the RRC message “pagingtype 1”, which contains the actual paging information

PPaaggiinngg IInnddiiccaattiioonn CChhaannnneellss PPIICCHH • The PICH is used to inform the UE that it should listen to the

PCH• Fixed rate (SF=256, 30 kbps) so that 300 bits occupy a full

frame

• N Paging Indicators {Pl0, …, PlN-1} are transmitted in eachPICH frame, where N=18,36,72, or 144.• These are mapped into 300 bits of which 288 bits are defined


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PPIICCHH • A “1” in the appropriate bit position indicates to the UE that it

should decode the next PCH (part of the secondary commoncontrol physical channel) to see whether is a paging messageintended it.

PPIICCHH • An idle mobile, will listen periodically to the PICH,• How often depends on the value of N.• If N = 144, the mobile will listen only 2 bits per frame.• This helps conserve the mobile battery.• However, the relevant PICH bits are repeated only once. Hence

a high quality radio channel is necessary

SSyysstteemm iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn eelleemmeenntt • The System Information elements are broadcast in System

Information Blocks (SIBs). A SIB groups together SystemInformation elements related to the same kind of activitycontrols.

• Different types of SIB exist, and each type contains a specificcollection of information

• A Master Information Block (MIB) gives reference to a numberof SIBs.

PICH

S-CCPCH

PagingIndicators

Paging Message

SystemInformation

Block 1

SystemInformation

Block 2

SystemInformation

Block 3

MasterInformation

Block


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MMaappppiinngg ooff SSyysstteemm IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonnttoo MMIIBB aanndd SSIIBBSS

Contents MIB SIB1 SIB3 SIB5 SIB7 SIB11 SIB12

PLMN Identity x

Cell selection andreselectionparameters

x x

Paging parameters x

Measurementmanagement

x x

Celland commonchannel

configuration

x

Timers and countersin idle mode

x

Power Control oncommon channel

x

Location and routingupdating

x


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WWCCDDMMAA PPoowweerr CCoonnttrrooll aanndd aacccceessss


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PPoowweerr ccoonnttrrooll ppaarrtt ooff llooaadd ccoonnttrrooll

PPoowweerr ccoonnttrrooll Objectives

Maintain the link quality in uplink and in downlink bycontrolling the transmission powers

Prevents near-far effect Minimize effects of fast and slow fading Minimize interference in network

Accuracy of the power control is important

No time-frequency separation of users, all use the samebandwidth Inaccuracy in power control immediately lifts the network’s

interference level, which correspondingly lowers thecapacity

Due to users mobility the speed of power control is also acritical issue

PacketControl

AdmissionControl

PowerControl

HandoverControl

LoadControl


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NNeeaarr--ffaarr pprroobblleemm iinn uupplliinnkk There can be large path loss difference between UE1 (cell

centre) and UE2 (cell edge)

lf both UEs are transmitting with the same power then UE1 willblock UE2 (and ether cell edge users tee)

Power control will drive transmission powers of UE1 and UE2 tothe minimum level that is required to meet OeS

In Node B received powers from UE1 and UE2 will be the samefor same services

PPoowweerr CCoonnttrrooll Power Control on the common channels ensures that their

coverage is sufficient both to set up UE-originating and UE-terminating calls.

Power Control on the dedicated channels ensures an agreedquality of connection in terms of Block Error Rate (BLER), whileminimizing the impact on other UEs.

Uplink Power Control increases the maximum number ofconnections that can be served with the required Quality ofService (QoS), while reducing both the interference and thetotal amount of radiated power in the network.

Downlink Power Control minimizes the transmission power ofthe NodeB and compensates for channel fading. Minimizingtransmitted power maximizes the downlink capacity.

UE1 UE2


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WWCCDDMMAA PPoowweerr CCoonnttrrooll oovveerrvviieeww

TThhee PPhhyyssiiccaall RRaannddoomm AAcccceessss CChhaannnneell

• The PRACH consists of two parts

• A preamble• To initiate access

• A message• Which can contain a request for a dedicated

channel or a small packet of user data

TThhee PPRRAACCHH PPrreeaammbbllee • Selected from 1 of 16 defined preambles.• Each preamble has 16 bits. • The preamble is 4096 chips in length• The preamble is composed of 256 repetitions of 16 bits• The Power of the transmitted preamble is based on an estimate

of downlink loss from the received signal strength of thecommon pilot channel, CPICH

Message

2 frames = 20 ms

1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips 1 PRACH slot = 2 normal timeslots

PRACH


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TThhee PPRRAACCHH PPrreeaammbbllee • The UE then randomly selects 1 timeslot from a limited number

over 2 frames (slotted ALOHAA).• Each timeslot is offset in time by a multiple of two timeslot

periods.• If no acknowledgement is received via the acquisition indicator

channel, AICH then UE reselects a time offset and increasesthe power by 1dB and tries again.

AAccqquuiissiittiioonn IInnddiiccaattoorr CChhaannnneell AAIICCHH • The AICH indicates whether the PRACH preamble has been

received.

• If the Node-B receives the preamble it mirrors the preamblesignature back on the AICH

PPhhyyssiiccaall RRaannddoomm AAcccceessss CChhaannnneell PPRRAACCHH MMeessssaaggee • The message is either 10 ms or 20 ms in length• Power level is set as per successful preamble• Data and control are CDMA multiplexed• The RACH can be used for packet data transmission

• Messages can be used to update Location Area and RoutingArea information.• A channelisation code is allocated accordingly. The mobile is

informed of this on the Forward Access Channel.


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RRAACCHH PPrreeaammbbllee RRaammppiinngg

IInniittiiaall DDoowwnnlliinnkk DDPPDDCCHH PPaarraammeetteerrss

DDoowwnnlliinnkk DDPPCCCCHH PPoowweerr DPCCH power during TFCI = P_DL_DPDCH + pO1PO1 = 0..6 dB in 0.25 dB steps (0 = 0, 1=0.25 … 24 = 6 dB):default = 0 (0 dB)DPCCH power during TPC = P_DL_DPDCH + pO2PO2 = 0..6 dB in 0.25 dB steps (0 = 0, 1=0.25 … 24 = 6 dB):

default = 12 (3 dB)DPCCH power during Pilot = P_DL_DPDCH + pO3PO3 = 0..6 dB in 0.25 dB steps (0 = 0, 1=0.25 … 24 = 6 dB):default = 12 (3 dB)


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IInniittiiaall uupplliinnkk DDPPCCCCHH PPaarraammeetteerrss

PPCC mmeecchhaanniissmm

Outer loop PC: RNCAdjust the target SIR

In order to meet targetBLER

Fast PC: Nobe Bcommand terminal

To change transmit powerin order to meet target SIR

Received SIR

Outer loop power control

Inner loop power control


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SSIIRR ppaarraammeetteerr

JJuummpp RReegguullaattoorr ((EExxaammppllee))

Transport block number

SIRtarget

CRC = NG

SIRtarget = 4.9 + 1[-0/(1*199) + 1/1] dB =5.9 dB

SIRtarget = 5.9 + 1[-1/(1*199) + 0/1] dB =5.895 dB

CRC = OK

ulInitSirTarget (speech = 4.9 dB)


