Water, Water Everywhere

By: A 9th grade student

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MenuIntroduction

Water As A Solvent

Water As A Reactant

Water As A Lubricant

Water For Constant Temperature

Marine Ecosystems

Marine Life During Winter

EPA Clean Water Act

Bibliography

Water In Organisms

Water As A Way Of Transport

Water As A Way Of Support

Water In Sexual Reproduction

Water As A Habitat

Freshwater Ecosystems

Watersheds

What A Normal Person Can Do

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Introduction

• 2/3 of the globe is covered in water.

• 2/3 of all cells contain water.

• Water is the only substance in world to be found naturally in all 3 states. (Solid: Ice, Liquid: Water, Gas: Water Vapor.

• Water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C.

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Water In Organisms

• Organisms usually contain 60% to 90% water.

• Lowest- Plant Seed (20%)

• Highest- Jellyfish (99%)• Water helps all organisms

with metabolism, and specifically helps plants with photosynthesis and support.

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99% Water

20% Water

Water As A Solvent

• Water contains 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms.

• The atoms are covalently bonded.

• The water molecule is said to be polar, because electrons are not equally shared.

• Because the water molecule is polar, it can ionize substances easily, making it a good solvent.

• Water is know as ‘The Universal Solvent’.

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Water As A Way Of Transport

• Many different substances, such as blood and sap, are transported by water.

• Sap and blood contain high amounts of water making them good solvents.

• Being good solvents allows them to dissolve the substances they are transporting.

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Tree Sap

Human Blood Cells

Water As A Reactant• Water, being a good solvent,

allows many reactions to occur.

• Water is used in photosynthesis to make NADPH2, and ultimately sugar.

• These reactions release oxygen gas, which is vital to human life.

• Without water in photosynthesis, organisms would not be able to obtain energy, and life as we know it would be impossible.

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Water As A Way Of Support

• When water enters the cell by osmosis, the water fills up the cell so much that the cell prevents other water intake.

• This makes the cell turgid, or stiff.

• The cell must be turgid to support the plant’s leaves.

• Also, organisms that live in the water have weaker skeletons than organisms that live on land because of the water’s buoyancy effect.

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Water As A Lubricant

• When bones meet at a joint, they need a fluid between the bones to prevent scraping against each other.

• That fluid is called a synovial fluid, which is made mainly of water.

• Many internal organs have fluid around them to keep them protected. Examples:Brain: Cerebro-spinal fluidLungs: Pleural FluidEyes: Mix of fluids.

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Synovial Fluid

Water In Sexual Reproduction

• During fertilization, the male sex cell, the sperm, must get to the female sex cell, the ovum in order to make the zygote, which makes a new individual.

• In organisms adapted for internal fertilization, the sperm is transported in semen which contains mostly water.

• In organisms using external sperm can be transported in the water habitat.

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Sperm Cells

Water For Constant Temperature

• Water has a very high specific heat. (4200J/kg0C)

• That means much energy is required to change the temperature of water by a single degree.

• That provides a perfect habitat for marine mammals, because of the non-changing temperature.

• Another way water helps mammals maintain their body temperature is by sweating.

• Mammals sweat when their body temperature is too high.

• Sweat is made of mostly water.• When the water evaporates from the

organism it creates a cooling effect, therefore lowering the organisms body temperature.

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Water As A HabitatHere are some good reasons why water is a good habitat:

1. Water can provide a good protective layer for organisms in it.

2. Water provides buoyancy and support for organisms in the water.

3. Dissolved oxygen can be plentiful in water, for use in respiration.

4. Fertilization is easier in water.5. Water helps maintain a

constant temperature.6. Water keeps out UV rays from

the sun.

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Marine EcosystemsThere are 6 zones of the marine ecosystem:

1. Intertidal- near shore, few organisms; empty of water at low tide.

2. Coastal- contains 98% of marine life; continental shelf is bottom of coastal zone.

3. Oceanic- farthest away from major land masses.

4. Euphotic- enough light for photosynthesis; 100-200m deep.

5. Bathyal- 2000m deep; continental slope ends.

6. Abyssal- bottom layer; coldest and darkest, least life.Marine ecosystems are important in the following ways:

• Rich source of food and jobs• Areas such as saltmarshes provide

protection from storms.• Filters runoff from land.

