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Water Supply The Role of Government
Chennai – RWH a Case study
Santha Sheela Nair IAS (R) Vice Chairman (Planning Commission), Govt. of Tamil Nadu
333
Role of State Government & Civic Body
Role of State Government
Provide Policy
Enable Legislations
Financial Resources
Role of Local Government / Civic Body
Implementation
Supply of services
Raising Resources
Mobilization of Human / Financial
4
Chennai……… History – Local Body
Seven Wells - 1866 Redhills-1872 Poondi-1944
1866 100% usage started from local Ground water sourcesby local body
1867 To 1966 (100 yrs) Strategies got shifted to use Surface water from distant sources
1969 - 1987 Surface water not sufficient and again chose augmentsupply by the use of ground water
1988 to Till date Due to large demands and dwindling Ground water,again had to depend more on surface water whichchanged the mix.
90% Surface water + 5% Ground water & 15%Desalinated water
5
Regulation on sinking of new wells
Registration of existing wells
Issue of licenses to extract water for non domestic use
Issue of licenses for transportation through goods vehicle
Scheduled Area: Chennai city & Adjacent 243 Revenue villages in Tiruvallur &
Kancheepuram Districts. As per Amendment 59 additional villages
added totaling to 302 villages
Competent Authority : Chennai City - Metro water
Scheduled Villages - Respective District Revenue Officials
After 1997 no licenses were issued
Ground water Regulations Act implemented by Civic Body (Metro water)
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT 27 OF 1987 Amended during Oct 2002
Chennai……… History – 1987 – State Govt.,
6
SOUTHERN COASTAL AQUIFER YEARWISE MINIMUM & MAXIMUM WATER
LEVEL FROM 1983 - 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
DE
PT
H IN
'M
ET
RE
S'
Water level in m
Drought 1987 Drought 1994 Drought 2004
Water level improvement after the implementation
of Act
Challenge – Depleting Ground water level in well fields
Solution - Ground water (Regulation) Act
Result - Rise of water level from 8.00 m to 2.10 m- Stabilization of ground water level- Only Law in India, implemented in Chennai by Civic Body (Metro Water)
IMPLEMENTATION - IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT – SOUTH OF CHENNAI
Chennai……… History – 1988 – Local Body
7
BA
Y O
F B
EN
GA
L
NORTH
TO PONNERISEA WATERINTERFACE LINE
BURRIED CHANNEL
ZONE OF FRESHWATER INJECTION
LOCATION OF INJECTION
LEGEND PULICAT
SALTPAN
KATTUR
LAKSHMIPURAM ANICUT
VAYALUR
NANDIAMBAKKAM
ATTIPATTU
TO
CH
EN
NA
I
MINJURWELL FIELD MINJUR
VALLUR ANICUT
SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY AT DEEPER AQUIFER IN OBSERVATION WELLS (AROUND 30 M)
OBSERVATION WELL NUMBERE.C
. VA
LU
E I
N M
ICR
O M
OH
S /
CM
PRIOR TO INJECTION OF RAIN WATER
AFTER INJECTION OF RAIN WATER
1A 4A 5A 6A 10A 11A 12A 14A 15A0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
7
SEA WATER INTRUSION STUDIES
Chennai……… History – 1990 – Local Body
8
Macro level initiatives of Rain water Harvesting –Construction of Check dams
Introduction of Rain water Harvesting asmandatory requirement in Multi-storiedbuildings
Phase-I - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS
DROUGHT –1993 – Local Body
9
KANNIGAIPERWELL FIELD
POONDI
WELL FEILD
AREA BOUNDARY
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN
FLOOD PLAINS
TAMARAPAKKAM
WELL FIELDS
WELL FEILD
WELL FIELDPANJETTY
MINJURWELL FEILD
POONDI
RESERVOIR
SRIPERUMPUDURTANK
CHEMBARAMBAKKAMTANK
PORURLAKE
REDHILLSRESERVOIR
CHOLAVARAMTANK
1. MELSEMBEDU 2. VELLIYUR 3 JAGANATHAPURAM
Construction of Check Dams
Chennai……… History – 1992-95 – Local Body
1010
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
DE
PT
H IN
'ME
TR
ES'
YEARS
Average water level in 'm' Melsembedu Average water level in 'm' Velliyur
Average water level in 'm' Jagannathapuram
Year of Construction of Checkdam
Impact on water level fluctuation due to construction of Check Dams
111111
Call for Roof top Rain Water Harvesting
Provision of RWH structures is mandatory foravailing new Water/Sewer Connections
After this provision of RWH only 13% of thehouses provided Rainwater Harvesting
Amendments made in the Ground waterRegulations Act / Building Rules forimplementing rainwater harvesting
Phase-II - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS
Chennai… May 2002 – State Govt.,
• Provision of Rainwater harvesting
Structure in existing buildings (Tiled,
Sloped, Ordinary buildings and multi
storied buildings) one year from the
11th Oct.2002.