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WWCCDDMMAA PPoowweerr CCoonnttrrooll LLooooppss WWoorrkkiinngg TTooggeetthheerr ((UULL))

SSeettttiinngg CCoommmmoonn CChhaannnneell PPoowweerrss

RBSNode B

FACH (control): ‘maxFach1Power ’: default =18 (1.8 dB)

Paging channel: ‘pchPower ’:default =-4 (-0.4 dB)

Paging indication ch: ‘pichPower ’: default =-7 (-7 dB)

Primary SCH: ‘schPower1’: default =-18 (-1.8 dB)

Secondary SCH: ‘schPower2 ’: default =-35 (-3.5 dB)

FACH (traffic): ‘maxFach2Power ’: default =15 (1.5 dB)

PCPICH: ‘primaryCpichPower ’: default = 300(30 dBm)

Broadcast Channel: ‘bchPower ’: default = -31 (-3.1 dB)

AICH: ‘aichPower ’: default = -6 (-6 dB)

HS-SCCH: ‘hsScchMaxCodePwr’: default =-2 (-2 dB)

E-AGCH: ‘maxEagchPowerDl’:default =-18.3 (-18.3 dB)

E-HICH/RGCH :‘maxUserEhichErgchPowerDl’:default = -18.3 (-18.3dB)


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DDoowwnnlliinnkk PPoowweerr DDrriifftt DDuurriinngg SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr

DDoowwnnlliinnkk PPoowweerr BBaallaanncciinngg

Up Up

BS Power BS Power

DownUp

Power Drift

UE

RNC

Node B Node B

BS Power

UE

1…...15 1…...15 1…...15 1…...15 1…...15 1…...15 1…...15 1…...15

8 frame cycle

Reference value (average)

SRNCBS Power

Drift corrected at start of next cycle


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AAddmmiissssiioonn ccoonnttrrooll aanndd ppaacckkeett sscchheedduulleerr

NNooddeess iinnvvoollvveemmeenntt

PacketControl

AdmissionControl

PowerControl

HandoverControl

Load

Control

• Power Control • Power Control• Load Control

• Power Control• Load Control• Handover Control• Admission Control(also in SGSN)

• Packet Scheduler

Node B RNCMS


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CCoonnggeessttiioonn aanndd AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll Congestion/Load Control’s general responsibility is to remain

the network in stable and prevent overloading Congestion/Load control is in close co-operation with functions

of admission control and packet scheduler Load controloperates in RNC

AAddmmiissssiioonn aanndd CCoonnggeessttiioonn CCoonnttrrooll Admission control

If air interface loading is allowed to increase too much thecoverage of the cell will be reduced below the plannedvalue.

Admission control decides whether to accept theterminal’s request for new radio access bearer bycalculating how much interference new bearer would

create to the cell in both UL and DL Congestion control Responsible of returning the network back into desired

target load in case of overload Target load is set in network planning and overload

should be an exceptional situation

AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll There are predefined UL and

DL thresholds for interferencepower. Thresholds are set innetwork planning.

If either UL or DL threshold isexceeded the RAB is notadmitted.

For decision AC may derive thetransmitted bit rate, processinggain, radio link initial quality

parameters, target BER, BLER,Eb/No, SIR target.

Information of networkloading level

Loading status

NRT (Non-Real Timetraffic) load


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AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll Admission control : controls system load to maintain a sufficientresources for urgent requirements and an acceptable servicequality for connected users.It’s based on following inpouts:

Downlink transmit carrier power Air-interface Speech Equivalent (ASE) usage in uplink

and downlink Spreading Factor usage Code tree usage Number of Compressed Mode radio links

AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll ASE of a radio link = relative value, defined as the air-interface load relative to a speech radio link (l2.2kbps,50% activity).A radio link with an ASE of 3 in DL, is expected togenerate as much interference in downlink as 3 speechradio links in the cell.General method of estimating ASE value for a specificservice:

(maxrate radio link) (activity factor radio link)

(maxrate radio link speech) (activity factor speech)

AASSEE vvaalluueess ppeerr ccoonnnneeccttiioonn ttyyppee Radio Connection Type Uplink ASEs Downlink ASEs SRB 2.43 2.43

AMR 12.2 1.61 1.61

CS57.6 7.22 7.22

CS64 11.10 11.10

PS16/64 (Streaming) 4.74 10.59PS16/128 (Streaming) 4.74 17.04

PS64/64 8.32 8.32

PS64/128 8.32 16.03

PS64/384 8.32 40.27

MultiRAB (speech+PS64/64) 9.32 9.32

MultiRAB (speech+PS0/0) 1.61 1.61

MultiRAB (CS64+PS8/8) 12.48 12.48

PS64/HS 8.32 0.61

PS384/HS 40.27 0.61


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AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll DL transmit carrier power : to keep sufficient power for UE’s in

CM or experiencing a poor service quality due to fading SF usage : Provides details about the number of codes of a

certain length that are in use. Limit the number of users of acertain SF.

Code tree usage : Provides a measure for code tree usage inthe downlink. Monitoring of this dedicated resource based onthe tracking of the fraction on the downlink code tree in use.

Compressed mode radio links : Indication of the processor loadthat the Compressed mode radio links causes in the node B.Important due to hardware limitations in the Node B

SSpprreeaaddiinngg FFaaccttoorr ((SSFF)) LLiimmiittss UUsseedd iinn AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll

AAddmmiissssiioonn CCoonnttrrooll WWoorrkkffllooww


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CCoonnggeessttiioonn CCoonnttrrooll

DDeetteeccttiioonn ooff DDLL CCeellll CCoonnggeessttiioonn Due to Transmitted Power

Core Network

SRNC

SRNC& RNC

lu

lur

lu

1. Best Effort users in HOBest Effort users

3. CS users in HOCS users

5. Speech users in HOSpeech users

2. Best Effort users in HOBest Effort users

4. CS users in HO

CS users

6. Speech users in HOSpeech users

Congestion control : ASE release order

Over lu:Over lur:


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PPaacckkeett sscchheedduulleerr Determines the available radio resources for Non-Real Time

traffic (NRT) radio bearers Share the available radio resources between NRT radio bearers Monitor the allocations for NRT radio bearers. Initiate the switching between common, shared and dedicated

channels when necessary. Monitor the system loading. Performer load control actions for the NRT radio bearers when

necessary

PPaacckkeett SScchheedduulleerr Capacity can be divided between non-controllable and

controllable traffic Load caused by real time traffic, interference from other cell

users and noise together is called non-controllable load The part of the available capacity that is not used for non-

controllable load can be used for NRT radio bearers on besteffort basis (=controllable load)

PS is implemented for dedicated as well as common control

transport channels. PS takes care of filling the controllable capacity with NRT traffic

time

load

Free capacity, which can beallocated for controllableload on best effort basis

Planned target load

Non-controllable load

• The amount of scheduled capacity depends on:• UE and BTS capabilities,• the current load in the cell,• the availability of physical resources.