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Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater ecosystems are split into 2 zones:

1. Limnetic- light can penetrate; most plants live there

2. Profundal- light cannot penetrate; many fish live thereThere are also 2 types of freshwater ecosystems:

1. Eutropic- full of nutrients and light; many types of fish live there

2. Obliogotrophic- Not as abundant with nutrients; fewer organisms live there.Freshwater ecosystems are important in the following ways:

• Hydroelectric power• Products and commerce• To put out fires

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Marine Life During Winter

• The solid form of water (ice) is actually less dense than the liquid form which is water.

• This is very unusual.• Water has its highest

density at 4C.• That means that at the

bottom of a body of water the water will usually be at least 4C.

• This allows aquatic organisms to be able to live, even in the winter.

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WatershedsWatersheds are streams, rivers, and lakes that water drains into.South Carolina is divided into eight major watershed areas:

1. Broad2. Catawba3. Santee4. Pee Dee5. Saluda6. Edisto7. Savannah8. Salkenhatchie

Watershed pollution can be determined by how the land is used. (Columbia: Industrial, Ladson: Farming)

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EPA Clean Water Act

• EPA stands for Environmental Protection Agency.

• In 1977, a law was made called the Clean Water Act.

• The act sets water qualities levels for all surface waters.

• The act made it illegal for a person to pollute navigable waters from a point source. (Meaning a source from which it is known.)

• It also raised money to build sewage treatment plants.

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IN

DRAINS

What A Normal Person Can Do

There are many things an average person can do to help keep the water clean:

1. Keep debris out of gutters and drains.

2. Only use small amounts of lawn and garden chemicals.

3. Do not dispose of pet litter or paints into gutters or drains.

4. Have septic tank checked every 3 to 5 years.

5. Keep soil erosion on your property low by planting grass.

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Bibliography

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Internet and Book Sources:

Slide 3: http://www.thewaterpage.com/waterbasics.htm

Slide 4: http://www.darrenh2o.com/infwater.htm

Slide 5: http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.html

Slide 6: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126220/organism/print_e.htm

Slide 7: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/photosyn.htm

Slide 8: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126220/organism/print_e.htm

Side 9: http://www.darrenh2o.com/infwater.htm

Side 10: http://menshealth.about.com/od/sexualhealth/a/ejaculation.htm

Slide 11: http://www.sciencebyjones.com/specific_heat1.htm

Slide 12: http://www.darrenh2o.com/infwater.htm

Slide 13: http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/intro/marine.html

Slide 14: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Freshwater.html\

Slide 15: http://darrenh2o.com/infwater.htm

Slide 16: Post and Courier Supplement

Slide 17: http://www.epa.gov/region5/water/cwa.htm

Slide 18: Post and Courier Supplement

Illustrations and Music:

Music: Soul Thang – freeplaymusic.com

Slide 1: Water In Nature – Clip Art (Search: Water)

Slide 2: Menu – Clip Art (Search: Menu)

Slide 3: Earth- grin.hq.nasa.gov/ BROWSE/earth_1.html

Slide 4: Plant Seed- www.nahaken-okn.ed.jp/ plant/search_seed.html

Jellyfish- www.photo.net/photo/pcd1628/ monterey-aquarium-jellyfish-29

Slide 5: Molecule- www.ualr.edu/~botany/ botimages.html

Slide 6: Tree Sap- www.chrishiggins.com/ blog/archives/2004_04.html

Blood Cells- sciweb.hfcc.net/ cells/animal_cells.htm

Slide 7: Photosynthesis- earthguide.ucsd.edu/ events/TeacherTECH_2005/

Slide 8: Osmosis- www.bbc.co.uk/ 1watertransportrev4.shtml

Slide 9: Joint- www.kneeguru.co.uk/assets/ quick_pics/capsule01.html

Slide 10: Sperm Cells- www.zavaj.com/ pictures/nature/embryo/

Slide 11: Specific Heat- kingfish.coastal.edu/ 770lecwatersalt.htm

Slide 12: Marsh- trebonsko.schkocr.cz/ nature_en.html

Slide 13: Coral Reef- www.emecs.or.jp/ 2000thai-sympo/2000sympo-e.html

Slide 14: Pond- www.doc.govt.nz/ Arbor-Day/996~2003/index.asp

Slide 15: Iceberg- mstecker.com/pages/ antarctica_fp.htm

Slide 16: SC Watershed- www.scseagrant.org/ papers/2000_tcs_paper.htm

Slide 17: Paint Can - www.shutterstock.com

Pet Litter - www.petco.com

Slide 18: Man in River- www.pigeonriverfund.org/ chairman.htm

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