waves vibration and sound

®Science Equipment for Education Physics

40 :: WAVES, VIBRATIONS AND SOUND

Ripple tankWhether you are dealing with the wave properties of light,electromagnetic waves, sound or other types of waves,their behavior is analogous to the behavior of waves on awater surface.

In a teaching situation water waves have the advantage ofbeing visible and moving so slowly that students canobserve wave phenomena directly.

By taking advantage of the optical properties of waterwaves, phenomena, can be enlarged and made visible ona screen.

The Ripple tank provides a dramatic demonstration of thegeneral properties of waves and propagation pheno me -na.

1) Reflection and refraction. By using the linear dipper barplane parallel waves can be produced. The waves exhibit reflection and refraction when appropriate barriers are used in the water tank.

2) Inteference phenomena occur when two point sourcedippers generate circular waves. The distance betweenthe sources and their frequency can be regulated.

3) Plane parallel waves form point wave sources whenthey encounter a double slit formed by three barriers.

4) The propagation velocity is dependent upon the depthof the water layer. The transparent lens cross section iscovered by a shallow layer of water.

2211.00 Ripple Tank

ProjectionIntense illumination from the strobe light enables the images to be enlarged and projected using several techniques. On a table it is well-suited for group work e.g. in lab exercises. On a screen it is ideal for classroom demonstrations or lecture halls.

1) 2) 3) 4)

E-401

Experiment


WAVES, VIBRATIONS AND SOUND :: 41

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The vibrator is overloadprotected. The moving parts are con-trolled by means of a double membrane. Height regulation ofthe dippers is continuous using finger screws. The horizon-tal position can also be adjusted.The vibrator assembly can also be used to generate waveson a string, in connection with resonance phenomena on flatplates and for the demonstration of the states of matter.

VibratorWavegenerator in phase with strobelight.

Support with height adjustmentThe generator assembly can be adjusted so that the dippersjust touch the water.

Ripple tankManufactured of reinforced plastic.

Wave dampersImpede the reflection of incident waves.

Glass bottom surfaceEasy to clean and scratch resistant.

StroboscopeThe light source is a white LED (3W). The LED has a very longlifespan,espimated up to 100.000 hours, thus a change of light source will not be relevant.

Projection mirrorScratch resistant and easy to clean with protective backingplate.

Projection screenA specially produced projection screen ensures optimumsharpness.

Footers with adjustment screwsThe Ripple tank is supported by three legs to ensure a stablesetup and to permit exact regulation of water depth.

Power supplyThe Ripple Tank is delivered with a mains adapter.

Wave dippersThe standard set includes various dippers and lens profiles.

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The Ripple Tank comprises thefollowing individual parts:

11) Ripple Tank (2210.33) . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

12) Detachable legs (2210,1013) . . 3 pcs.

13) Plate fitting (2210,1013) . . . . . . 1 pcs.

14) Frosted glass plate (2210,5093) 1 pcs.

15) Mirror (2210,1011) . . . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

16) Fixing rods for Strobe-unit 20) (2210.62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 pcs.

17) Traverse f. Strobe-unit 20) (2210.62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

18) Strobe-unit (2211.01) . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

19) Power Supply (3550.50) . . . . . . 1 pcs.

10) Vibration Generator (2185.00) . 1 pcs.

11) Mounting pin 2185.06) . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

12) Holder for lever arm (2185.05) . 1 pcs.

13) Lever Arm w. pivot (2210.32) . . 1 pcs.

14) Height adjust unit (2185.07) . . .1 pcs.

15) Acrylic block, concave (2210.28) 1 pcs.

16) Acrylic block, convex (2210.29) 1 pcs.

17) Acrylic block, rectangular pcs. 20) (2210.30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

18) Single dipper (2210.22) . . . . . . 1 pcs.

19) Double dipper (2210.23) . . . . . . 1 pcs.

20) Dipper for parallel waves w. plane 20) wave attachment (2210.25) . . . 1 pcs.

21) Single dipper (unmounted) 20) (2210,2202) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 pcs.

22) Barrier, long (2210.26) . . . . . . . 2 pcs.

23) Barrier, short (2210.27) . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

24) Pipette flask w. special solvent 20) (2210.31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

25) Connection cable for Vibration 20) Generator (1100.75) . . . . . . . . . 1 pcs.

26) Remote Control (1100.80) . . . . 1 pcs.