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MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ffoorr WWCCDDMMAA PPaacckkeett SScchheedduulleerr

PPaacckkeett SScchheedduulleerr

For dimensioning purposes radio network planning candefine packet access features per, e.g. by next parameters

Amount of packet bursts per session Reading time between bursts Size of packets Arrival rate packets Amount of packets per burst Number of retransmission

Packet service sessionPacket call

Packet size Packet arrival interval

timeReadingtime


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CCoonnttrrooll ssuummmmaarryy


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HHaannddoovveerr


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AAddmmiissssiioonn ccoonnttrrooll aanndd ppaacckkeett sscchheedduulleerr

HHaannddoovveerr ttyyppeess iinn WWCCDDMMAA

PacketControl

AdmissionControl

PowerControl

HandoverControl

Load

Control

UMTS-Handover

Inter-systemHandover

UMTSGSM UMTSEDGE

UMTSGPRS

Intra-systemHandover

Intra-frequencyHandover

Inter-frequencyHandover

Soft Softer Hard Hard

etc.


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WWCCDDMMAA HHaannddoovveerr ccoonnttrrooll Hard HO (HHO) All the old radio links of an UE are released before the new

radio links are established. Real time bearers: short disconnection in transmission. Non real time bearers: HHO is lossless. Shared & common channels used for hard handover (cell

reselection)

Soft HO (SHO). MS always keeps at least one radio link to UTRAN.

Soft HO: MS is simultaneouslly controlled by two ormore cells belonging to different BTS of the same R C

or to different RNC. Softer HO. MS is controlled by at least two cells under

one BTS. Dedicated channels (Cell_DCH state) used for SHO

Handover can be either network or UE initiated Serving RNC makes the decisions in both cases

WWCCDDMMAA HHaannddoovveerr ccoonnttrrooll


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HHaarrdd hhaannddoovveerrss Intra & Inter-frequency HHO’s Usually triggered to maintain mobility Not recommended in WCDMA unless there is an urgent need,

because Hard HO increase interference easily, since the real-time

user is disconnected temporarily and the used powermust be re-evalueted

This decreases the capacity in heavy traffic situations andcan worsen the near-far effect

Absence of lur (connection between RNC’s) will cause hardHOs

Compressed mode used in HOs between carriers and systems

In compressed mode UE stop UL transmission for fewmilliseconds within a radio frame (10ms) in order toenable measurements of different carriers/systems

RReecceeiivveedd PPoowweerr WWiitthhoouutt SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr

tim

Trouble zone: Prior to Hard

BS2 Receive Power

UE responding to UE responding to

tim

BS1 Receive Power


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RReecceeiivveedd PPoowweerr wwiitthh SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr

IInntteerr ffrreeqquueennccyy hhaannddoovveerr IFHO can be used planning to

provide coverage (micro macro cell) provide capacity (reduce cell loading)

2nd carrier can be enable on cell basis Not so straightforward to perform in UE due to need of

compressed mode Most Network vendor’s equipment supports IFHO IFHO is generally seen as a means of optimisation as the traffic

evolves, but can be used also e.g. to provide indoor coverage

SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr ((SSHHOO)) SHO helps avoid near-far effect for real-time connection For high mobility users shadow fading + (slow) hard handovers

would create near-far situations SHO is an essential interference mitigation tool in WCDMA


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SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr

SHO utilises two separate codes in DL (RAKE fingers in UE areassigned for reception)

Maximum ratio combining done in UE for the signals Produced gain 1-3 dB, handover..

Gain depends on the difference of the signal’s strength

Gain depends on channel conditions and accuracy of thereceived channel estimate In some circumstances thegain can be lost!

The more multipath diversity is available the less SHO gain isachived

SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr DDiivveerrssiittyy GGaaiinn iinn tthhee Downlink

BS


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SSoofftteerr//SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr

UPLINK More complex situation than in DL During softer HO, same procedure in node B’s RAKE than in

DL case Produced gain 1-3 dB

Better performance in terms of strength differences,since the signals come from the same source During Soft HO, the combining of signals is done in the RNC

Selection combining performed for baseband signal Based on selecting the frame with better FER or BER Better frame send to be used in open loop PC (target

SIR estimation) Gain achieved through more stable UE tx-powers (1-

2dB) No actual gain to the radio link

SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr DDiivveerrssiittyy GGaaiinn iinn tthhee UUpplliinnkk

BS

RNC CNGood block

Block in error


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SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr The cells in a WCDMA RAN are, from UE point of view, divided indifferent mutual excluding sets defined by 3GPP:

Active Set The cells involved in soft handover and measured by

the UE

Monitored Set The cells only measured by the UE and not part of the

Active Set. The monitored set can consist of intra-frequency, Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT

The cells measured by the UE are the sum of the Active Setand the Monitored Set.

The number of Intra-frequency cells in the Monitored Set +the Active Set cells is limited by 3GPP to 32.

The number of Inter-Frequency cells in the Monitored set islimited to 32.

SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr Active Set As UE moves, node Bs are continuously added to and

removed from the active set. When added, they are alsoupdated to the neighbor cell list.

UE measures the monitored set of cells and HandoverControl evaluates ifany node B should be added to, removedfrom or replaced in the active set

Maximum Active Set Size parameter is used to determine the maximum allowed number of

SHO connections (varies between 1-5, typical default 3) Too high value decreases capacity (signalling

increases and multiple connections occur toooften)

Too low value degreases the SHO performance(best candidate cells may be excluded in somesituations)


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SSiiggnnaalliinngg FFllooww WWhheenn CChhaannggiinngg tthhee AAccttiivvee SSeett

TThhee MMEEAASSUURREEMMEENNTT CCOONNTTRROOLL MMeessssaaggee

RNC UE

PerformMeasurement

RNC Evaluation

UE Evaluation

Radio Link Addition

MEASUREMENT CONTROL message(DCCH)

MEASUREMENT REPORT message(DCCH)

Radio LinkAdd/Remove/Replace

Radio Link Removal

RNC Evaluation

ACTIVE SET UPDATE(DCCH)

ACTIVE SETUPDATE COMPLETE

Execution

Content Description

Measurement type Intra-frequency, Inter-frequency or Inter-RAT

Measurement identitynumber

A reference number used by the WCDMA RAN whenmodifying or releasing the measurement and by the UE in theMeasurement Re ort.

Measurementcommand

Setup: Sets up a new measurement.Modify: Modifies a measurement, e.g. to change the reporting

criteria Release: Stops the measurements and clears relatedinformation.

Measurement objects The cells the UE shall measure on.IE: IndividualOffset:An offset can be assigned to each cell. It can be either positiveor negative and is added to the measurement quantity beforethe UE evaluates whether or not a so-called event hasoccurred.