• Separation of bath and wash basin
water and reuse – multi storied and
public buildings
AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITES BUILDING RULES – 1972.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 11th Oct. 2002
AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN GROUND WATER ACT OF 1987
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE…… 24th Oct. 2002
Inclusion of additional villages to the list ofscheduled villages in the Act.
Revision of fine amount from Rs.1,000/- toRs.5,000/-
Mandatory requirement of RainwaterHarvesting in all buildings.
No extraction of ground water forswimming pools, industrial uses and othernon-potable purposes.
Restrictions to the depth of bore wells.
No water body, Public or Private, to beutilized for any other purpose, such as landfill, garbage dumps, building activities etc.,
“For effective conservation of rain water, no approval to
the construction or reconstruction or addition or
alteration to a building ( other than a hut) including
houses constructed by Government for below poverty
line families under the poverty alleviation programme
or building constructed by any agency under the control
of the Government, shall be given, if the applicant for
construction, alteration or addition to such a building
does not contain provision for water conservation and
rain water harvesting”
Amendment to the Tamilnadu Panchayat
Buildings Rules. …2002
151515
Ordinance issued by theGovt. of Tamil Nadu on19.07.2003 making itmandatory for allbuildings in the state tohave Rain WaterHarvesting structuresby 31.08.2003.
Phase-III - Chennai… 19th July 2002 - State Govt.,
16
Dissemination of information on RWH
Establishment of Rain Centre
Organization of Seminars/ Workshop
Massive rallies and Human Chains
Advertisement through Papers / Dailies
Booklets / Pamphlets
Posters and Wall Paintings
Door to Door campaign
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body
171717
Creation of Rain Centre by CMWSS Board - Chennai
Creation of Rain Centre by TWAD Board - Chennai
Rain Centre created by Akash Ganga Trust an NGO Organization, Chennai
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body
18
Reaching out to the people
Chief Minister’s appeal letter to the elected representative
Empanelment of Service Providers
Involvement of SHG’s, NGO’s
Technical guidance offered by TWAD and CMWSSB on the lithology and soil types in different areas and the types of RWH needed .
Celebrity endorsement & Films on RWH
Count down in dailies
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH – Local Body
19
INVOLVEMENT OF MEDIA …
Regular coverage in newspapers, articles, press releases.
Appeals to the citizens for rain water harvesting.
Print & Visual media as forum for regular interactions between government, civic body and citizens.
Success stories and achievements of rain water harvesting.
202020
Information on RWH on various Government agencies’ websitesTWAD Board - www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.comChennai Metrowater- www.chennaimetrowater.com
Installation of RWH structures in the buildingsconstructed by:TNSCB, TNHB, TN Police Housing Corp, PWD etc.
• District Collectors to implement Rainwater Harvesting• All Municipalities & Town Panchayats to implement RWH
From Chennai to rest of the State
Government Campaign Continues….
212121
Ordinance issued on 19.07.2003 making itmandatory for all buildings in the State to have RainWater Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003.and100% compliance with in two months
Second phase of Rain Water Harvesting to capturerun off water in open spaces
First State in the country to have 100% coverage inRain Water Harvesting.
