•Water/energy cycle against data from field programs

•Semi-Real and Real Time at GPM Super sites and TC4

•Hurricane/Typhoon (Impact of microphysics and land surface on intensity - fine resolution simulation - diurnal cycle?)

•Regional Climate (i.e., Monsoon)

•Cloud-Aerosol Interactions (transport/precipitation - Asia and USA)

WRF Modifications (Goddard Suite) and Applications at Goddard

W. Lau, K. Pickering, A. Hou, C. Mian, S.

Braun, W. Lapenta, S. Kumar,

T. Matsui, R. ShiC. Peters-Lidard, W.-K. Tao

Land Information System (LIS) Land Surface Model

Goddard Microphysical Packages

Goddard Radiative Transfer Packages

Cloud Optical Properties

Aerosol Indirect Effect

Cloud/Aerosol Direct Effect

Urband HeatIsland Effect

Sfc FluxesPrecipitation Radiation

Cloud-Mesoscale Dyanmics (Circulation)Thermodynamic (Stability)

Blue Boxes: Goddard Physical Packages

WRF

Water Cycle (NEWS)

Satellite DataCloudSat, TRMM

Field Campaigns(MAP, GPM)

Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J. Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying precipitation processes: Part I: Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted).

Kumar, S. V., C. D. Peters-Lidard, J. E. Eastman, W.-K. Tao, 2007: An integrated high resolution hydrometeorological modeling system using LIS and WRF, Environmental Modeling & Software, (in press).

Tao et al. (2007)

Kumar et al. (2007)

GOCART

WRF Cases (high-resolution runs)

GPM C3VP (2007)

IHOP (2002)

India - Monsoon (2005-2006)

Katrina (2005)

Forest Fire (2007)

TC4 2007

Goddard Microphysics (>12 Different Schemes)

Cloud

Water

Water Vapor

Rain GraupelHail

Precipitation on Ground

Snow

Cloud

Ice

Characteristics ReferencesWarm Rain qc, qr Kessler (1969), Soong and Ogura (1973)

2 Ice qc, qr, qi, qg Cotton et al (1982), Chen (1983),McCumber et al (1991)

3Ice - 1 qc, qr, qi, qs, qh Lin et al (1983), Tao and Simpson (1989,1993)

3Ice - 2 qc, qr, qi, qs, qg Rutledge and Hobbs (1984), Tao andSimpson (1989, 1993)

3Ice - 3 qc, qr, qi, qs, qh Lin et al (1983), Rutledge and Hobbs(1984), Ferrier at al (1995)

3Ice - 4 qc, qr, qi, qs, qg or qh Lin et al (1983), Scott et al (2000)

3Ice - 5 Saturation Technique Tao et al (1989), Tao et al (2000)

4Ice - 1 qc, qr, qi, qs, qg, qhNi, Ns, Ng, Nh

Ferrier (1994)

4Ice - 2 qc, qr, qi, qs, qg, qhNi, Ns, Ng, Nh

Tao, Ferrier et al (2000)

One-MomentSpectral - Bin

33 bins for 6 types ice, liquid waterand cloud condensation nucleiKhain and Sednev (1996) and Khain et al.

(1998)

Multi-componentSpectral - Bin

Liquid: 46 bins for water mass, 25for solute mass

Ice: water mass, solute mass, aspectratio

Aqueous-phase chemistry (NH3,H2SO4, HNO3, SO2, O3, H2O2, CO2)

Chen and Lamb (1994, 1999)

No Microphysical Scheme is perfect !

CSU RAMs’ 2-Moment: Cloud-Aerosol/Precipitation Interactions (D. Posselt, A. Hou, G. Stephens)NCAR 2-moment: H. Morrison

Three-moments: Milbrandt and Yau (2005)

Goddard Bulk Microphysical Scheme

• Warm Rain (Soong and Ogura 1973)• Ice-Water Saturation Adjustment (Tao et al. 1989)• 3ICE-Graupel and 3ICE-Hail (Tao and Simpson 1989, 1993; MuCumber et al. 1990)

Option 3ICE-Graupel (Rutledge and Hobb 1984) or 3ICE -Hail (Lin et al. 1983)The sum of all the sink processes associated with one species will not exceed its mass - (Water budget balance)All transfer processes from one type of hydrometeor to another are calculated based on one thermodynamic state (ensure all processes are equal)

Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 4, 35-72.

• 3ICE Modification (Tao et al. 2003)Saturation adjustmentConversion from Ice to Snow

• 2ICE scheme (Tao et al. 2003) Ice and Snow

• 3ICE-Graupel Modification (Lang et al. 2007)Conversion from cloud to snowDry growth of graupel

Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, D. Baker, S. Braun, M.-D. Chou, B. Ferrier, D. Johnson, A. Khain, S. Lang, B. Lynn, C.-L. Shie, D. Starr, C.-H. Sui, Y. Wang and P. Wetzel, 2003: Microphysics,

radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, A Special Issue on Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Modeling, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 82, 97-137.