Measurement quantity CPICH Ec/No and/or RSCP (Received Signal Code Power)

Measurement reportingcriteria

The triggering for MEASUREMENT REPORT

Reporting mode Specifies whether the UE will transmit the MEASUREMENTREPORT using acknowledge or unacknowledged data transfer

of RLC

MEASUREMENT CONTROL message(DCCH)


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SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr The handover measurements for Intra-Frequency HO are based

on P-CPICH Ec/No

Ec/No is the received signal code power divided by the totalreceived power. It is calculated from signal before the signal de-spreading operation while Eb/No is calculated after de-spreading. Ec/No can be determined for the signal "in the air“

Eb/No depends on the service (bit rate, CS or PS, receivingend) and Ec/No is service independent

The accuracy of the Ec/No measurements is essential for HOperformance Depends on filtering lenght and mobile speed

Filter length for slowly moving & stationary UE’sshould be just long enough to avoid Fast Fadingerrors

Too long filter length for will cause HO delays to fastmoving UE

EEcc//NNoo aanndd EEbb//NNoo

• SNR can be thought of as the signal to noise ratio at the input tothe receiver (also known as “Ec /No”).

• Eb /No can be thought of as the signal to noise ratio delivered to

the user.


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EEcc//NNoo aanndd RRSSCCPP CPICH-Ec/No: received energy per chip divided by the power

density in the band. CPICH-RSCP: Received Signal Code Power. RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator Two parameters (Ec/No & RSCP) to verify P-CPICH detection

to minimise coverage holes,Ex: RSCP >-100dBm (sufficient) & Ec/No > -14 (suficient)

By correlation between low Ec/No & high RSCP interferences &pilot pollution can be found

SSoofftt HHaannddoovveerr Event based triggered measurements and reporting Basic reporting events 1A, 1B and 1C (Ref. 3GPP)

1A: Primary CPICH enters the reporting range 1B: P-CPICH leaves the reporting range 1C: Non-active P-CPICH becomes better than an

active P-CPICH

1D: Change of current best cell with new P-CPICHHandover decision Done by RNC based on measurements and available

resources

RReeppoorrttiinngg EEvveenntt 11aa aanndd 11bb ((AAdddd aanndd DDeelleettee))


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RReeppoorrttiinngg ooff EEvveenntt 11cc ((RReeppllaaccee))

RReeppoorrttiinngg ooff EEvveenntt 11dd ((CChhaannggee ooff

BBeesstt CCeellll))

hyst1c/2

Measurementquantity

time

P_CPICH 1

timeToTrigger1c

P_CPICH 2

P_CPICH 3

P_CPICH 4 hyst1c/2

measQuantity1(Ec/No or RSCP)

Example:maxActiveSet=3

Measurementquantity

time

P_CPICH 1

timeToTrigger1d

P_CPICH 2

P_CPICH 3

Hysteresis1d/2

Hysteresis1d/2


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IInntteerr--FFrreeqquueennccyy HHOO,, IInntteerr--RRAATT HHOO General• The handovers can be triggered due to Ec/No criteria or RSCP

criteria.• The handovers are also triggered by UE Tx power.• fddGSMHOSupp: Indicates if the RNC supports Inter-RAT HO• fddIFHOSupp: Indicates if the RNC supports Inter-Frequency

HO• hOType: Parameter set per cell. Indicates if Inter-RAT Ho or

Inter-Frequency HO or none shall be evaluated in case bothInter-RAT and Inter-Frequency neighboring cells have beenconfigured.

• hOTypeDRNCBand: Parameter set per frequency band.

Indicates for a SRNC if Inter-RAT HO or Inter-frequency-Handover shall be evaluated per frequency band in case bothInter-RAT and Inter-frequency neighboring cells have beenconfigured in the Destination RNC.

IInntteerr--FFrreeqquueennccyy HHaannddoovveerr SSeeqquueennccee

RNC UE

PerformMeasurement

RNC Evaluation

UE Evaluation

Radio LinkSetup/Addition

MEASUREMENT CONTROL message(start – event 2b)

MEASUREMENT REPORT message(event 2b)

Physical ChannelReconfiguration

Radio Link Release

RNC Evaluation

Physical Channel Reconfiguration

Physical ChannelReconfiguration Complete

Execution

Measurement Control

(updated neighbor

Measurement Control (stop-event 2b)


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SSiimmpplliiffiieedd WWCCDDMMAA ttoo GGSSMM IInntteerr--ssyysstteemm hhaannddoovveerr mmeessssaaggee ffllooww

HHaannddoovveerr ffrroomm WWCCDDMMAA ttoo GGSSMM

Measurement control for WCDMA quality monitoring

WCDMA quality measurement report (Q


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HHaannddoovveerr ffrroomm GGSSMM ttoo WWCCDDMMAA

EEvveenntt 22 ffoorr IInntteerr--FFrreeqquueennccyy HHOO,,

IInntteerr--RRAATT HHOO Event 2a: Change of Best Frequency

Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency isbelow a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-usedfrequency is above a certain threshold

Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above

a certain threshold

Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency isbelow a certain threshold

Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is belowa certain threshold

Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is

above a certain threshold

MT UTRAN CN BSS

Handover required

Clear command

Handover command(handover to UTRAN

command

Relocation requestacknowledge (Handover

to UTRAN command

Relocation request

Measurement re ort

Measurement Information

Inter-system to UTRAN handover commandhandover to UTRAN command

Relocation detect

Relocation detectHandover to UTRAN

com lete

Clear complete

Physical layersynchronisation


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EEvveenntt 33 ffoorr IInntteerr--RRAATT HHOO Event 3a: The estimated quality of the currently used UTRANfrequency below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of

other system’frequency is above a certain threshold

Event 3b: The estimated quality of other system’s frequency isbelow a certain threshold

Event 3c: The estimated quality of other system’s frequency isabove a certain threshold

RReeppoorrttiinngg EEvveenntt 22dd,,22ff aanndd 33aa ((iinntteerrRRAATT))


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RReeppoorrttiinngg EEvveenntt 22dd,,22ff aanndd 22bb ((IInntteerr--FFrreeqquueennccyy))

GGSSMM ttoo WWCCDDMMAA HHOO :: MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss oonn WWCCDDMMAA CCeellllss Four different scenarios:

• WCDMA RAN neighbor cells are measured only when thesignal strength of the GSM serving cell is above thethreshold set by QSI and QSC.

• WCDMA RAN neighbor cells are measured only when thesignal strength of the GSM serving cell is below the thresholdset by QSI and QSC.

• WCDMA RAN neighbor cells are always measured.

• WCDMA RAN neighbor cells are never measured.This can be used to turn off the cell reselection/handover toWCDMA, per cell, even if COEXUMTS (parameter used toactivate the functionality of making handovers and cellreselections between GSM and WCDMA) is on for the BSC.

MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss oonn UUTTRRAANN CCeellllss


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WWCCDDMMAA CCeellllss MMeeaassuurreemmeennttss.. EExxaammppllee:: QQSSII((QQSSCC)) == 1111

PPaarraammeetteerrss UUsseedd iinn IIRRAATT ffrroomm GGPPRRSS ttoo WWCCDDMMAA Measurement

Quantity

FDDQMIN

FDDQOFF

CPICH Ec/No

GSM RLA

CPICH RSCP

t

5 seconds

IRAT toWCDMA

CPICH Ec/No> FDDQMIN

CPICH RSCP >GSM RLA+ FDDQOFF


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TThhee HHaannddoovveerr AAllggoorriitthhmm BBSSCC ((LLooccaattiinngg AAllggoorriitthhmm))

HHOO rreellaatteedd ttooppiiccss iinn nneettwwoorrkk ppllaannnniinngg Network topology: How sites are located relative to each other,

how many sectors/site Node B antenna radiation patterns

Overlapping patterns => more softer HOs Antenna tilt => Number of potential Node B’s in Active Set

Path loss and shadow fading characteristics The average number of Node B’s that a UE can synchronise to HO parameter adjustments is part of the network optimization

Filtering

Allocation reply

Inter System Handoveralgorithm

ISHOLEV = 20 %

Organizing the list

Urgency condition

Basic ranking

Radio Network functionsevaluations

Sending the list

WCDMA Cell

measurement

Traffic load

TTTTSTB

% idle TS: 1/6 ≈ 16, 7%

Add WCDMA cellto candidate list

% idle TS

≤ ISHOLEV Ec/No

> MRSL


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LLooaadd SShhaarriinngg CCaappaabbiilliittiieess AAvvaaiillaabbllee iinn tthhee WWCCDDMMAA RRAANN

IInntteerr--FFrreeqquueennccyy LLooaadd SShhaarriinngg • Inter-Frequency Load Sharing

– At call set-up - RRC Connection Establishment for all

RABs– Triggered by Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power– The feature is activated in an RNC by setting the

parameter loadSharingRrcEnabled to TRUE– The attribute loadSharingCandidate TRUE/FALSE

specifies whether the target cell is a load-sharing neighborof the source cell

WCDMA RAN

Directed Retryto GSM

Inter FrequencyLoad sharing

GSM RAN

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

f1 f1f1 f1

f2 f2


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DDiirreecctteedd RReettrryy ttoo GGSSMM Applicable for Voice

DDiirreecctteedd RReettrryy ttoo GGSSMM Directed retry to GSM– At call set-up - RAB Establishment for voice– Triggered by Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power– The feature is activated in an RNC by setting the parameter

loadSharingDirRetryEnabled to TRUE– One GSM target can be defined for each WCDMA cell via the

cell parameter directedRetryTarget

– LoadSharingGsmThreshold specifies the minimum load atwhich off-loading to GSM begins: ex 80% of pwrAdm– LoadSharingGsmFraction specifies the percentage of Directed

Retry candidates to be diverted to GSM while the cell load isabove the specified load threshold

LLooaadd BBaallaanncciinngg ffoorr VVooiiccee BBeettwweeeenn WWCCDDMMAA--GGSSMM

WCDM

GSM

Admission

Control


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WWCCDDMMAA CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg


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BBaassiiccss In WCDMA there are different types of channels that can be usedto carry data in order to maximize the total traffic throughput. Thetwo most basic ones are common channels and dedicatedchannels. Channel type switching functionality is used to movesubscribers between the common and the dedicated channel,depending on how much information the subscriber needs totransmit.

TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn oonn CCoommmmoonn//DDeeddiiccaatteedd cchhaannnneellss

HHeetteerrooggeenneeoouuss cchhaannnneell ppoooollss

Efficient use of radio resourcesClosed loop TPC cannot be applied

Suitable for light trafficTime

Rxpower

Common physical channel (RACH, FACH)

Closed loop TPC can be applied Radioresource are monopolized Pilot symbols

and TPC bits must be transmitted everytime

Suitable for heavy trafficTime

Rxpower

Dedicated physical channel (DPCH)

ChannelType

Switching

DedicatedChannel

SharedChannel

Channel RateSwitching


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RRaaddiioo CChhaannnneellss

LLooggiiccaall CChhaannnneellss DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel)

Transfers user information to 1 User Equipment (UE).DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)Transfers control information to 1 User Equipment (UE).

CTCH (Common Traffic Channel)Transfers user information to all or group User Equipment(UEs).

PCCH (Paging Channel)Transfers paging information.

BCCH (Broadcast Channel)For broadcast system control information.

CCCH (Common Control Channel)Transfers control information between network end UserEquipments.


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TTrraannssppoorrtt CChhaannnneellss DCH (Dedicated Channel)

Transfers user or control information between the networkand the UE.

RACH (Random Access Channel)Transfers control information from a UE.

CPCH (Common Packet Channel)Transfers packet-based user data, it is an extension ofRACH.

BCH (Broadcast Channel)Broadcasts system and cell specific information.

FACH (Forward Access Channel)Transfers control information to a UE.

PCH (Paging Channel)Transfers paging information a UE.

DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)Transfers dedicated control or traffic data, it can sharedseveral users.

PPhhyyssiiccaall CChhaannnneellss DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)

Transfers dedicated data generated at layer 2 and above.DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)

Transfers control information generated at layer 1.DPCH (Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel)

Transfers control information to a UE.PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)

Transfers the RACH.PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel)

Transfers the CPCH.PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)

Transfers the BCH.SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)

Transfers FACH and PCH.PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Transfers DSCH.CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)

Supplies down physical channel default phase.SCH (Synchrcnization Channel)

Used for cell search.


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PPhhyyssiiccaall CChhaannnneellss PICH (Page Indication Channel)

Transfers the page indication.AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel)

Transfers acquisition indicator for PR.-\CH access.AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition lndication Channel}

Transfers acquisition indicator for PCPCH access.CD/CA-ICH (CPCH Collision DetectionrCha.nnel Assignment

Indicator Channel)Used for collision control of PCPCH.

CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel}Transfers status information of PCPCH.

CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg -- eexxaammppllee

SSiinnggllee RRAABB ssttaattee ttrraannssiittiioonnss • Dedicated to Common (cell_DCH to cell_FACH)• Common to Dedicated ( cell_FACH to Cell_DCH 64/64, 64/HS,

EUL/HS)• Common to URA_PCH (cell_FACH to URA_PCH)• URA_PCH to Common (URA_PCH to Cell_FACH)• URA_PCH to IDLE• Dedicated to Dedicated single RAB (cell_DCH to cell_DCH)


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CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg AAllggoorriitthhmmss • Common to dedicated evaluation

This algorithm monitors whether a switch from the commontransport channels FACH/RACH to a higher bit rate dedicatedtransport channel is required, due to a large amount of userdata buffered in the RNC or the UE.

• Dedicated to common evaluationThis algorithm monitors whether a switch from a dedicatedtransport channel to the common transport channelsFACH/RACH is required, due to a decrease in transmitted userdata.

• Common to URA evaluationThis algorithm releases UEs with no activity in order to freeresources and decrease the power consumption of the UE

• URA to idle evaluationThis algorithm requests a switch to Idle mode if a UE has beenallocated to URA_PCH state for a certain time interval.

CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg AAllggoorriitthhmmss • Coverage triggered down-switch evaluation

The coverage triggered down-switch evaluation algorithmmonitors whether a switch to a lower rate dedicated channel isrequired due to coverage reasons.

A down-switch is requested if all legs in the AS use aTransmitted Code Power close to the max allowed code power.

• Dedicated to dedicated up-switch evaluationMonitors UL & DL throughput and DL Transmitted Code Power

An up-switch is requested if the throughput exceeds a thresholdand if all radiolinks in the AS is able to provide the powerrequired for the next higher bit rate radio bearer.


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CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg--CCoommmmoonn ttoo DDeeddiiccaatteedd

TThhee DDeeddiiccaatteedd ttoo CCoommmmoonn CChhaannnneell SSwwiittcchhiinngg EEvvaalluuaattiioonn

CCoovveerraaggee TTrriiggggeerreedd DDoowwnn--sswwiittcchh

Time

RLC buffer size (bytes)

Timer

starts

Timer

expires

dlRlcBufUpswitchor

Time

Throughput (kbps)(UL/DL)

downswitchThreshold

downswitchTimerThreshold

downswitchTimerstarts

downswitchTimer

downswitchTimerstopsNo downswitch Downswitch request

issued

Cell A

Power alarm threshold

Max Code Power

coverageTime

Transmitted DL Code

downswitchPowerMargi

Downswitch


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TThhrroouugghhppuutt bbaasseedd DDoowwnnsswwiittcchh DLthroughput

Next lower rate

dlDownswitchBandwidthMar in

dlThrou h utDownswitchTime

Downswith requestexecuted


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RRaaddiioo ppllaannnniinngg ooppttiimmiizzaattiioonn


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AAnntteennnnaa hheeiigghhtt Since WCDMA performance is interference limited the cell

dominance areas should be kept as controlled as possible lf the antenna is located “too high” (no proper tilting) then

The cell gathers more traffic and external interference andthus the “effective” capacity is decreased

Produced interference decreases the capacity of thesurrounding network

Also surrounding network’s service probability isnegatively effected

AAnntteennnnaa aazziimmuutthh

Natural obstacles and buildings should be used to create gooddominance areas for WCDMA cells This improves the SHO performance and decrease interference

AAnntteennnnaa hheeiigghhtt ssiimmuullaattiioonn When re-using the GSM sites, analysis should be made

whether the UMTS antennas should be positioned lower This analysis is done with simulations and visiting the site

locations in practise

Example of a UMTScell, that is naturallybordered (wall effect) bybuildings

Part of network reused few+40meter GSM antenna heights

High UMTS antenna positionslowered to 25-35m

Dominance areas becomeclear, so less interferenceis introduced and HOperformance is better. Capacity is increased and performanceenhanced!


79/130


80/130

- 80 -

SSeeccttoorriissaattiioonn According to simulations and analysis, sectorisation of WCDMA

site helps to improve capacity of the network However, as permissions for additional antennas are quite hard

to come by, e.g. 6-sector sites might be very rare

Sectorisation canincrease the capacityif correct beamwidthantennas are selected

and SHO properlycontrolled

MMaasstteerr hheeaadd aammpplliiffiieerr The MHA can be used

in WCDMA in theuplink direction tocompensate for thecable losses and thusreducing the required

mobile station’stransmit powers

Using MHA theperformance in uplinkcan be improved alsoin WCDMA systems.

However in practice ifthe network turns todownlink limited then

the MHA won’t help

Antenna 3dB

Beamwidth

Other to owncell

interferenceratio, i

Servedusers

Softhandoveroverhead

UL coverageprobability(outdoor to

indoor)For 8/64/144

kbps

OMNI CASEOmni 0.79 240 28% 70/32/40%

THREE SECTORS CASE

1200900

650

1.331.190.88

441461575

39%35%34%

85/50/59%87/55/62%86/59/62%

FOUR SECTOR CASE1200

900

650

330

1.721.491.090.92

489510604691

54%51%41%40%

90/62/68%92/67/72%92/70/71%88/65/64%

SIX SECTOR CASE1200

900

650

330

2.181.971.43

1.15

593627758

880

64%59%55%

48%

95/75/79%96/80/82%96/80/81%

93/76/76%

Other toown cell

interferenceratio, I

Servedusers in

UL

Servedusers in

DL

UL coverageprobability(outdoor toindoor) for

8/64/144 hbps

THREE SECTORED CASE, 65O antenna

No MHA

With MHA

0.60

0.61

1038

1064

807

746

93/78/78%

95/82/82% FOUR SECTTORED CASE, 65O antenna

No MHAWith MHA

0.730.73

10891107

884846

96/86/85%98/89/89%

SIX SECTORED CASE, 33O antenna

no MHAwith MHANo MHA

4dB cablelosses

WITH mha4 DbN

CABLELOSSES

0.880.90

0.88

0.90

11241132

1109

1132

10521021

1057

1016

97/87/86%98/90/90%

95/83/82%

98/90/90%


81/130


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TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn ppoowweerrss Default transmission powers are determined by the equipment

vendors. In initial phase of the planning

Transmission powers of TCHs and CCHs needs to be set Maximum UE transmission power is to be defined

In DL the power tuning between TCHs and CCHs has effect onnetwork performance More power to CCHs —> better channel estimation, which

improves the Eb/No performance and thus improvescoverage

More power to TCHs —> better capacity Rule of thumb: 15-20% of DL total power is used for

CCHs Maximum UE transmission power should be set to 21-24 dBm

(network operation and battery life) Most important control channel is the common pilot channel

(CPICH)

TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn ppoowweerrss Also other control channels beside CPICH need power (for

example BCH) to enable correct functioning of the system All the other common control channels are powered in relation

to the P-CPICH The goal of allocating power to the common channels is to find

a minimum power level needed for each channel to secure thenetwork operation and to provide the same cell coverage areaas with CPICH, but not to waste any capacity left for the trafficchannels.

Max power-11 …13dBBCH

Max power-12…-13dBFACH

Max power-11 …12dBSCH

Max power-11 …-13 dBPCH

Max power-10dBCPICH

43 dBmMax power of the Node B

Allocated powerChannel

Typical DL power recommendations


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RReeccaallll:: SSoommee ccoonnttrrooll cchhaannnneellss PCH: Paging channel initiates the communication from network

side SCH: Synchronization channel FACH: Forward access channel carries control information to

terminals that are known to be located in the given cell. ls usedto answer to the UL RACH message.

BCH: Broadcast channel carries network specific information tothe given cell (random access slots for UL, antennaconfiguration etc)

PICH: Paging indicator channel is used to provide sleep modeoperation for UE

AICH: Acquisition indicator channel is used to indicate the

reception of RACH CCPCH: Primary and secondary common control physical

channels (P-CCPCH and S-CCPCH) are physical channels thatcarry BCH, FACH and PCH.

TTrraannssmmiissssiioonn ppoowweerrss • P-CCPCH transmitted with activity factor 0,9• S-CCPCH transmitted with activity factor 0,25• SCHs transmitted with activity factor 0,1• AICH, PICH and CPICH are transmitted continuously

• The BCH is transmitted on the P-CCPCH and FACH and PCHon the S-CCPCH

• The BCH is transmitted on the P-CCPCH continuously expectduring the 256 first chips, when the P-SCH and S-SCh aretransmitted we can assume 0,1 activity factor for the SCHs and0,9 for the P-CCPCH

Channel Allocated power Power out of the

total commonchannel powers

Power out of the maximum

Node B transmission power(20W)

P-SCH 0,331W

S-SCH 0,224W

PICH 0,1W

AICH 0,126W

P-CCPCH 0,245W

S-CCPCH 1,165W

CPICH 1W 31% 5%

All common ch. 3,191W 100% 16%


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CCaarrrriieerr aaddddiittiioonn Adding a carrier to less transmit power per carrier, if no

additional PA is installed

Additional carrier can also be used for e.g. optimisation ofindoor coverage with clever network planning andparametrisation (not with power reduction)

Even with less transmit power, there is a capacity gain possibleespecially for high traffic areas (low cell range) Actual gain produced is heavily dependent on the traffic

mix

DL Capacity gain

Carrierconfiguration

DenseUrban350m

Urban550m

Suburban1700m

Rural7km

1C>2C 92% 87% 77% 60%

2C>3C 41% 37% 27% 15%

IInnddoooorr ccoovveerraaggee aassppeeccttss

Most of the UMTS users are indoors.Therefore good indoor coverage is vitalfor UMTS success

In GSM indoor coverage is prettystraightforward to plan. However this isnot the case with WCDMA

Indoor coverage provided from outdoor base stations ishighly sensitive to cell load increase in WCDMA

If outdoor users is given a high-data rate bearer this can resultin loss of coverage to users indoors

INDOOR COVERAGE ANALYSIS

• Consider different RAB / coverage scenarios• Carefully estimate the effect of cell loading tothe coverage

• Use repeaters if possible

• Assess the need for indoor sites• Carry out real-life verification of the planning


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PPiilloott ppoolllluuttiioonn Pilot pollution is faced on a certain area when there is no clearly

dominant CPICHs over the others. The pilot pollution creates an abnormally high level of

interference, which is likely to result in the performanceproblems Increased interference level Poor service quality, decreased throughput or increased

delay Decreased service access Frequent changes in Active Set and potential risk for

unnecessary handovers. Higher non-controllable load

PPiilloott ppoolllluuttiioonn The yellow dots represent points where 4-5 CPICHs were

received within 6dB window As Active Set size is typically 3, in this situation the rest of the

Pilots produce unnecessary interference

PPiilloott ppoolllluuttiioonn Pilot pollution can be (at least partly) avoided by planning the

CPICH powers and SHO parameters so that throughout thenetwork there is only 2-3 CPICHs available for the UE’s, strongenough to be included in the Active Set.

All CPICH outside Active Set should be clearly weaker Antenna design, height and tilt are selected carefully Balanced UL & DL

SCH/DCH power adjustments


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- 86 -

NNeeiigghhbboouurr cceellll rreellaattiioonnss The Monitored Set is also called as a Neighbour List. This list

can be defined in network planning and it can be later changed

in network optimization. The list of neighbours play an important role since WCDMA is

interference limited. Insufficient planning of neighbour relationswill lead to unnecessary high interference E.g. if suitable SHO candidate is not in the monitore set

and thus it is not selected to active set then it’s turning toa “pilot poIIuter”

On the other hand, unnecessary neighbours increasesignalling and effects the SHO selection negatively

Accurate neighbour relations planning is much more importantthan in GSM

In GSM it is possible to “hide” cell planning mistakes byfrequency planning, in CDMA the such inaccuracies will effectthe system capacity

The effort saved in frequency planning is spent in more detailedcell planning

NNeeiigghhbboouurr cceellll rreellaattiioonnss The parameters to control the neighbour relations and the

algorithms how system evaluates neighbours for cell lists,depend on vendor minimum CPICH RSCP or Ec/lo Ec/lo margin maximum number of neighbours

A neighboring set (or monitored set) is defined for each cell Utilise planning tools automatised functions and check

with drive tests

Optimise according to CPICI-l coverage and SHOparameters

UE monitors the neighboring set that may contain Intra-frequency monitored list: Cells on the same WCDMA

carrier (Soft HO) Inter-frequency neighbor list: Cells on another WCDMA

carrier (hard HO) Inter-system neighbor list: For each neighboring PLMN

Missing neighbour can be detected during drive tests

If the best cell shown in the 3G scanner does not enterthe active set missing neighbour


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Incilude the missing cell to neighbour list if it’s wanted toactive set or change cell plan if FIO

SSHHOO ooppttiimmiissaattiioonn Soft/Softer HO planning and correct operation is one of the

most important means of optimizing WCDMA networks The importance is high because of the high biterate (pathloss

sensitive) and RT (delay sensitive)RABs

SHO is measured in terms ofprobability, the percentage of allconnections that are in SHO state

The probability is effected by

networkplanning and parameter settings

SSHHOO ooppttiimmiissaattiioonn SHOs have effect to the network performanceAdvantages

Required to avoid near-far effects Coverage increases when more distant users can

connect Capacity can be “increased” if more users can be

connected Alongside with PC, SHO is the main interference

migitation means in WCDMAInconvenient

Requires more connections,

thus eats DLtransmission power anddecreases capacity

Introduces more interferenceto DL

Increases the traffic in lub40%SHO probability1.4 timesthe traffic!


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SSHHOO ooppttiimmiissaattiioonn Probability for soft HO should be set to 30-50% and for softer

HO to 5-15%, depending on the area Too high SHO% results in excess overlapping between

cells —> other-cell interference increases —> capacitydecreases

Too high SHO% also leads to poorly utilised networkcapacity (unnecessary links)

With too low SHO% the full potential of network is notutilised and transmission powers cannot be minimized —>trouble with interference

SHO performance is planned with a planning tool and optimisedby measurements in live network.

In early stage SHO% can be planned high, since the trafficdensity is smaller. With increasing traffic coverage decreasesand SHO areas become smaller.

SHO% can be tuned with related parameters and dominanceareas

SHO most important in urban areas due to serious shadowing

SSuummmmaarryy KKPPII

Indicator KPI KPI target exampleCoverage Measured RSCP > -88 dBm over 97% of area

(value should be adapted basedon required margins)

Interference Measured Ec/No > -9 dB over 95% of area

Cell overlap Cell overlay < 3 cells over 95% of area

Cell Overshoot No cell detected above -111dBm (CPICH RSCP)

Integrity of cellcoverage

No cell fragmentation detected

Qualitative

Best server plot Clean boundary without un-necessary change of best server


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QQuuaalliittyy ooff SSeerrvviiccee


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QQuuaalliittyy ooff SSeerrvviiccee – – ddeeffiinniittiioonnss ((11)) QoS (ITU-T): >.Network Performance, NP (ITU-T): >.

QQuuaalliittyy ooff SSeerrvviiccee – – ddeeffiinniittiioonnss ((22)) User domain: throughput, accuracy, dependability (reliability,availability), …Provider domain: delay, loss, utilisation, …

QQuuaalliittyy ooff SSeerrvviiccee – –ddeeffiinniittiioonnss ((33)) QoS and NP, Performance network (ITU Rec.E800)

User QoSRequirements

QoS offered byProvider

QoS achieved byUser

QoS experiencedBy Users


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QQuuaalliittyy ooff SSeerrvviiccee aanndd uusseerr ssaattiissffaaccttiioonn

RRaaddiioo AAcccceessss BBeeaarreerr QQooSS

Commercial offer Competition Trends

User expectations in terms of QoS

Technical QoS Non-technical QoS

Networkperformance

Terminalperformance

Sales points Customercare

Users satisfaction


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RRaaddiioo AAcccceessss BBeeaarreerr Main task of the UTRAN is to create and maintain RAB for

communication between UE and CN. RAB is build up in order to give for CN elements an illusion

about fixed communication path to UE. The network builds up the end-to-end QoS connection from

small pieces, which compose a complete chain withoutbottlenecks

These pieces are called Bearers When the connection is set up, the network elements negotiate

the QoS requirements of the bearers set up between them The result is a compromise, in which the QoS requirements and

network’s capacity is taken into account.