The ripple tank set is supplied comple-te in a fiber box segmented for storingthe components and with completeuser instructions.

2210.50 Ripple Tank, Complete

ElectromechanicalvibratorThe vibrator generates mechanical vibrations whenused with a signal generator as e.g. catalog no.2500.00 or 2501.50. The input signal is supplied to acoil which is mounted in a magnetic field from a cylin-drical magnet. The unit is fuse-protected.It is supplied with a lock which protects moving partswhile changing accessories. It is supplied with mount-ing hardware, a string holder and extra fuses.Max. input: 6 V/1A.Dimensions: 100 mm diameter x 120 mm.Mass: 1.26 kg

2185.00 Electromechanical Vibrator

2185.00

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Box

Content of box item no.: 18 – 19– 21 –22 – 23

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Vibrator accessories: Chladni platesFor use with 2185.00. A thin layer of fine sand is spreadover the plate, and resonance patterns ("Chladni" figures)can be observed at certain frequencies. The plate reso-nances are audible.

2185.20 Resonance plate, square2185.25 Resonance plate, circular

Flat springs for resonance experimentsVarious lengths. For use with the 2185.00. Fundamentalfrequencies at 11, 15, 21, 36 and 50 Hz can be readilyobserved. Interesting standing waves can be seen up to300 Hz and heard up to 900 Hz.

2185.30 Flat Springs for resonance experiments

Longitudinal Wave Spring155 mm long and 27 mm Diameter. Springkonstant 4,7N/m.2155.50 Longitudinal Wave Spring

Piano wire ringFor use with 2185.00 for demonstrating the relationshipbetween frequency and the number of vibrational nodes. Ring diameter: 290 mm.2185.10 Piano wire ring

2185.25

2185.20

2185.30

2155.50

2185.102185.40

Rubber string2 meters. For use with 2185.00 for demonstrating standing waves.

2185.40 Rubber string



Solids. Gas in piston. The gaseous state. Brownian motion. Boiling liquid.

Gas model with pistonFor use with the 2185.00. Ball bearings in motion represent gas molecules which lift a plastic piston due to repeatedcollisions. The model is supplied with the piston, balls and a support for placing the apparatus on an over head projector.

Lissajous' apparatusThis apparatus is actually a simple oscilloscope. Amirror is mounted on a moveable steel ball held bytwo strips of spring steel. The two steel strips arespring loaded at one end and each controlled by a2185.00 vibrator at the other. By regulating the oscil-lations with the two vibrators, one can control themotion of the mirror in two mutually perpendiculardirections and thus control the laser beam reflectedby the mirror. The light source can be a gas laser, adiode laser or similar light source. The vibrators, sig-nal generators and light source are not included.

2185.60 Lissajous' apparatus

2185.60

2185.15

ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED2 ea. Electromagnetic vibrators (2285.00)2 ea. Signal generators (e.g. 2500.50)1 ea. Laser (2885.00)

2185.55 Gas model with piston



2885.00

4895.50

Standard thread for objectives.

Safety filter and shutter.

HE-NE LASER FOR INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENTS

HE-NE LASER 1 MW

Inteference pattern model for overhead projector

The set consists of two transparent plastic plates withprinted wave front patterns for point sources on eachplate. If the plates are placed on top of one another andslightly displaced, aninterference pattern willappear. The pattern canreadily be projectedonto a large viewingscreen using an over -head projector.

3235.00 Inteferencepattern set

He-Ne laser, modulated, 1 mWLaser like the 2885.00 but with the option of modulating the light beam. The laser is provided with a BNC-connector for connection to a signal genera-tor, CD-player or similar signal source. The light beamintensity will then vary with the applied signal. Well suit-ed for demonstration of optical communication usingphotodetector no. 4895.50. Maximum modulation frequency: 1 MHz.

2885.20 He-Ne laser, modulated, 1 mW

The laser emits light with a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers. The emitted light is coherent, i.e. wavefronts propagate in the same phase over a large distancecompared with ordinary light sources. The emitted light ishighly directional and the beam diameter at the laser isabout 0.5 mm increasing very gradually at increasingdistances from the laser. The light emitted is not uniform-ly polarized but changes its polarization at random aro-und the direction of propagation. Light from the laser iswell-suited to demonstrations of optical interference. If aline grating is placed in the laser beam, the interferencepattern will be clearly visible on a projection screen. Thelaser can be used for a wide range of applications in geo-metrical optics, holography, communication etc.

