water the universal solvent a water molecule is so small that there are billions of molecules in a...
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Water
The Universal Solvent
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• A water molecule is so small that there are billions of molecules in a single drop of water. About 60 million water molecules could be stretched side by side across a penny.
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• Water is the ONLY compound that commonly exists in all 3 phases (solid, liquid, gas) naturally on Earth.
There would be no life on Earth without water.
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• About 2/3 of the mass of a cell is made up of water, and most of the biochemical processes of life occur in aqueous solutions.
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SOLVENT- the substance that does the dissolving. (liquid)
SOLUTE- the substance that is dissolved. (solid)
A large number of substances will dissolve in water.
Water is the universal solvent.
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•Therefore, the water inside and outside of cells is able to carry nutrients into and around cells and wastes away from cells.
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Water is a POLAR molecule
Polarity - the attraction of positive and negative electrical charges
OPPOSITES ATTRACT
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Water Molecule
The Hydrogen side is slightly positive while the Oxygen side is slightly negative.
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• One side of a water molecule is slightly negative (-) and the other side is slightly positive (+).
Positive hydrogen atom
Negative oxygen atom
H H
O
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• Individual water molecules attract each other like magnets.
• In this way, water molecules
“stick together”.
+-
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Cohesion: the tendency of two SIMILAR substances to stick together.
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Adhesion: the tendency of two DIFFERENT substances to stick together, like water molecules stick to glass.
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Capillary Action: the tendency of a liquid substance to move along the surface of a solid substance due to adhesion (as in water climbing a glass tube or inside a tree), even in spite of gravitational or other forces acting in the opposite direction
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Transpiration
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• Hydrolysis- a chemical reaction where water is involved.
• Hydrophilic- “water loving” can be dissolved in water, polar substances.
• Ex: Salt
• Hydrophobic- “water hating” cannot be dissolved in water, non-polar substances.
• Ex. fat, oil, soap
Like Dissolves Like
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• High Specific Heat: water is able to absorb a large amount of heat energy before it changes temperature.– Specific heat: The amount of energy or
heat needed to change 1 gram water 1°C
Resistance to Temperature Change
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• Water is a liquid from 0 ºC to 100 ºC
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• Evaporative Cooling: water absorbs heat when it evaporates, allowing organisms to release excess heat.
• Heat of Vaporization: It takes a lot more heat for water to vaporize than just to raise its temperature a degree.– A function of changing states of matter
– True of boiling and evaporation
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- As a result, lakes and oceans stabilize air and land temperatures.
• Large bodies of water can affect the climate.
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High Surface Tension• Certain insects can walk on water because of its high surface tension.
•Polarity gives water its high surface tension through cohesion.
•Ex. Water strider
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Solid expansionFor most substances, solids are more
dense than liquids. But the special properties of water make it less dense
as a solid - ice floats on water!
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When water freezes, the water molecules line up, and as they do, they
move farther apart !
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• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• The pH of pure water is 7.
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• Substances added to water can lower or raise the pH.
• A solution with a pH above 7 is basic.
• A solution with a pH below 7 is acidic.
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• Organisms can tolerate only small changes in pH because every cell has a particular pH at which it functions best.
• For example, changes in pH cause changes in the shapes of enzymes, resulting in a change in their activity.
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Public Health
• In the past, streams and rivers were often used to dispose of human waste.
• These were called open sewers.
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• This led to disease and contamination of drinking water.
•Advances in water treatment and sanitary sewers have helped to eliminate diseases from our waters.
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Humans can live without food for more than two months, but cannot live for more than a week without water.
No =
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• Clean, fresh water is essential for life.
• We must protect our water sources from pollution!!!!
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Properties of Water Video
• http://dirpy.com/studio/0eNSnj4ZfZ8?q=properties%20of%20water
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Fun Lecture Additions!
• pH video:– http://dirpy.com/studio/A_URRb5mk5Q?q=
acids%20and%20bases
• Mantis Shrimp comic strip:– Complements of one of your classmates!– http://theoatmeal.com/comics/mantis_shri
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