UUMMTTSS QQooSS CCllaasssseess Traffic Class Example application

Conversation class Speech and video calls

Streaming class Real-time streaming video

Interactive class Web surfing

Background class File downloading, e-mails

UUMMTTSS QQooSS CCllaasssseess Traffic Class Properties

Conversation class Minimum fixed delay, no buffering,symmetric traffic, guaranteed bit rate

Streaming class Minimum variable delay, buffering

allowed, asymmetric, guaranteed bitrate

Interactive class Moderate variable delay, bufferingallowed, asymmetric traffic, noguaranteed bit rate

Background class Big variable delay, buffering allowed,asymmetric traffic, no guaranteed bitrate


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UUMMTTSS QQooSS PPaarraammeetteerrss Parameter Explanation

Maximum bit rate Defines the maximum bit rate whendelivering information between endpoints of UMTS bearer (80ms)

QoS negotiable QoS of some services are not negotiable(speech), packet data services admit

various QoS classes

SSoommee vvaalluueess ooff QQooSS UUMMTTSS ppaarraammeetteerrss ccllaasssseess Traffic class Conversation Streaming Interactive Background

Maximum

throughput (kb/s)


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QQooSS NNeeggoottiiaattiioonn

QQooSS iinn UUMMTTSS In early UMTS Release 99 all conversational and streaming

class traffic were offered over the CS bearer Voice RT multimedia (e.g. videotelephony)

In early Release 99 onlyInteractive and background classtraffic utilisises the PS bearer

Release 4 capable networksintroduce some streaming class

traffic on PS bearer as well Release 5 brings along a full

portofolio of PS bearers alsoutilised for conversation traffic

E2E service request

Maximum bit rateGuaranteed bit rateTransfer delay QoSnegotiable (y/n)

RRM: Admission control

Maximum bit rateGuaranteed bit rateTransfer delay QoSnegotiable (y/n)

UMTS bearer service: Request for UMTS QoS Class

RAB assignment request

QoS negotiation

RAB assignment response

UMTS Bearer service with negotiated QoS

Radio bearer and radio linkestablishment

UEUTRA

(NB, RNC) CN


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QQooSS iinn UUMMTTSS The QoS over the air interface is implemented by matching

each radio bearer with a transport channel whose format setdefines the QoS parameters

The mapping is performed during the establishment of the RAB RNC performs the mapping of RAB characteristics to actual

resource requirements (vendor dependent) Example of mapping for web service, which belongs to the

interactive class

QQooSS iinn UUMMTTSS

Operators can define the wanted QoS profile (in HLR) persubscriber Users can be categorised (QoS differentiation) for various

tariffing schemes Traffic handling priorities can be set (THP)

Business Remote office Basic free time

Traffic class All four allowed All four allowed Onlyconverational(voice calls) andbackground

Max bit rate 400 kbps 800 kbps 64 kbps

Guaranteed bitrate

384 kbps 64 kbps 12 kbps

Allowed THPs THP 1 (e.g. fore-maildownload)

THP 2 (e.g. forfile tranfer)

THP 3

Maximum bit rate

Maximum SDU size

Residual BERTransfers Dela

Guaranteed bit rate

Deliver order

SDU Error Ratio

Deliver of errorneous

Maximum bit rate

Maximum SDU size

Residual BERTransfers Dela

Guaranteed bit rate

Deliver order

SDU Error Ratio

128 kb s

1500

10 -6NA

64 kb s

es

1%

NO

SF=16

Ma to Trans ort formats

1/3 turbo encoderInterleaver=40 or 80 msec

SF=16

Use Acknowled ed RLC

Set appropriate threshold

Use Acknowled ed RLC

Parameters Interactive Class Radio Resource mapping


96/130

- 96 -

QQooSS iinn UUMMTTSS


97/130

- 97 -

MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt aanndd ssttaattiissttiiccss ccoolllleeccttiioonn


98/130

- 98 -

MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ttoooollss ttyyppoollooggyy

AA.. FFiieelldd mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss

DDrriivvee tteesstt eeqquuiippmmeenntt

PPoooorr CCoovveerraaggee eexxaammppllee

Measurementtools

FieldMeasurements

SystemMeasurements

OMCcounters

Passivecapture tools

Callsgenerators

Generic

Specific

measuresand

softwares

Controler

GPS

Energy

Mobile QoS testequipment

Processing

External antennas

Man to machine interface


99/130

- 99 -

PPoooorr CCeellll DDoommiinnaannccee eexxaammppllee

PPiilloott PPoolllluuttiioonn eexxaammppllee


100/130


101/130

- 101 -

QQVVOOIICCEE

BB.. SSyysstteemm mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss

OOMMCC mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss

PSTN /ISDN

CellularNetwork

Post processing

Data collection

QVS

QVP-Server

QVP-Client

3 parts: QVM (QV Mobile), QVS (QV Stationary) et QVP (QV Postprocessing).

Specific

• Alcatel: RNO• Siemens: SPOTS

• Ericsson: TEMSAnalyser

• …

Generic

• APIC from Metrica• MyCom from MYCom

• AirCom• NetAct SQM: Nokia• OVPI: HP (for IP equipments)


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- 102 -

KKPPII pprroocceessssiinngg ttoooollss

AAnnaallyyssiiss bbaasseedd oonn OOMMCC--RR ccoouunntteerrss Analysis tools using these counters (generally they are specific).

Example: RNO or NPA of Alcatel, SPOTS from Siemens, etc.

• BiVision• ADC/Metrica,

• NetAct (Nokia, for 3G)• UTRAN Network and serviceAnalyzer (Tektronix)

• Actix

Commercial tools:


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PPaassssiivvee ttoooollss eexxaammpplleess • HP : Ovis (data services tests, producers KPIs).• RamCom : Network Consultant (A, Gb, Gi, Gn, Iub, Iur, Gi and

Gn interfaces)• Trafica (NetAct from Nokia)• Ipanema : Ipanema (2,5 G and 3G data traffic).• Cigale (Astellia): 2 and 3G traffic.

GGIISS ddiissppllaayy


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- 104 -

KKPPII


105/130


106/130

- 106 -

KKPPII EExxaammppllee

Optimisation based on KIPs:• Optimisation is performed

for each category• Find the worst performing

cells• Find the reasons behind

the poor performance• Make the changes in the

network• Monitor the performance

after the changes


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AAcccceessssiibbiilliittyy


108/130

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AAcccceessssiibbiilliittyy :: ccaallll sseett--uupp

AAcccceessssiibbiilliittyy wwoorrkkffllooww

WWoorrsstt ppeerrffoorrmmiinngg cceellll ffoorr CCSS aanndd PPSS

RAB Assignment

Random Access

wcdma features and tuning

Documents