2885.00 He-Ne Laser, 1 mW2885.10 He-Ne Laser, 2 mW

Photodetector The photodetector is provided with a photo diode whichcan convert laser light intensity values to an electrical sig-nal. The signal can be directed to the built in loudspeakeror be used for measurements via the analog and digitaloutput connections. The photodetector can be used fordemonstrating communication over a laser beam, fiberoptic communication, plotting of interference patterns,etc. The maximum frequency is 1 MHz.

4895.50 Photodetector

3235.00

3240.00

Wavelength of light apparatusThe apparatus is designed to measure the wavelength oflight by studying the interference pattern from a doubleslit. The device contains a built in 12 V auto lamp with aholder for color filters and a millimeter scale with phos-phorescent moveable markers. The emitted light is viewed at a distance of about 3 meters through a doubleslit. The viewer then directs a co-worker to adjust themarkers on the millimeter scale so that the distancebetween them corresponds to 10 interference maxima.Afterwards the distances can be measured and thewavelength of the light can be calculated. The equipmentis well-suited to student lab exercises. Red and blue color filters and a double slit are provided.Power source required: 12 V AC/DC, 1.3 A.

3240.00 Wavelength of light apparatus



Function generator - DC amplifierFrequency counter

Function generatorSine, triangular and square wavesignals with a broad, continuousfrequency range are provided.Digital fine-tuning of frequency and amplitude are pro-vided. The BNC output signal connection (0-20 Vpp) isshort-circuit protected. Up to 10 W of output power areavailable via the amplifier. It is possible to demonstratefrequency modulation by connecting an external signal.

DC amplifierThe short-circuit proof 10 W power amplifier has a fre -quency range from 0 - 50 kHz.The amplifier can be used to amplify signals from thefunction generator or from external sources.The input of external signals is via BNC connectors withan impedance of 10 kΩ, and the output signal is acces-sible via safety-type banana jack connectors.

Frequency counterThe meter is fully automatic, and it can measure externalfrequencies from 0.1 Hz to 150 kHz.

Serial computer interfaceThe instrument is supplied with a RS-232 serial com -puter interface which makes it possible to perform remo-te control and readout of the instrument. This can beaccomplished via the standard terminal program inWindows or by means of the program Datalyse.

Three functions are built into a singleinstrument with a digital display. Thesimple and well- organized operatingpanel makes the unit well-suitedfor demonstration experimentsand for student experiments withvibrations, waves and muchmore.

Compatible2501.50

2501.50 Function Generator



2500.50

Function generator DC AmplifierThe function generator has a broad frequency range anda built-in power amplifier. The frequency range is dividedinto eight regions which can be adjusted and read off theadjustment knob scale. It is possible to perform frequen-cy modulation (FM) and external control of frequency.The function generator is well-suited for use by both stu-dents and teachers.● Sine, triangular and square wave signals.● Short-circuit protected inputs.● 10 W external/internal power amplifier.● TTL signal output.● FM modulation and frequency sweep within the

performance range.2500.50 Function generator

Function GeneratorDC Amplifier 2500.50

0,1 Hz – 1 Hz1 Hz – 10 Hz

10 Hz – 100 Hz100 Hz – 1000 Hz

1 kHz – 10 kHz10 kHz – 100 kHz

100 kHz – 1000 kHz1 MHz – 10 MHz

Sine, triangular, square wave

± 5.5 V pp and TTL 50 W < 1.3%

DC - 50 kHz at -3 dB10 W RMS / 4 W

± 10 Vpp10 K W

± 0-5 V± 10 Vpp

DC - 10 kHz

No

No

297 x 225 x 118 mm

2500.50

Function GeneratorDC Amplifier

Frequency Counter 2501.50

0,1 Hz – 100 kHz in one range

Sine, triangular, square wave

0-20 V pp 600 W typically 0.5 %

DC - 50 kHz at -3 dB10 W RMS / 4W

± 10 Vpp10 K W

± 0-5 V

0.1 Hz - 150 kHz200 k W± 100 V

RS 232 C

297 x 225 x 118 mm

2501.50

Instrument

Frequency region

Signal type

Signal output:

Output voltageOutput impedance

Distortion

DC Amplifier

Frequency RangeOutput PowerOutput Voltage

Input Impedance

Modulator:

Modulation signal FMInput voltage, sweep

Sweep

Frequency counter:

Measuring regionInput impedance

Max. input

Computer output

Dimensions

Order number

Function generators - technical specifications:



Resonance pipe for sound experiments

Standing waves in aclosed pipe.