Implementation of Rain Water Harvesting
323232
PEOPLES’ PARTICIPATION
NSS students of all college students
Centre for science and Environment
National Rainwater Harvesters’ Network
Exnora International
Resident’s Welfare Associations
Rotary International
36
IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING –WATER LEVEL
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
New
Washerm
anpet
Tondia
rpet
Valla
lar
Nagar
Georg
e T
ow
n
Chin
thadripet
Chepauk
Myla
pore
Besant N
agar
Thiruvanm
iyur
Kola
thur
MK
B N
agar
Pulia
nth
ope
Villiv
akkam
Anna N
agar
Pura
saiw
akkam
Chetp
et
Nungam
bakkam
Royapettah
T.N
agar
Virugam
bakkam
K.K
.Nagar
Said
apet
Guin
dy
Tara
mani
Vela
chery
Water level in 'mts' July '03 Water level in 'mts' Sep'12
Location of Observation wells
Wa
ter
lev
els
in
'm
ts'
37
IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING –WATER QUALITY
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
New
Washerm
anpet
Tondia
rpet
Valla
lar
Nagar
Georg
e T
ow
n
Chin
thadripet
Chepauk
Myla
pore
Besant N
agar
Thiruvanm
iyur
Kola
thur
MK
B N
agar
Pulia
nth
ope
Villiv
akkam
Anna N
agar
Pura
saiw
akkam
Chetp
et
Nungam
bakkam
Royapettah
T.N
agar
Virugam
bakkam
K.K
.Nagar
Said
apet
Guin
dy
Tara
mani
Vela
chery
Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (July '03) Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (Sep '12)
Tota
l Dis
solv
ed S
olid
s in
'ppm
'
38
Quality changes Before and After implementation of Rainwater Harvesting
3325
1835
1785
1650
1500
1300
989
580
410
380
360
320
900
540
400
360
350
325
4890
2700
2550
2250
2100
1600
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010
year
Valu
es in
'ppm
'
Total Solids Chlorides as 'Cl' Total Hardness Conductivity
ParametersValues in ‘ppm’ during
1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010
Total Solids 3325 1835 1785 1650 1500 1300
Chlorides as 'Cl' 989 580 410 380 360 320
Total Hardness 900 540 400 360 350 325
Conductivity 4890 2700 2550 2250 2100 1600
3939
Form for Declaration of installation and maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting
structures - CMWSSB
40
Way Forward………
Move from State civic body, private suppliers toneighborhoods, citizens, households as the base forsecuritizing drinking water availability.
A movement towards involvement of Engineers, builders,architects, planners, environment activists, scientists, hydro-geologists & householders as ‘Stakeholders’ in a Metropolitancity water supply system.
Role of Government / Local / State in providing Legislativeframework:
Reward & punitive action,
Dissemination of information,
Promotion of State’s intent in achieving sustainability both inmonetary as well as environmental terms in the provision ofdrinking water.
414141
“Underneath the verandah in front of the room
in which the Mahatma was born, in the space
enclosed by the three wings of the house, is
an underground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet
wide and 15 feet deep, with a capacity of
20 thousand gallons, for storing rainwater for
domestic use. The well water in Porbandar,
owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish,
hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater was,
therefore, collected and stored in the
underground reservoir for use the year round.
The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed
before the first monsoon showers, served as
catchments for the water, running down a pipe
straight into the tank. A heap of lime at the
mouth of the pipe served to filter and purity the
water”.
In this house five generations of
Gandhis lived and prospered.
- Mahatma GandhiVol 1(The Early Phase) by Shri Pyarelal
424242
FROM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS – SCARCITY TO SECURITY
DEMOCRATIZING
AND
DECENTRALISING
CITY WATER MANAGEMENT
FOR
METROPOLITAN CITIES
A
WIN - WIN
Meeting the Gap &
Demand
Drought Proofing Recharging of Aquifers
Roof Top Harvesting –
Sustainable supply -
Household
Decrease in Saline
water ingression
Improved Water Quality
Increased Water
availability
Saving of Power
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN