The Watergate Scandal

The Watergate Scandal

Profile: Richard Millhouse Nixon– 1913: Born in California– Reputation as brilliant scholar & lawyer– WWII: Navy Lieutenant in Pacific– > war: elected to HoR; HUAC

Committee– 1950: elected to Senate– Helped McCarthy w/ anti-Communist

investigations– 1952: VP candidate w/ Ike; 1953-1961

VP– 1960: Republican candidate, lost to JFK– 1968: Elected President promising to

exit Vietnam– 1972: Re-elected– 1973-74: Watergate controversy– 1974: Resigned office to avoid being

impeached– 1994: Died

The Epic of Watergate• Rocked the USA in early 1970s• Single greatest threat to Constitution

ever• Started small and snowballed

– Phase 1: CREEP– Phase 2: Did Nixon know?– Phase 3: Battle for the tapes– Phase 4: The end

Phase 1: CREEP suspected• 17 June 1972: Five ‘burglars’ arrested in

Democratic Party HQ in Watergate Hotel– Not stealing, but planting bugging devices– One was former CIA agent– All linked to Committee for the Re-election

of the President (CREEP)

• FBI investigates CREEP– Massive campaign to spy on Nixon’s

opponents– CREEP raised $60 million for re-election by

pressuring companies w/ gov’t contracts– John Mitchell, CREEP director, used ‘dirty

tricks’ to discredit Democrats– Two Washington Post reporters, Carl

Bernstein & Bob Woodward, pursued own investigation

– Nixon denied he or close advisors were involved

• Nov. 1972: Nixon won landslide election– Nixon thought Watergate was behind him– He was wrong

Phase 2: Did Nixon Know?• January 1973:

– Watergate burglars on trial– All found guilty– One claimed White House involved

• Nixon reacts:– Denied allegation– Appointed Archibald Cox as special

Watergate prosecutor

• Senate investigates:– May-Nov. 1973: Senator Sam Cox led

televised independent Senate investigation

– Clear that senior White House officials involved

– Three of Nixon’s advisors resigned– One, John Dean, claimed he discusses

burglary at least 35 times w/ Nixon– Nixon denied any involvement, fired

Dean

Phase 3: Battle for the Tapes• Nixon’s tapes

– Senate Investigation revealed Nixon recorded all conversations in oval office since 1971

– Senate & Cox wanted tapes– Nixon refused, citing “presidential

privilege”

• 20 October 1973: “Saturday Night Massacre”– Nixon ordered Attorney General to fire Cox– AT refused, then resigned under pressure– New AT fired Cox– New special investigator, Leon Jaworski,

also demanded tapes– Nixon released some tapes, but 18 ½

crucial minutes had been “accidentally” erased

• April 1974: Battle over tapes continued– Nixon released 1200 heavily edited pages– Jaworski appealed to SC

Phase 4: The End

• SC ordered tapes turned over– Revealed Nixon involved in initial

campaign– Revealed Nixon repeatedly tried to cover

up

• 27 July 1974:– House Judiciary Committee voted to

impeach Nixon for obstruction of justice– 66% of Americans in favor of

impeachment

• 8 August:– Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment– As civilian, Nixon could have been tried

as criminal, but Jaworski didn’t prosecute– President Ford pardoned him– 31 of Nixon’s officials went to prison

The Aftermath• Congress passed laws due to scandal

– Privacy Act (1974): Americans can inspect gov’t files on them

– Budget Act (1974): President has to account for all $$$ spent (Nixon believed to have spent millions of gov’t money on personal properties & evaded $400,000 of taxes)

– Election Campaign Act: Limited campaign contributions; eliminated foreign donations

• Scandal utterly destroyed Nixon’s rep– Called “Tricky Dick”, achievements forgotten

• Watergate’s deeper damage– Undermined America’s confidence in gov’t– Was Nixon exception or rule of political system?– Press turned from hiding info (JFK) to seeking scandal– Confidence & idealism of 60s replaced w/ cynicism

and doubt

The Watergate scandal refers to a political scandal in the United States in the 1970s. Named for the Watergate apartment complex, effects of the scandal ultimately led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, President of the United States, on August 9, 1974. It also resulted in the indictment and conviction of several Nixon administration officials.

The scandal began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and later by the Senate Watergate Committee, House Judiciary Committe and the press revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff. They also revealed the immense scope of crimes and abuses, which included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping on a massive scale, and a secret slush fund laundered in Mexico to pay those who conducted these operations. This secret fund was also used as hush money to buy the silence of the seven men who were indicted for the June 17 break-in.

Nixon and his staff conspired to cover up the break-in, and especially its connection with the White House, as early as six days after it occurred. After two years of mounting evidence against the President and his staff, which included former staff members testifying against them in a Senate investigation, it was revealed that Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations. Recordings from these tapes revealed that he had obstructed justice and attempted to cover up the break-in. This recorded conversation later became known as the Smoking Gun. After a series of court battles, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in United States v. Nixon that the President had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied.

Facing certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and the strong possibility of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned ten days later, becoming the only U.S. president to have resigned from office. His successor, Gerald Ford, would issue a controversial pardon for any federal crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.

3.2.1•Three most interesting things you

learned about Watergate

•Two reactions you have when learning about this event in American history

•One way you can imagine how Watergate changed the way Americans felt about their government

Additional Questions for Discussion

•Why do you think the American public was so outraged by Watergate?

•Do you think President Nixon should have resigned? Explain.

•Do you think President Nixon should have been prosecuted? Explain.