Standing waves inCO2.

Standing waves in apipe with open end.

Regulation of thelength of the air column. A tuning fork or aloudspeaker can beused as the sound source.

Standing waves in a pipewith both ends open.

This resonance pipe provides many options for workingwith sound waves:

● Examine standing waves in a pipe open at both ends,closed at both ends or open at one end and closed atthe other. Examine standing waves in a pipe closed atboth ends while various gasses are pumped into thepipe.

● Vary the length of the half-open pipe by means of a piston (provided).

● The pipe consists of a plexiglas pipe with two end pieces with attachments for gas flow. There is a loud-speaker in one end.

● Dimensions: Length 100 cm. Diameter 7 cm.

E-407

Experiment E-408

Experiment



Microphone probeA miniature microphone is mounted at the end of a 740mm long 8 mm diameter stainless steel probe for mea-surement of sound pressure levels in locations which arehard to access. The frequency range is 20 to 20,000 Hz.The probe is supplied with a 2 meter long cable with aDIN connector for use with the 2515.60 power supply.The microphone can be connected to a voltmeter oroscilloscope via the 2515.60 power supply.The probe is intended for use with 2480.10 resonancepipe.

2515.50 Microphone probe

2475.00

2515.50

End-plug with speaker, hose-connector,miniature phone plug connector (female) and fuse wire.

Resonance tube, Ø 7 cm x 100 cm.

End-plug with hose-connector, and guide for Microphone probe rod.

mm-scale Microphone Microphone probe rod 2515,50

Power supplyThe power supply is designed for use with micro phonesand other sensors which need a + 5 VDC to operate. Theunit is provided with a battery compartment for 9 V alka-line battery type 6LR61 (3510.10) which via an electronicregulator supplies the +5 VDC supply voltage for conne-cted probes. The unit has two input terminals with 6-poleDIN connectors (270 degrees) and one input terminalwith a 6-pole DIN connector (180 degrees).The output terminals for attachment of measuring devi-ces are 3-pole DIN connectors and 4 mm jack connect-ors (safety type). When making measurements with themicrophone probe 2515.10 if the connection is made tothe input connector marked Mic 2, then an oscilloscopecan be connected to the jack connectors. Dimensions (LxBxH): 14.3 x 8.4 x 3.7 cm.

2515.60 Power supply

2515.60

Kundt's resonance pipeThis apparatus is designed for demonstration of standingwaves and for determination of the wavelengths of soundwaves in air. The pipe is supplied with a millimeter scaleand a moveable piston for changing the length of the aircolumn. Dimensions: Length 66 cm, diameter 3 cm.

2475.00 Kundt's resonance pipe

ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT NEEDEDSuitable tuning fork:2240.10 Tuning Fork 1000 Hz2245.61 Striking Hammer

ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED2515.50 Microphone Probe0006.00 Retort stand Base, Tripod

NB! The microphone probe is supplied with a DIN connec torwhich is compatible with data logger interface, in case use

of a computer is desired. If measurements are desired usingan ordinary analog/digital meter or oscilloscope, type2515.60 power supply box. If measurements are desiredusing an ordinary analog/digital meter or oscilloscope, type2515.60 power supply box is required (also useful in otherexperiments).

2480.10 Resonance pipe (not including microphone probe and tripod supports)



MicrophoneThe microphone is well-suited for the measurement ofsound frequencies, the speed of sound and the recordingof sound for Fourier transformation.The sensitive microphone is very small and therefore verysuitable for measurements of sound interference.It is supplied with a one meter cable with a 3-pole DINconnector which can be connected directly to the elec -tronic counter type 2002.50 or student timer 2006.60. The microphone can be connected to an oscilloscope orother measuring instrument via type 2515.60 power supply. The frequency range is 20-20.000 Hz.Supplied with 10 mm diameter support rod.Dimensions: Length 105 mm, greatest diameter 30 mm.

2485.10 Microphone without stand

Microphone model “carbon box”The apparatus is for demonstrating the operation of thecarbon microphone.The model consists of 2 ea. 45 mm diameter metal platesplaced on either side of a layer of carbon grains. Themetal plates are each connected to a telephone jack.The system is mounted on a piece of clear acrylic so thatall components are visible.

4680.00 Microphone model “carbon box”

2485.10

Carbon microphoneThe device is used along with a power supply to produ-ce an electrical signal by means of sound waves.The microphone is mounted on a 10 mm diameter sup-port rod and provided with a cable with banana jacks.Maximum loading: 50 mA, 150 ohm. Dimensions: Length155 mm, diameter 67 mm. Mass: 175 g

2490.00 Carbon microphone without stand

LoudspeakerUsed with function generator 2500.50 or 2501.50 togenerate soundwaves from a point source of sound.Mounted on a 10 mm dia. rod, and supplied with cable,including 4 mm plugs. Power: 1W over 25 ohm.Dimensions: Lgt. 165 mm, dia. 67 mm.Mass: 0,2 kg.

2505.00 Loudspeaker without stand

LoudspeakerThe speaker can be used with the type 2500.50 and2501.50 signal generators for listening to acoustic sig-nals. The signals can be measured using microphonetype no. 2485.10.The system contains three loudspeaker units.Frequency range: 60 - 20.000 HzLoading: 50 W with 4 ohm impedanceDimensions: B x H x D: 215 x 116 x 110 mm.Weight: 2 kg.

2510.50 Loudspeaker without stand

2510.50

2490.00

2505.00

4680.00



Photocell unitThe unit is suitable for the measurement of pendulum peri-ods, time interval measurements for experiments on an airtrack, measurements of periods of rotation, etc. The unitconsists of a photocell which is illuminated via a one milli-meter aperture by light from a light emitting diode. A red LED(light emitting diode) is provided next to the light source toindicate that the light source is on. A green LED near thephotocell indicates when the receiver is illuminated. Thephotocell unit is provided with two 6-pole DIN-connectorsfor connection to the electronic counter no. 2002.50 andserial connection to additional photocell units, when signalsare to be sent to the same input connection on the counter.The unit is manufactured in rugged plastic with threads forhorizontal or vertical mounting using the 10 mm diametermounting rod provided. A connector cable for the electroniccounter is also provided. The maximum distance betweenthe photocell and the light source is 90 mm. Dimensions: B x H x D: 160 x 120 x 28 mm. Mass: 450 g.

1975.50 Photocell unit including cable and mounting rod

Clapper boardThis clapper board is ideal for producing the sharp soundpulse required for measuring the speed of sound. Produced with two hinged hardwood blocks. Dimensions: 27 x 50 x 300 mm.Mass: 280 g.

2482.00 Clapper board

2482.00

1975.50

Electronic counterThis microprocessor controlled 8-digit counter is desig-ned for the measurement time intervals, periods of oscil-lation, rpm, frequency and for pulse counting, etc. Theunit of measure is displayed, and it is possible to dividethe display into two by 4 digits.There are start/stop terminals for connecting micro -phones, photocell units, free fall equipment, etc.There is a connection terminal for GM counters for mea-suring radioactivity with selectable gate times.The counter is provided with an easily read LED displayand a logically designed control panel. This makes thecounter well-suited for demonstration experiments aswell as for student laboratory exercises.The counter has memory for storing measured values aswell as an RS232 serial output for computer interfacing. Time measurements can be made down to 1 ms, andfrequencies up to 2 MHz can be measured.

2002.50 Electronic counter

See additional specifications on page 17.

Compatible

Pendulium experiments.

Measuring the speed of sound.

E-102

Experiment



2170.00

2528.20

2455.00

Organ pipeThis apparatus is used to study acoustical properties.The device provides a good illustration of the relationshipbetween frequency and the length of the pipe. The moveable piston has a scale showing tone levels. The frequency range is from 400 - 800 Hz. The device ismade of wood. Length 380 mm. Mass 250 g.

2455.00 Organ pipe

Sound level meterThis instrument can be used to determine the sound levelof a variety of sound sources. The sound level meter hasa built-in microphone which has the same response asthe average human ear. The sound level can be read offthe built-in meter, which is provided with two scales: onefor high and one for low sound levels. The instrument hasa built-in reference sound source for calibration checkingand a battery level check. The instrument is supplied witha case, a 9 V battery and instruction manual with soundlevel table.Low range: 40 - 80 dBA SPLHigh range: 80 - 120 dBA SPLDimensions: 160 x 65 x 38 mm. Mass: 165 g

2528.20 Sound level meter

Ball bearing trackThe apparatus consists of a curved track mounted on awooden support. It is used for experiments illustratingenergy exchange between potential and kinetic energy.The curvature of the track can be changed by moving thewooden supporting blocks under the ends of the track.Length of track: 495 mm.Supplied with 1 ea. 16 mm diameter steel ball.

2170.00 Ball bearing track

Sound level meter, digitalThis robust, user-friendly decibel meter has a4 digit display which is updated every halfsecond (for “fast” response mode). The mea-suring range is from 30 dB to 130 dB with 0.1dB resolution. There are three sub- ranges,and the user can choose dBA or dBCweighting. The instrument is providedwith a max/min feature and an AC/DCoutput for connection to a chart recor-der or data collection unit. There is aconnection for an external 9V DC power supply. Supplied in case withmanual, battery and wind shield.Technical Specifications:Measurement range: 30-80dB,50-100dB and 80-130dB. Accuracy: +/- 1.5 dB. Resolution: 0.1 dB. Frequency range: 31.5 Hz - 8 kHz.DC output: 10 mV/dB.Impedance: 50 ohm.AC output: 1 V RMS at full scale, impedance: 600 ohm.Power supply: 9V block battery or line adapter.Size: 275 x 64 x 30 mm. Mass: 280 g.

2528.30 sound level meter, digital

2528.30

2528.30



2240.00 -.10

2450.00

2245.20

Tuning fork, aluminumThe aluminum tuning fork is well-suited as a sound sour-ce for use with the resonance box due to its high soundpower level. The lengths are 118 and 104 mm. Width: 30mm. Mass: 97 and 87 g.

2240.00 Tuning fork, 1700 Hz2240.10 Tuning fork, 1000 Hz

Tuning fork set C-scale, physicalThe set consists of eighttuning forks from C(256) toC(512) manufactured innickel plated steel withfrequency values engraved.Supplied in carrying case.

2235.00 Tuning fork set, C-scale

Tuning fork on resonance boxThe tuning fork is manufactured in special nickel-platedsteel. It is used for resonance and dissonance experi-ments. The resonance box is made of lacquered pine andsupplied with thick felt pads on the bottom. It is suppliedincluding a runner for mounting on one arm of the fork forchanging the frequency. The standard frequency is 440Hz. Set contains: Two tuning forks + boxes and a ham-mer.

2245.20 Tuning fork on resonance box

Tuning forks, steelThese tuning forks are made of nickel plated steel with the tone and frequency engraved.

2225.00 Tuning fork 440 Hz. Length 120 mm2230.01 Tuning fork 440 Hz. Length 145 mm2230.05 Tuning fork 256 Hz. Length 170 mm2230.10 Tuning fork 512 Hz. Length 140 mm

2220.00

Tuning fork for demonstration experimentsIt is easy to hear an ordinary tuning

fork but somewhat more difficult to showhow it moves. The demonstration tuning fork

oscillates at a frequency which is barely audible. On theother hand it is easy to observe its motion. Made of nickelplated steel. Length 75 cm.

2220.00 Tuning fork for demonstration experiments

Tuning fork with writing tipFrequency 128 Hz. One arm of the tuning fork is suppliedwith a pointed tip for marking the oscillations on e.g. asoot-covered glass plate. Supplied with wooden handle.Overall length: 335 mm. Weight: 300 g.

2450.00 Tuning fork with writing tip

2235.00

2225.00

E-402

Experiment



Additional Equipment Needed

0006.00 Retort stand base 1 ea.

0008.40 Retort stand rod 1 ea.

Mathematical pendulum with supportThe apparatus consists of two lens-shaped weights ofdifferent material but with the same physical dimensions,so that they have different masses but the same air resi-stance profile. Also supplied is a rod with hooks for two-point suspension and pendulum cord. The mathematicalpendulum is a good approximation to the case of the"weightless" cord with all mass concentrated at the cen-ter of gravity of the pendulum bob. In this case the equ-ation for the period is: T = 2p√ l

g, where T is the period, I is the length of the pen-dulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

2182.10 Mathematical pendulum with support

Mathematical pendulum.

2182.10

2180.00

Prytz' oscillatorThe apparatus is used to demonstrate Hooke's law andto study the harmonic motion of a spring-mass oscillator.The scale is provided with a mirror to help avoid parallaxerrors when making readings. It is supplied with a weightholder and four weights: 10, 20 50 and 100 g and threedifferent sets of springs. It is designed for mounting on astandard 10 mm diameter support rod.