Lang, S., W.-K. Tao, R. Cifelli, W. Olson, J. Halverson, S. Rutledge, and J. Simpson, 2007: Improving simulations of convective system from TRMM LBA: Easterly and Westerly regimes.

J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1141-1164.

Observation Improved (WRF)CFAD - Radar Reflectivity

dBz

H(km)

MM5

WRF <-- GCE

Microphysical Schemes

• WRF WSM6 (Hong et al. 2004)

• WRF Purdue Lin (Chen and Sun 2002)

• WRF Thompson (Thompson et al. 2007 - V3)

• Goddard 3ICE - Graupel (Tao et al. 2003a; Lang et al. 2007)Tropical Oceanic

• Goddard 3ICE - Hail (Tao and Simpson 1993; McCumber et al. 1990) - Mid-latitude Continental

• Goddard 2ICE (Tao et al. 2003b) - Winter Snow Storm/Frontal

LinThompson WSM6

Observation

GCE 3ICE-Hail simulated a very thin convective line and is in better agreement with observation

3ice/graupel

2ICE 3ice/hail

IHOP 2002 - WRF 1 km grid

(a) (d)

(b) (e)

(c) (f)

WRF Thompson

qg

qgWRF WSM6

qgWRF Purdue-Lin

3ICE-graupel

2ICE

3ICE-hail

qs

qs

qs

qs

Tao, W.-K., J. Shi, S. Chen, S. Lang, S.-Y. Hong, G. Thompson, C. Peters-Lidard, A. Hou, S. Braun, and J. Simpson, 2007: Revised bulk-microphysical schemes for studying precipitation processes: Part I: Comparison with different microphysical schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., (submitted).

qs: snowqg: graupel

Tracks for Hurricane Katrina (2005) from the observation and five different WRF experiments using different microphysical schemes (from 00Z 8/27/2005 to 00Z 8/30/2005).

Good track forecast in 1st 24 h model integration

All schemes’ simulated track is far west after landfall

Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) from the observation and five different WRF experiments using different microphysical schemes (00Z 8/27/2005 to 00Z 8/30/2005).

Similar temporal variation between model simulated and observed MSLP.

All schemes over-estimated MSLP, especially Lin scheme.

Hurricane Katrina (2005) - 1.67 km grid

Lin

Minimum sea level pressure (MSLP)

Tracks for Hurricane Katrina

Lin

3ice/graupel

WSM6 LinThompson

3ice/hail2ice

IR-TRMM

Hurricane Isabel (2003)

Goddard 3Ice-graupel appears to agree with observation in eye and outer rain band structure

Goddard microphysics

3ice/hail 3ice/graupel 2ice

WSM6

LIN

Thompson

warm 44.2% 33.7% 24.0% 47.5% 63.2% 47.4% cold 55.8% 66.3% 76.0% 52.5% 36.8% 52.6%

06 Z 1/20 2007 00 Z 1/21 2007

07 Z 1/22 2007 09 Z 1/22 2007

WRF Simulated Radar Reflectivity (1 km grid)

Two Major Snow Events - 1-2 feet snow: A lake (local) effect event (top two) and a synoptic event

3ICE 2ICE

Vertical profiles of domain- and 1st 24-hour time-average cloud species (i.e., cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow and graupel) for the 3ICE (cloud ice, snow and graupel)

and 2ICE (cloud ice and snow)

OO Large precipitating particles (rain and graupel) did not form for both experiments <---weak vertical velocity (~50 cm/s).OO Similar profiles for cloud water, cloud ice and snow for both experiments.O O Goddard 3ICE microphysical scheme did response the cloud dynamic well without producing large size precipitating ice (graupel).OO Cloud water presence during snow event has been observed and simulated (also found many other snow events)

Lin

WSM6 Thompson

Goddard

Sensitivity of microphysical schemes on the vertical profiles of domain and time-average cloud species (1st 2hh hour integration and

for lake snow event)

No cloud iceSnow and graupel at groundCloud ice is dominant species, little cloud water

No cloud ice, little cloud waterSnow and graupel at ground

Goddard WRF

In-Line Cloud Statistics - Cloud water and energy budget (convective vs stratiform)Tracer Calculation - Trace gases redistribution by convective updraft and downdraft

MicrophysicsNew 3Ice-Graupel2-Moment (cloud-aerosol interactions) - TestingMulti-moment (mass, concentration, shape)Hybrid (Spectral bin and bulk microphysics) Satellite (Earth) simulators (microwave, dual frequency precipitation radar, lidar, cloud radar, IR…) - Need to improve computational performance - documentation.

Ocean Model(s)

ThanksMore on GCE model microphysics

improvementImpact on Global Cloud-Resolving Model

Observation

WRF

New

Reducing theoverestimate of 40dBz at higher altitude

fvGCM

GCE Model WRF

MMF Initial Condition

Initial Condition

LIS

Microphysics

Radiation

Physical Packages