2180.00 Prytz oscillator



Spiral springs for experiments with elasticoscillationsProduct no. Diameter Length Spring contant2155.10 11 mm 32 mm ca. 8.4 N/m2155.20 11 mm 74 mm ca. 3.2 N/m2155.30 11 mm 115 mm ca. 2.1 N/m2155.40 31 mm 33 mm ca. 5.0 N/m2155.50 27 mm 155 mm ca. 4.7 N/m

2155.10 – 2155.50 Spiral springs

Spiral spring "Slinky"Is used fordemonstration oflongitudinalvibrationsLength: 150 mm.Diameter: 75mm.

2155.70 Spiralspring ”Slinky”

2155.40

2155.50

2155.10-.30

2155.70

Steel ball with eyeletWell-suited for use as a pendulum bob. Manufacturedfrom polished, hardened steel with an aluminum eyelet.

2160.00 Steel ball with eyelet, dia. 28 mm, 96 g

2160.10 Steel ball with eyelet, dia. 20 mm, 33 g

Pendulum bobWeights for experiments with pendulum oscillations,determinations of periods and frequencies of oscillation,energy conservation experiments, etc. Dimensions: 18mm diameter, overall length 43 mm. The weight can besupplied in brass or aluminum with the same physicaldimensions but with different masses.

2165.00 Pendulum bob, brass2165.10 Pendulum bob, aluminum

Slot weights with holderThese weights are used for loading of springs or as pen-dulum weights where mass changes are to be studied 25grams at a time. The weights are manufactured of nickelplated brass with a slot and a centre hole which retainsthe weights so that they do not fall off the holder.Supplied with three weights of 50 g and one weight of 25g. Overall weight including holder: 200 g.

2177.00 Slot Weights with holder

2160.002160.10

2177.00

2165.00

Spiral spring, 2 meterThe spring is used for demonstrations of transverseoscillations and for producing standing waves.Length, unloaded: 200 cm. Diameter: 10 mm.2155.60 Spiral spring, 2 meters

2155.60

Slot weights with holderThe weights are manufactured of brass with engravedmass and a centre hole which retains the weights so thatthey do not fall off the holder. The set contains 1 ea. 50g, 9 ea. 20 g, 1 ea 10. g and 2 ea. 5 g

2177.10 Slot weights with holder

2177.10



2212.00

TrichordFor experiments with oscillating strings. The apparatus isa wooden box with facilities for supporting strings undertension. One string is placed under tension using weig-hts, while the two others can be stretched using a tighte-ning key. the apparatus can be used to illustrate how thepitch of a tone depends upon the length of a string andits tension. Provided with a centimeter scale and with twosteel and one nylon string. Length: 60 cm.

2465.00 Trichord

Wave apparatus for transverse wavesThis is a very illustrative piece of equipment for demon-strating transverse wave motion. It consists of 35 mas -sive metal rods 46 cm long suspended in the middle by ametal wire. The inertia of the system ensures slow andeasily studied wave motion, for the metal rods are provi-ded with a yellow rubber marking at each end (contrast-ing with the black color of the apparatus). The apparatusprovides an excellent illustration of the concepts ofwavelength, frequency, amplitude, reflection and phase.Size: 90 x 46 x 30 cm.

2212.10 Wave apparatus for transverse waves

2465.00

2212.10

Wave machineThe apparatus is used for demonstrating longitudinal andtransverse oscillations. It is supplied with a drive shaftwith a crank which acts on a number of vertical rods as itrotates. Each rod has a white dot marking at the top. Thelast eight rods are supplied with an angular extensionwhich makes it possible to observe corresponding longi-tudinal and transverse waves. A 360 degree scale is moun-ted by the hand swing so that the phase angle can be readoff. Dimensions: (LxHxD) 48 x 32x10 cm. Mass: 1 kg.

2212.00 Wave machine

Wave apparatus (low cost) for transverse wavesIllustrates vertically movingtransverse waves. The 28arms extend from a centralband of neoprene rubberwhich provides flexibility anda small amount of damping.A wave front can be followedthrough the first reflection,but dies out relatively fastwhen it returns to the bottomof the apparatus. Ideal fordemonstration of the proper-ties of waves. Placed between two sheetsof paper or cloth, the appa-ratus can easily be rolled upfor storage

2213.00 Wave apparatusfor transverse waves

Set of 5 springs with hookSet of five springs of equal length but with various springconstant. With eye-let and hook.

2155.80 Set of 5 springs with hook

2155.80

2213.00

waves vibration and sound

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